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S Y N O P S IS T h e p l a s t i c y i e l d i n g an d r a t e s e n s i t i v e p r o p e r t ie s o f s o f t s e d im e n ta ry ro c k s a r e e x
p e r i m e n t a l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e c a s e w h e n o n l y t h e v o lu m e e x p a n s i o n o c c u r s d u r i n g t h e p l a s t i c
d e fo r m a tio n p r o c e s s . T h e c o n s t i t u t i v e e q u a t io n s f o r t h e m a t e r i a l a r e d e r iv e d b a s e d o n t h e e x
p e r im e n ta l r e s u lt s an d P e r z y n a ’ s th e o r y o f e l a s t o - v i s c o p l a s t i c i t y . N a m e ly , f i r s t o f a l l , t h e
m e th o d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p l a s t i c y i e l d i n g s t r e s s i s d i s c u s s e d . The e x p e r im e n t a lly o b ta in e d
p l a s t i c y i e l d a n d f a i l u r e s u r f a c e s a r e fo u n d t o be r a t e d e p e n d e n t. So t h e s t a t i c y i e l d s u r
fa c e i s assum ed t o b e d e te r m in e d fro m th e c re e p t e s t r e s u l t s . I t i s a ls o th e e x p e r im e n t a l e v
i d e n c e t h a t t h e l o n g t e r m s t r e n g t h m ay b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e r e s i d u a l s t r e n g t h o f t h e m a t e r i a l .
F i n a l l y , t h e e l a s t o - v i s c o p l a s t i c c o n s t i t u t i v e e q u a t io n s a r e d e r iv e d by u s in g t h e s t a t i c y i e l d
s u r f a c e a n d b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t i t s s t a t i c s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n i s t h e e l a s t i c -
p e rfe c t p la s tic shape.
IN T R O D U C T IO N T a b le I P h y s ic a l P r o p e r t ie s
Now i n o u r c o u n t r y , s o - c a l l e d s o f t r o c k s a r e Porosity 3^ .8 % i
d is t r ib u te d a t th e s it e s o f such b ig c i v i l Dry density 1.52 g/cm^
e n g in e e r in g p r o j e c t s as S e ik a n t u n n e l an d Wet density 1.86 g/cm
H o n s h u -S h ik o k u b r i g e c o n s t r u c t i o n s . In o rd e r Specific gravity 2.38
to e f f i c i e n t l y an d s u c c e s s f u lly p ro c e e d th o s e Uniaxial strength 56.5 kg/cm**
p r o j e c t s , i t i s im m e d ia te n e c e s s i t y t o d e r iv e
th e c o n s t i t u t i v e e q u a t io n s f o r s u c h s o f t D E T E R M IN A T IO N OF P L A S T IC Y IE L D IN G S TR E SS
ro c k s as h a l f s o l i d i f i e d s e d im e n ta r y ro c k s
d e p o s i t e d i n M io c e n e E p o c k o f T e r t i a r y P e r i o d I n o r d e r t o e x a m in e t h e m e th o d t o d e t e r m in e
and s t r o n g ly w e a th e re d g r a n it e . G e n e r a lly , th e p l a s t i c y ie ld in g s t r e s s , th e re p e a te d
s o ft ro c k s a re re g a rd e d as s tr a in -h a r d e n in g - lo a d in g -u n lo a d in g t r i a x i a l s h e a r t e s t s w e re
s o fte n in g p la s t ic and r a te s e n s itiv e m a te r i p e rfo rm e d u n d e r d r a in e d c o n d it io n i n r e f e r
a ls w ith d i la t a n c y . e n c e t o t h e i n t r i n s i c m e a n in g o f p l a s t i c i t y .
The d e v ia to r ic s t r e s s - s t r a in r e la t io n is
The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s tu d y is t o o b ta in p l o t t e d on l o g - l o g s c a le i n F i g . 1 w h e re th e
m o re g e n e r a l a n d r e a l i s t i c s t r e s s - s t r a i n lo a d in g - u n lo a d in g p a th f o r t h i s c a s e i s a ls o
tim e r e l a t i o n f o r th e s o f t r o c k s , e s p e c ia lly g iv e n . A d is t in c t b ro k e n p o in t is c le a r ly
i n r e l a t i o n t o th e lo n g te rm s t a b i l i t y a n d s e e n i n t h e lo a d in g p r o c e s s b e tw e e n 6 a n d 8 .
d e fo r m a tio n p r o b le m s . F o r th e p u rp o s e , t r i -
a x i a l t e s t s h a v e b e en c o n d u c te d t o c l a r i f y
th e p la s t ic y ie ld in g and r a t e d e p en d en t b e
h a v io r s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s by u s in g O h y a -s to n e
(p o r o u s t u f f ) d e p o s i t e d i n T e r t i a r y P e r i o d
a s a n i d e a l s o f t s e d im e n ta r y r o c k .
SAMPLES
S o f t r o c k s a m p le u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y i s t u f f
t a k e n fro m O hya s t r a t u m . The t u f f is chosen
as a n i d e a l s o f t s e d im e n ta r y r o c k , b e c a u s e
i t s h ig h p o r o s i t y a n d u n i f o r m i t y m ake i t
m uch m o r e a m e n a b l e t o t h e i n i t i a l s t u d y o f
m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r t i e s o f s o f t s e d im e n ta r y
ro c k s . Som e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s am
p l e a r e s u m m a riz e d i n T a b l e I . The c y lin
d r i c a l s p e c i m e n s w e r e p r e p a r e d i n 5 cm o f t h e
d i a m e t e r a n d 1 0 cm o f t h e h i g h t , a n d w e r e
s a t u r a t e d by a p p ly in g vacuum t o th e v e s s e l
i n w h ic h t h e s p e c im e n s w e r e s u b m e rg e d u n d e r ADERF
w a t e r f o r a t l e a s t 2*1 h o u r s . F ig . 1 D e v ia to r ic s tr e s s - » tr a in r e la tio n
7
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Unloading from the stress states below the even with due regard to the other differences
point gives negligible amount of permanent in the test conditions(e.g., differnce in the
strain. On the other hand, definite perma void ratio), (3) the residual strength is
nent strain takes place in unloading from found to be expressed by a straight line,
the stress state 0 above the point. So that, namely, by Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and
it may conclude that the broken point gives (¿0 for lower confining pressure range the
the stress value when the plastic deformation tendency of volume expansion can be seen from
becomes to dominate. The stress value thus the undrained stress paths.
obtained is defined as the plastic yielding
stress in this work. The yielding stress is DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC YIELD FUNCTION
also found to be the characteristic point
for the stress-volume change relation, namely The yield function consistent with the plas
the permanent volume expansion occurs above tic potential is determined by using the as
the yielding stress, although the results not sociated flow rule in the theory of plastici
given here. This method have been applied ty and experimental results. A stable mate
to various materials(e.g., Murayama and rial in Drucker's sense(1959) is satisfied
Shibata(196^)). with "normality rule" on the yield loci which
is given by the following equation if the
YIFLD AND FAILURE SURFACES yield is expressed by the first and second
stress invariants.
In order to clarify the plastic yielding and d v< V /2 T ^ = - d ( / 2 J i ) / d a ; (1 )
failure characteristics of the material,
strain controlled consolidated-undrained and where a^:mean effective stress, /2J2:second
stress controlled drained triaxial shear stress invariant , vP :plastic volumetric
tests were conducted under different con strain and /2X2 :second invariant of plastic
fining pressures. The undrained shear tests deviatoric strain increment.
were carried out for 5 , 20, 28 and 47 kg/cm 2
of cell pressure by using 0.04 %/min of the Once the left hand side of Eq.(l) is given by
strain rate. The drained tests were per the function of the first and second stress
formed under 2 , 5, 15 and 25 kg/cm 2 cf cell invariants, namely so-called "flow rule" is
pressure, and the converted average strain given, the yield function is determined by
rate was about 0.00035 %/min. The results integrating Eq.(l) with help of the flow rule.
are summarized in the effective stress plane For the purpose, Fig. 3 is obtained as the
( ° m » a l ~ a 3) as shown in Fig. 2. relation between the stress ratio and plastic
dilatancy rate from the drained test results.
Yield Although the values are slightly scattering,
CU-Tests ■ the linear relation seems to exist, i.e.,
D-Tests □ (ai-a3)/0^ = a(-dvp/def) + C (2)
Creep a
As the invariant form, the relation becomes
/nj/ai = o*(-dvp/ / ^ ) + C* (3)
where a, a*, C and C*are material constants
and obtained as a = a*=0. 75, C=/3/2 c* = l .25 for
Surfaces---- this material.
