CHAPTER 5 IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Introduction
The major crops in the basin are coffee, pepper, cocoa and clove confined mostly
to higher elevations of the basin with rolling topography, coconut and banana
spread all over the two basins, food crops like rice, maize, cassava, and mungbean
in the middle and coastal regions of the two basins and sugarcane confined to Way
Terusan in the north of the basins area.

Of these crops, only rice and sugarcane needs irrigation. Conventional long
duration rice can be grown in the months from November to May. The non-
irrigated rice is preferably scheduled between December and May to have a good
harvest dictated by the sunshine in the later stages of growth. However, the high
yielding short duration rice invariably needs supplemental irrigation water both in
the heavy rainfall period and the other.

The average annual rainfall in the basins is 2,064mm out of which 1,217mm is in
the months from November through May, 847mm is in the months from June
through October and the least rainfall month is generally August. All Palawija
crops can generally be raised without irrigation except in drought years which
may occur once in 5 years. It is not economically viable to provide water
infrastructure to provide irrigation for Palawija crops.

On the other hand, rice is the staple food and is also a viable proposition to
provide irrigation for rice intensifying its cultivation to 2 or even 3 crops a year.
There is sufficient demand for rice and serve as import substitution. Further, the
socio-economic conditions with smallholdings dictate the necessity to increase
rice cultivation.
5.2 Irrigation Development in National Level
Ever since commencement of the first five year development plan (Pelita I) in
1969/1970, the Government of Indonesia (GOI) has been exerting a great effort in
increasing agricultural production especially in rice through various land and
water resources development, introduction of new varieties, agricultural
supporting service, etc. as well as in consolidating in other infrastructures.

During Pelita I and II, emphasis in the irrigation sub-sector was on rehabilitation
of old irrigation systems to achieve benefits quickly and at low cost. During Pelita
III, greater emphasis was placed on the development of new irrigation facilities
and the construction of tertiary facilities for efficient on-farm water management.

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In Pelita IV, while maintaining its priority for irrigation, included a shift
emphatically away from large-scale irrigation and flood control works to the
development and rehabilitation of small and medium scale projects.

Furthermore, the recognition of the importance of O & M (Operation and

Maintenance) has led to a further shift in emphasis toward; the improvement of O
& M and the rehabilitation/improvement of existing irrigation system necessary to
carry out improved management, and the involving of farmers in the management
and financing of irrigation systems.

During Pelita V, the Government's thrust is further on an integrated approach to

improving irrigated agricultural production which combines the construction /
rehabilitation of the necessary physical infrastructure for irrigation and drainage
with the institutional support required to increase agricultural productivity and
efficiency on a sustainable basis.

As a result of the drastic cuts in irrigation budget in recent years, the Government
has re-examined its priorities for future expenditures.
 Improving O & M of existing irrigation systems, requiring increased
budget support and better allocation criteria, rationalizing the roles of the
several agencies involved in executing O & M, and strengthening local
government capability.
 Paying greater attention to water management to meet the needs of more
diversified cropping patterns.
 Selective development and upgrading of irrigation systems that is,
expediting the completion of priority and viable on-going projects, and
reclamation in some of the relatively less developed outer islands.
 Promotion of private sector involvement in irrigation, particularly through
privatization of small irrigation schemes and private development of ground
water for irrigation purposes.
Nearly 25 percent of the irrigated area is covered by systems smaller than 500ha
in size and most of these systems are either semi-technical or simple/village
irrigation systems. The Government policy is to efficiently operate and maintain
technical systems larger than 500ha, and to privatize (to turn over to Water User's
Association) smaller systems, which are generally semi-technical or
simple/village schemes.

While the development of tertiary system is the responsibility of the farmers and
local community, the Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure, the
former the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) is supposed to provide technical

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 assistance and in some cases to construct the tertiary system.

According to the above governmental decree, recently, the international agencies

and the governments of developed countries have commenced cooperation on
rehabilitation and upgrading for these types of small-scale irrigation projects.

Under the above circumstances, upgrading and extension of the existing small-
scale schemes should get the highest priority for the short and medium term
development of irrigated agriculture. Many schemes are in need of rehabilitation
as a result of deferred maintenance even in technical irrigation systems.
Moreover, there is also a need to upgrade the semi-technical and simple irrigation
systems to pull up technical level of increased system efficiency.
5.3 Irrigation Development in Lampung Province

In the Way Sekampung and Way Seputih Basins, the irrigation area covers
approximately 220,000ha more. Such irrigation development cannot be done in a
very short time and/or easily. The irrigation development of this basin will go
back to years around 1910. This corresponds to the irrigation development of
2,400ha in the annual developed rate during past 92 years. The following Table
5.1 shows the past development record of irrigation area and the ratio between
potential area and functional area in Lampung Province.

Table 5. 1 Development of Potential and Functional Irrigation Area in Lampung

Province
National Area (ha) Balance
No.
Development
Potential Functional Area %
Plan/Year
1 Before Pelita 52,550 25,840 26,710 51%
2 I 1969-1974 100,158 43,144 57,014 57%
3 II 1974-1979 131,072 53,975 77,097 59%
4 III 1979-1984 169,331 85,862 83,469 49%
5 IV 1984-1989 207,663 120,166 87,497 42%
6 V 1989-1994 231,492 164,041 67,451 29%
7 VI 1994-1995 232,650 167,792 64,858 28%
1995-1996 245,922 173,365 72,557 30%
1996-1997 260,355 177,574 82,781 32%
1997-1998 260,355 178,789 81,566 31%
1998-1999 260,355 181,111 79,244 30%
1999-2000 260,355 186,123 74,232 29%

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 2000 260,355 185,191 75,164 29%

Source: Evaluasi Pelaksanaan O&P Pengairan TA.1999/2000 dan 2000 Setra Program TA.2001
di Propinsi Lampung, Bappeda Propinsi Lampung Sep.2000

In the above, total area of potential and functional area included the rawa (swamp)
development areas. Potential area in Pelita I is about 100,000 ha, and it is
increasing to about 2.6 times now as seen from the above table. On the other hand,
43,000 ha during Pelita I have increased to 185,000 ha in the year 2000 and is 4.3
times the farmland in function. As functional area, about 2,500 ha per year have
been increased since Pelita VI. The gap ratio between the potential area and
functional area is constant to be about 30% in recent years.

The following Table 5.2 shows the areas, the number of structures, and the canal
lengths in the existing irrigation schemes and the swamp schemes managed by
operation and maintenance offices (O&P) of Lampung Province in the year 2000.
Table 5. 2 Irrigation Potential Area and Irrigation Facilities in Lampung Province
(Operated by O&P office in 2000)

Item Name Quantity Unit

Area Potential area 259,997 ha
Paddy field 177,125 ha
Intake structure Weir 124 Nos
Dam 2 Nos
Canal Structure Primary canal 1,056 Km
Secondary canal 1,730 Km
Tertiary canal 4,376 Km
Drainage canal 234 Km
Other Structure Irrigation structure 5,198 Nos
Auxiliary structure 9,244 Nos
Inspection road 1,420 Km
Office and houses 468 Nos

Source: Evaluasi Pelaksanaan O&P Pengairan TA.1999/2000 dan 2000 Setra

Program TA.2001 di Propinsi Lampung, Bappeda Propinsi Lampung Sep.2000

Table 5-3 and 5-4 below show physical condition of existing irrigation and
drainage facilities in Lampung Province. Source of material is the same as the
above table.

The classification of facilities is as below:

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 Condition good : Normal function is 70 to 100%.
Condition medium : Normal function is 50 to 69%.
Condition bad : Damaged function is 50 to 100%.
From the below table, about 1/3 of all potential area has light and heavy damaged
condition. If the medium condition is included, the total required rehabilitation
becomes to 73% of the potential area.
Table 5. 3 Physical Condition of Irrigation & Drainage Facilities on Area Basis (Oct. 1998)

Potential area of each condition (ha)

No. Cabang Dinas/ Kabupaten Total
Good Medium Light Heavy
damage damage
1 Tanggamus/Pringsewu 15,920 4,076 7,357 3,769 31,122
2 Lampung Selatan / Palas 0 5,890 10,114 0 16,004
3 Lampung Tengah 48,631 61,818 18,382 345 129,176
Cabang Metro
Cabang Gunung Sugih
Cabang Sukadana
4 Lampung Utara 4,838 33,132 43,019 7,160 260,355
Total 69,389 104,916 78,872 7,160 260,355
Ratio 27% 40% 30% 3% 100%

Table 5. 4 Physical Condition of Irrigation & Drainage Facilities on Structure Basis

(Oct. 1998)

Structural Condition
No. Facility Quantity Good Medium Damaged
Q’ty % Q’ty % Q’ty %
1 Dam 2 Unit 1 50 1 50 - 0
2 Small dam 7 Unit 3 43 1 14 3 43
3 Weir 125 Unit 41 33 47 38 37 30
4 Main canal 964 Km 199 21 554, 57 212 22
5 Sec. Canal 1,071 Km 201 19 415 39 455 42
6 Ter. Canal 4,118 Km 1,312 32 1,373 33 1,434 35
7 Drainage canal 910 Km 356 39 236 26 317 35
8 Irrigation str. 7,595 Nos 1,234 16 3,713 49 2,648 35
9 Auxiliary str. 29,159 Nos 6,817 23 9,350 32 12,992 45
10 Inspection road 2,595 Km 782 3 838 3 975 3
11 Dike 27,532 Km 5,868 21 9,766 35 11,898 43

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 Source: Evaluasi Pelaksanaan O&P Pengairan 1999/2000

In Lampung Province, the village irrigation facilities were rehabilitated for three
years from 1978. The number of rehabilitation projects was 307 places and the
total potential area was 36,312ha in the Province as shown in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5 Rehabilitation Record of Village Irrigation in Lampung Province

No. Regency 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 Total

DI Area DI Area DI Area DI Area
1. Lampung Utara 25 2,480 19 1,920 7 760 51 5,160
2. Way Kanan 7 845 14 1,580 9 1,440 30 3,865
3. Tulang Bawang 0 0 0 0 1 300 1 300
4. Lampung Tengah 23 2,990 7 968 6 1,025 36 4,983
5. Kota Metro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6. Lampung Timur 15 1,702 5 1,132 4 1,075 24 3,909
7. Lampung Selatan 10 1,150 13 1,625 10 1,405 33 4,180
8. Tanggamus 28 4,206 5 646 8 1,095 41 5,947
9. Lampung Barat 32 3,885 31 1,183 28 2,900 91 7,968
Total 140 17,258 94 9,054 73 10,000 307 36,312

Source: Dinas Pengairan Propinsi Lampung Oct 30, 1999 (revised)

5.4 Irrigation Development in Way Sekampung and Way Seputih Basins

The present area under irrigation is approximately 163,000ha in the two basins.
The Kabupaten wise and project wise details of the irrigated area are given in
Table 5.6 and the attached Tables 5.7 to 5.12.

In all there are 41 technical schemes, 24 semi-technical schemes and 151

simple/village schemes in Way Sekampung basin and 14 technical, 7 semi-
technical and 174 simple/village irrigation schemes in Way Seputih basin.

Table 5. 6 Summary of Irrigation Area in Seputih – Sekampung Basins

No. Number Area

Irrigation System
(NOS) Potential Functional Not yet Func.
(ha) (ha) (ha)
1. Technical Irrigation Schemes 55 161,499 123,535 37,964
2. Semi-Technical Irrigation Schemes 31 6,070 5,248 822

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 3. Village Irrigation Schemes 325 55,310 33,702 21,608
4. Groundwater (PAT) Irrigation 39 829 744 85
Schemes
5. Small Dam/Embung Irrigation 8 255 42 213
Schemes
Total 458 223,963 163,271 60,692

Note: Way Sekampung Irrigation (Argoguruh) system is counted as 1 scheme including Bekri and
Rumbia Schemes.

As to the location of major irrigation schemes with the area more than 500 ha are
illustrated in the attached Figure 5.1.

The catchment area of Way Sekampung is 4,796 km2 and that of the Seputih is
7,149 km2, and the both drain area are 11,945 km2 in total. In these basins, the
total area of the rice field and the upland rice is counted to be 261,163 ha now.
When this is divided into the upstream region, the middle reaches region, and the
downstream region, it becomes as shown in the Table 5.13 below. The relating
prefecture is six prefectures and two municipality, they are, Lampung Selatan,
Tangamus, Lampung Tengah, Lampung Timur, Lampung Utara, Tulangbawang,
Bandar Lampung and Metro.

Table 5. 13 Planted Paddy Area in Way Sekampung and Way Seputih Basins
Type U/S Area (ha) Middle/S Area (ha) D/S Area (ha) Total
(ha)
Wet land paddy 6,440 146,424 54,895 207,759
Dry land paddy 924 45,503 6,977 53,404
Total 7,364 191,927 61,872 261,163

On the other hand, Provincial and Regencies irrigation committees under

Governor and Bupati issue every year’s cropping schedule as shown in the
attached Tables 5.14 to 5.15.

5.4.1 Technical Irrigation Schemes

(1) Way Sekampung Irrigation Project

The intake of irrigation water for Way Sekampung irrigation is at Argoguruh with
two main canals, Feeder-I and Feeder-II. Irrigation facilities for an area of 25,265
ha under Feeder-I and 21,083 ha under Feeder-II are operational. Bekri and West
Rumbia with areas of 6,500ha and 5,790ha are under construction. So far the

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 scheme operated an area of 46,000ha with an irrigation intensity of 135% (See
Figure 5.2).

Now the Batutegi dam located approximately 80 km upstream of the Argoguruh

weir has been completed. The total area under irrigation excluding Rumbia
Extension will be 66,573 ha with crop intensity of 184 percent.

unit unit
in ha.in ha.
Sub-scheme Potential Area Functional Area Balance Command Area of Way Sekampung System
Batanghari 10,822 10,541 281
Bunut 6,296 5,755 541
Raman Utara 5,096 4,237 859 N
Batanghari Utara 5,817 4,732 1,085
Punggur Utara 26,252 21,083 5,169
West Rumbia
Bekri* 6,500 0 -
West Rumbia* 5,790 0 - W.Seputih
Total 66,573 46,348 7,935
* makrs show under construction sub-schemes.
Source: Daftar Inventarisai Areal Irigasi, Oct.,1999
W.Pegadungan
W.Punggur
W.Tipo

Punggur Utara
Bekri

Raman Utara

Raman Weir
W.Raman W. Sukadana

KH.1 Bunut Batang Hari Utara

KH.2
Garongan Weir
W.Batanghari
Arugoguruh Weir
Batang Hari

W.Sekampung

Figure 5. 2 Present Irrigation Area of Way Sekampung System

Basic consideration of irrigation requirement is as below:

 Present irrigation area is 46,348ha, and final irrigation area is 66,573ha.
 Evaluated actual irrigation area in 2000 is 46,080ha for wet season paddy
and 17,555ha for dry season paddy.
 Crop-plan: rice-rice.
 Number of Golongan group; 9 groups for Feeder-I and 9 groups for Feeder-
II.
 Average irrigation area of 1 group is 3,114ha for wet season and 2,616ha for

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 dry season for Feeder-I. For Feeder-II, it is 4,282ha for wet season and
3,597ha for dry season.
 Irrigation intensity: 184 % (Rumbia extension area is not yet included.).
 Beginning of irrigation: from Oct.1 to Jan.1 for wet season paddy.
 The rice crop that is popular in the region is the short duration variety and
takes a total of four months period from land preparation to harvesting.
Land preparation: 1 month
Growing period: 2 months
Maturity and harvesting: 1 month
 Water layer of land preparation is a depth of 250mm.
 Water Layer replacement: This requirement is provided by a continuous
supply of 100mm over a period of two months.
 Percolation: Vary from 2.3mm/day to 4.9mm/day
 Following climatological record will be used for the estimation of irrigation
water requirement:
a) Cisaat Natar
b) Gunung Megang
c) Branti
d) Reno Buski
 Evapo-transpiration: Use Modified Penman method, Vary from 3.58 mm/day
to 4.58 mm/day
 Effective Rainfall: Derived formula is used.
If Ra <= 6mm Re = 0 mm
If 6 < Ra <= 54mm Re = 0.6 (Ra-6)
If Ra > 54mm Re = 28.8 + (Ra-54) 0.6
Where Ra = 1/2 monthly precipitation and Re is the corresponding effective
rainfall, Re varies from 0.16 mm / 15days (for Jul2) to 39.75 mm / 15 days
(for Jan1).
 The crop coefficient for rice from DGWRD KP-01, Dec.1986.
Crop factors (Kc) are 1.10, 1.10, 1.05, 1.05, and 0.95 for water requirement
during growth and mature stages.
 Conveyance efficiency of 0.65 is adopted.
As the results of the above review study in March 2000, the diversion water
requirement for Feeder-I area varies from 0.75 m 3/sec (in Aug.-2) to 32.19 m3/sec
(in May-2) in a half monthly base, that for Feeder-II area varies from 5.37 m 3/sec
(in Aug-2) to 50.63 m3/sec (in May-2). However, water requirement of Rumbia

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extension will be added in next study including the review of return flow.

The following Table 5.16 shows cropping calendar proposed for the present
irrigation system.

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 Table 5.16 Cropping Calendar of Way Sekampung Irrigation
Project/Proposed
1st Paddy Area 2nd Paddy Area Commencement of L/P
No. Group Name 1st Paddy 2nd Paddy Percolation
100% 84% Time Time
Ha ha No. ½ month No. ½ month mm/day
Diversion water requirement from Argoguruh
Feeder-1
1.
Group 1A (Argoguruh) 389 327 22 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 2.8
2.
Group 1 (Batanghari-1) 5,567 4,676 24 Dec-2 8 Apr-2 2.8
3.
Group 2 (Batanghari-2) 4,866 4,087 22 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 2.5
4.
Group 3 (Bunut-1) 4,005 3,364 22 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 2.3
5.
Group 1 (Bunut-2) 2,291 1,924 23 Dec-1 7 Apr-1 2.3
Diversion water requirement from Raman Weir
6.
Group 10 (Raman Utara-1) 2,782 2,337 24 Dec-2 8 Apr-2 3.2
7.
Group 11 (Raman Utara-2) 2,314 1,944 1 Jan-1 9 May-1 3.2
Diversion water requirement from Garongan Weir
8.
Group 12 (Batanghari Utara-1) 3,529 2,964 24 Dec-1 8 Apr-2 3.1
9.
Group 13 (Batanghari Utara-2) 2,288 1,922 1 Jan-1 9 May-1 3.1
Sub Total 28,031 23,545
Feeder-II
10.
Group 5 (Punggur Utara-1) 6,233 5,236 19 Oct-2 3 Feb-1 4.9
11.
Group 6 (Punggur Utara-2) 4,591 3,856 22 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 3.5
12.
Group 7 (Punggur Utara-3) 4,604 3,867 22 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 4.0
13.
Group 8 (Punggur Utara-4) 5,869 4,930 24 Dec-2 8 Apr-2 3.3
14.
Group 9 (Punggur Utara-5) 4,955 4,162 21 Nov-1 5 Mar-1 2.4
15.
Group 14 (Bekri-1) 3,072 2,580 22 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 3.0
16.
Group 15 (Bekri-2) 3,428 2,880 1 Jan-1 9 May-1 3.0
17.
Group 16 (West Rumbia-1) 3,402 2,858 1 Jan-1 9 May-1 4.1
18.
Group 17 (West Rumbia-2) 2,388 2,006 1 Jan-1 9 May-1 4.1
Sub-total 38,542 32,375
Total 66,573 55,920
Note-1: Water requirement was analysed by Water Resources-Water Use/Hydrology Expert, March 2002.

Note-2: Rumbia extension is not yet included

(2) Way Seputih Irrigation Project

The Way Seputih irrigation area lies in the plains between Way Pengubuan to the
North and the Way Seputih to the South and covers a gross area of 40,927 ha up to
the boundary of Seputih Extension area. At present there are potential areas of
20,201 ha, in which nominal 14,612 ha is being irrigated in rainy season and 2,683
ha in dry season.

Irrigation water is derived from Ajibaru weir on Way Seputih. At the upstream of

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Ajibaru weir, Way Tatayan joins Way Seputih. During 1954 to 1964, the first weir
and intake were constructed. However, in 1979 the weir was damaged due to a big
flood, and then the weir and intake, and canals have been rehabilitated since 1986.
The present canal has a design capacity of 33 m3/sec.
Feature of Way Seputih Project are shown bellow:
Potential Area A = 20,201ha (as of 1980)
Functional Area A = 14,612ha (as of 1996)
Aji Baru Weir : H.W.L EL50.10m
Weir Crest EL47.00m
Bed EL of Intake Sill EL44.94m
Main Canal : Design Water Level at Beginning Point of Main Canal (after
silting basin): NWS46.94m
Design Water Level at End Point of Main Canal (Diversion
structure BWS33): NWS27.92m
This project suffers from:
 Over estimation of water available for diversion at Ajibaru
 Under estimation of water requirements
 It is estimated that with the present irrigation facilities. It is only possible to
irrigate about 11,500ha.
 Exist the gap area (difference between potential area and functional area)
about 5,589ha or more between potential area and functional area.
The reason of the gap will be clarified from field survey and interview to all
ranting offices, P3SA staffs and/or village chief.

As for the water requirements of Way Seputih irrigation scheme, the following
cropping calendar (Table 5.17) might be proposed for the present irrigation
system, without Segalamider dam case.

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 Table 5.17 Water Requirement and Canal Capacity for Way Seputih Irrigation
Project/Proposed
No. Group Name Total Area 1st Paddy 2nd Paddy Commencement of L/P
st Percolation
Area Area 1 Paddy 2nd Paddy
100% 9% Time Time
ha ha No ½ month No ½ month mm/day
Diversion Water Requirement from Ajibaru
1. