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Introduction

1) Why do we need engineering graphics?

It is a form of communication. Engineering shapes are much harder to communicate using a word
language. For example, it would be very hard to describe the exact geometric shape and dimensions
using just words. It is much easier using graphics. For example, try to describe the following figure
in words so that your neighbor can accurately reproduce it.

2) In engineering graphics, we use lines to represent the features of an object. Features of an


object in engineering drawing:
a. Surface
b. Edge

Surface

Edge
3) Methods of creating an engineering drawing:
a. Freehand sketch
b. Using drawing instruments
c. Computer aided design
4) Elements of a drawing: graphics and word language
5) Standards in engineering graphics

We have standard formats for maintaining consistency and ease of information transfer within and
across industry. The drawing has to convey the same meaning to anyone who reads it. It should be
precise and unambiguous. It is similar to math being used as a standard language used in science
and engineering. The consequences could also involve legal matters in case of errors.

6) Standard Sheets and dimensions:

Designation Dimensions
A0 841 mm x 1189 mm
A1 594 mm x 841 mm
A2 420 mm x 594 mm
A3 297 mm x 420 mm
A4 210 mm x 297 mm
A5 149 mm x 210 mm

ANSI Standard Sheet sizes:


7) Drawing Sheet Orientation and Margin:

8) Drawing Scale: Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a drawn object and the actual
object.
9) Dimensions: Dimensions show the true dimensions of the object and are independent of the
scale being used.
10) ANSI standard reducing scales:
11) ANSI standard enlarging scales:
12) Standard Lettering:
a. Legibility: Shape, Space between letters, Space between words
b. Uniformity: Size (or text height), Line thickness
13) Lettering Style:
a. Single stroke Gothic lettering (Single stroke doesn’t mean you don’t lift the pencil)
b. Properly formed letters
c. Open spaced and very legible
d. Pulling motion (directions differ for left handers)
e. Press the pencil hard
f. Follow the order and direction of strokes (handout)
14) Basics of lines:
a. Visible line (represents features that can be seen in the current view)
b. Hidden line (represents features that cannot be seen in the current view)
c. Section line (sectioning through a part)
d. Center line (symmetry, paths of motion, centers of circle, axis of symmetry)
e. Dimension line, Extension line
f. Leaders
g. Cutting plane or Viewing plane lines
h. Short-break line
i. Long-break line
j. Phantom line
k. Stitch lines
l. Chain line
15) Projections: Based on line of sight and plane of projection
a. Perspective Projection
b. Parallel Projection (Orthographic, Oblique)
c. Axonometric Drawing

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