Abstract

The aim of this project is to develop a device that detect speed of an object and alert that the
object in case of speed violation . Which it will help traffic authorities in similar manner to prevent
accidents due to rash driving on highways. The proposed system will calculate the speed of a vehicle
using the time taken to travel between fixed pair of points at a fixed distance. The fixed pair of
points consists of a pair of sensors comprising of 2 object detectors . The time taken by the object to
travel from one set point to the other is calculated by control circuit ( Arduino ) . Based on that time
it then calculates the speed and displays that on LCD . Moreover if the object crosses the speed limit,
a buzzer sounds will alert and red LED will light . However if the object will not cross the speed limit
, the green LED will light . This concept can be extended in future by integrating a camera with the
system which could capture the image of the number plate of the vehicle to sends that to the traffic
authorities.
 Ch1 : Introduction

Prologue :

In the past years , car accidents extremely increasing which lead to increase the number of
deaths. So , there must be a way to detect the drivers who speed over the speed limit which will be
determined by traffic office . Thus , we will design speed detecting device , which will detect any
object that has a higher speed than the speed limit .

Principle of operation :

The principle is we have 2 fixed sensors with a fixed distance between them . When the object
reaches the first sensor , then the circuit start to count time until the object reaches the second
sensor . Finally , by dividing the fixed distance over the calculated time we get the speed of this
object . See figure 1 .

The Circuit

Sensor: 1 Sensor: 2

Fixed distance

Figure : 1
 Ch2 : Theory of operation :

The basic components of the device :

1 - 2 IR sensors : which detect objects .

2 - Green LED : light when the speed is lower or equal to the speed limit .

3 - Red LED : light when the speed is higher than the speed limit .

4 - LCD : which display the speed .

5 - Buzzer : produce an alarming sound when the speed is higher than the speed limit .

6 - processor : Which act as control unit for the circuits .

The theory can be summarized in the following :

1 - The object reach the first IR sensor .

2 - The sensor send a signal to the processor or counter of the circuit and start counting .

3 - When the object reaches the second IR Sensor , the second IR sensor send a signal to

The processor or counter of the circuit to stop counting . Thus , the circuit has the calculated time .

4 - The processor start to calculate speed ( Fixed distance / Calculated time )

5 - If the speed lower or equal the speed limit , the processor send a signal to the LCD to show speed

And another signal to light green LED .

6 - If the speed is higher than the speed limit , the processor send a signal to the LCD to show the

speed , to light red LED and another to activate the buzzer .

See figure : 2 .

RED LCD

Processor
LED
Arduino

Green
Figure : 2
LED Buzzer

IR Sensor IR Sensor
1 1
 Ch3 : The First Proposal

Prologue :

This is a first prototype of a device that we will not going to design it , but it gives us the outcomes

that we are looking for .

Hardware requirements :

1 - Power Supply 5V .

2 - logic gate 555 Timer .

3 7-segment driver or decade counter (Cd 4026) .

4 - 2 Photodiodes .

5 - 7-segment display .

6 - NAND GATE (CD 4011) .

The definitions of some important parts :

1- The 555 Timer

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator

applications. The 555 has three operating modes:

1 - Monostable mode: in this mode , the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include timers

missing pulse detection , switches , touch switches , frequency divider, capacitance measurement

and pulse width modulation (PWM) ….etc. .

2 - Astable ( free running) mode : the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp

flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms and pulse position

modulation …. etc.

3 - Bistable ( Schmitt trigger ) mode : the 555 can operate as a flip-flop , if the DIS pin is not

connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches..etc. See Figure:3

Figure : 3
 2 - CD4026 ( a 7-segment driver )
The count advances as the clock input becomes high (on the rising-edge) .The outputs from a to g
go high to light the appropriate segments of a 7-segment display as the count advance. The
maximum output current is about 1mA with a 4.5V supply and 4mA with a 9V supply .This is
sufficient to directly drive many 7-segment LED displays . See figure 4 .

Figure : 4

3 - CD4011-NAND GATE
NAND gate is the opposite of the digital AND gate, and behaves in a manner that corresponds to the
opposite of AND gate . The NAND gate is significant because any Boolean function can be
implemented by using a combination of NAND gates. This property is called functional
completeness.

The circuit becomes : see the following figure : 5

Power supply
 When the object cross the photodiodes , it will leads to trigger the 555 timer to start counting

time until it being paused from a signal coming from the second photodiodes . then , the output will

be send it to the driver to show the time on the 7 - segment display . Finally , taking the calculated

time and by applying the following formula : Fixed distance / Calculated time , we get the

speed of the object . Where the fixed distance : it's the distance between the photodiodes and

we actually proposing it to be about 50 cm . The problem of this device it does not give us a direct

value of the speed and you need to calculated it manually .

The advantages of the proposal :

1 - Low cost of equipment .

2 - direct connections and operations .

The disadvantages of the first proposal :

1 - has many wires which reduces the efficiency of the device .

2 - The photodiodes are presented in pairs ( one of them is a transmitter and the other as a receiver)

so actually we will need 2 transmitter photodiodes and 2 receiver photodiodes i.e. 4 photodiodes .

Ch3 : the second proposal

Prologue :

This the actual design that we are going to build , because it's more functional and efficient than the
first .

Hardware requirements :

1 - Power supply 5V .

2 - Arduino uno .

3 - LCD .

4 - 2 Object detectors .

5 - 2 Led ( Green and Red ) .

6 - Buzzer .

The definition of the parts :

…..
 The operation of this prototype starts when an object cross the first object detector which send
the signal to the Arduino. The Arduino is programmed to start counting until the second signal that
comes from the other object detector . Then , the Arduino calculates the time and find the speed
directly and send the information to the LCD to show the speed . Also , Arduino is programmed
when high speed case , it will send a signal to the red led to light and activate also the buzzer .
Finally , in low speed case the Arduino is programmed to send a signal to light the green led.

The advantages of the proposal :

1 - more efficient than the first .

2 - more operational than the first .

The disadvantages of the proposal :

1 - high cost of equipment .

2 - the neediness of Arduino language programming .