Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Referensi:
- Durand, W. F., Aerodynamic Theory, Vol. IV
- John T Lowry, Performance of Light Aircaft
- Mc Cormick, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics and Flight Mechanics
- Paper:
F. Hartono, Metode Perancangan dan Analisis Low Reynolds
Number Propeller, Aerospace Indonesia Meeting 2005
F. Hartono, The Design of Propeller Based on Vortex Theory,
International Seminar on Aerospace Technology, 3-14, 2003
Introduction
Basic Principle
A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by
converting rotational motion into thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such
as an aircraft, ship, or submarine through a mass such as water or air,
by rotating two or more twisted blades about a central shaft, in a
manner analogous to rotating a screw through a solid
Classical BET
F.W. Lanchester (1907)
Blade Element Theory
Flamn (1909)
Joukowsky (1912)
Vortex Theory
Betz (1919)
Joukowsky (1912)
Propeller Sizing
Determining Diameter and Blade Number
For a known engine max Power, propeller diameter and blade number
can be estimated by using this equation:
Assumptions:
1. Propeller can be replaced by a thin circular disc
2. Flow through propeller disc form a stream tube
3. Velocity and pressure are uniformly distributed at every stream tube cross
section
4. In axial momentum theory, rotational motion is neglected
Momentum Theory
Axial Momentum Theory (Rankine – Froude Theory)
Continuity
Upstream Flow Momentum
Downstream Flow Momentum
Change of Momentum
Propeller Thrust Kinetic Energy
imparted to
Propeller Power Slipstream
Conservation of Energy
Axial Momentum Theory (Rankine – Froude Theory)
Conservation of energy
Propeller Thrust
Axial Momentum Theory (Rankine – Froude Theory)
Ideal Efficiency of a Propeller maximum achievable efficiency
Hence
or
Axial Momentum Theory (Rankine – Froude Theory)
Actual Efficiency
will be lower than
83.99%
General Momentum Theory
Rotational motion in the flow is not neglected so that p3 < p0
The application of Bernoulli’s equation yields:
Hence
then :
Power Required
Assumptions:
1. The behavior of an element
is not affected by the
adjacent elements of the
same blade
2. The airfoil characteristics to
be adopted for the element
3. The effective velocity of the
element through the air is
the resultant of the axial
velocity, rotational velocity
and induced velocity
Classical Blade Element Theory
If:
then:
where
Propeller Design
Larrabee’s Method
From General Momentum Theory
or
Remember that in Momentum Theory, the drag of the airfoil has not
been taken into account.
When airfoil drag and tip loss are considered, the thrust equation becomes
Introducing
Then:
Propeller Design
The Thrust Equation
Defining
Thence:
dTc
4 F
x 2 1 1
1
1
1
D 1 2 1 2 x 2 x 2
d
1 2 x 2 2
1 2
x2
L x 2
1 2
x 2 1
Propeller Design
Larrabee’s Method
From General Momentum Theory
or
Remember that in Momentum Theory, the drag of the airfoil has not
been taken into account.
When airfoil drag and tip loss are considered, the power equation becomes
Introducing
Then:
Propeller Design
The Power Equation
Defining
Thence:
dPc
4 F
x 2 1 1
1
x2
1 x
D 2 1 2 x 2 1
d
1 2 x 2 2
1 2
x2
L 2 1 2
x 2 x 2
Propeller Design
Larrabee’s Method
Thrust Equation
dTc
4 F
x 2 1 1
1
1
D 1 2 1 2 x 2 x 2
d
1 2 x 2 1
2 1 x
2 2
L x 2 1 x 1
2 2
Power Equation
dPc
4 F
x 2 1 1
1
x2
1 x
D 2 1 2 x 2 1
d
1 2 x 2
2 1 x
2 2
L
2 1 x 2 x 2
2
Where:
2dT
dTc r
V 2R 2
R Wr
x
2dP v V
dPc
V 3R 2 V
Design Procedure (Re constant)
Flow Chart
Start
r
R
Wr
x
Define V
A
v
A 0
V
dPc dTc
or
d d
Iteration 1
1 dP
Process P V 3R 2 c d or
2 h d
1
1 dT
T V 2R 2 c d
2 h d
P Pin or T Tin ? d
B
1 x2
a
2 1 2 x 2
1 1
a
2 1 2 x 2
B
W2
x 2 1 a 1 a
2 2
2
V
V 1 a
tan a
Wr 1 a
dTc
Chord
c d
B
Distribution
R W 2
c L cos a c D sin a
Output V Twist
a des a Distribution
End
Propeller Design Steps for Corrected Local
Reynolds Number
A. Design input: Pin or Tin, D, RPM, B, N, V, (h), airfoil data at various Re,
ades
B. For each radial position (blade element):
1. calculate
2. calculate x
3. calculate f
4. calculate F
5. assume
6. assume Re
7. calculate D/L as f(ades)
8. calculate dTc/d or dPc/d
9. calculate a
10. calculate a’
11. calculate W/V
Propeller Design Steps for Corrected Local
Reynolds Number
B. For each radial position (blade element):
12. calculate c/R
13. calculate c
14. calculate a
15. calculate b
16. calculate Re
17. go to step 7, iterate until Re from step 16 converged
C. Calculate P or T
D. If ep = (P – Pin) or et = (T – Tin) less than its pre determined value, then
the design process has ended
E. Else, change z and then go to step B.6
F. End
Excel Sheet Example: Propeller Design
TUGAS PROPELLER DESAIN
dTc
4 F
x 2 1 1
1
1
D 1 2 1 2 x 2 x 2
d
1 2 x 2 1
2 1 x
2 2
L x 2 1 x 1
2 2
1 1
a
Wr 2 1 2 x 2
Where: x
V
W2
2dT x 2 1 a 1 a
2 2
dTc r
2
V
V 2R 2
R V 1 a
tan a
2dP v Wr 1 a
dPc
V 3R 2 V
Analysis Procedure
(Iterative Method)
Start Flow Chart
Propeller Diameter, D
Number of Blade, B
Number of Element, N
Chord Distribution, c(r)
Inputs Twist Distribution, b(r)
Altitude, h,
Airfoil Data, a, Cl, Cd, ades
r
R
Wr
x
V
1 x2
a
2 1 2 x 2
1 1
a
2 1 2 x 2
v
0 W2
x 2 1 a 1 a
2 2
V 2
V
V 1 a
C tan a
Wr 1 a
Iterate
B
B
a = b - a
yes
E<0? d
Cl = f(a), Cd = f(a)
no
dTc 1
1
dT
C
GMT T V 2R 2 c d
d 2 h d
Iterate
dTc 1
1 dP
d BET P V 3R 2 c d
2 h d
dTc dTc
E= GMT - BET
d d D
D
V = V + dV
no
V > Vmax ? E
yes Iterate V
no
RPM > RPMmax ? F
yes
Iterate RPM
G
G
no
Pitch > Pitchmax ? H
yes Iterate Pitch
Stop
Questions?