Strength---
_ l --------- L.
50 60
MEAN STRESS dj, (kg/cm2)
Fig. 2 Stress paths, plastic yield surfaces
failure surfaces and residual
strength
The figure shows the effective stress paths
of the tests, the plastic yield surfaces
determined by log-log plotting method, the
failure surfaces defined by the maximum
attained shearing stress values and the re
sidual strength obtained by the undrained Fig. 3 Relationship between stress ratio
tests. From the figure, it is concluded and plastic dilatancy rate
that (1 ) the plastic yield and failure sur
faces are nonlinear with 0 under lower con Therefore, the yield function Is determined
fining pressure range, (2 ) both of yielding from Eqs.(1) and (3) with the condition of
and failure values for the drained tests are ✓2J 2=k* at /2J^/a;=C* as follows.
smaller than those of the undrained tests, £ =C*oi{[C*+(a*-l)(^Jj/o;)]/ci>C*}c?'/(“
k'1)= k* (4)
this should be caused by the rate effect,
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9
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the so-called "excess stress function" F plastic and rate sensitive properties of the
which represented the difference between the soft rock material.
dynamic and static yield functions. The
excess stress function P is defined by
f = fd/fs - 1 (5)
where fs is the static yield function. Then
the following viscoplastic stress-strain re
lations were proposed.
êJJ = n*<t>(F)3fd / 3 a ^ . , n * = i/n (6)
In this study, the static yield surface ob
tained in creep test is used as fs and the
yield function is assumed to be given by the
same functional form of Eq.(4), namely, just
to replace k* by kd which is the parameter of
strain rate effect. Thus, the following
constitutive equations for the material are
derived. __
è ffi= n * *(F )f (Æ J i/g ;) U c* (7 )
where
f(ÆJi/a;) = {[C*+(dl-l)(/2JÎ/oi)]/a*}1/(“
*'1) Fig. 8 Comparison of theoretical dynamic
What is yet to be determined is the function yield loci with creep strain rate
al form of $(F). In the case of axisymmetric vectors at steady state
triaxial condition, from Eq.(7) we have
F = $-1{n e^p//273 f[(a1-o3)/o;]} (8) The similar approach has been applied to
derive the constitutive equations for normal
For the purpose, ejp/f[(ai-03)/0mJ and F are ly consolidated clays(Adachi and 0kano(1974)).
plotted in Fig. 7 by using creep test result.
From the figure, the functional form of 4>(F) CONCLUSIONS
is approximately expressed by the potential
function, i.e., Throughout this study, the following con
<D(F) = C2eKp(52F) (9) clusions are summarized.
(1) The plastic yield function is dètermined
where C2 and 02 are material constants. from the experimental results and associated
flow rule in the theory of plasticity.
(2) The soft rock shows plastic flow with
volume expansion for the stress state above
the static yield surface obtained by creep
test results and finally attains to the creep
rupture.
(3) Therefore, it should be considered that
the strain-hardening-softening behaviors are
transitory and the long term strength of the
material is determined by the static yield
surface which is found to be approximately
represented by the residual strength.
(*J) The derived constitutive equations can be
applied to the long term deformation and
stability problems related to soft rocks.
REFERENCES
Adachi, T. and M. Okano. (197*0,"A Constitu
tive Equations for Normally Consolidated
Clay," Soils and Foundations, Vol. 14,
No. 4, pp. 55-73-
Drucker, D.C. (1959),"A Definition of Stable
Inelastic Material," J. Appl. Mech., Trans.
ASME, Vol. 26, pp. 101-106.
using the drained creep test result
Murayama, S. and T. Shibata (1964), "Flow and
The direction of strain rate vectors at the Stress Relaxation of Clays," IUTM, Rheology
steady state creep deformation processes and and Soil Mechanics Symposium, Grenoble,
the corresponding dynamic yield surfaces are pp. 99-129.
shown in Fig. 8. The normality of creep
strain rate vectors to the dynamic yield Perzyna, P. (1963),"The Constitutive Equation
loci is satisfied. This concludes that the for Rate Sensitive Plastic Material," Quart.
viscoplastic concept can well explain the Appl. Math., Vol. 20, pp. 321-332.
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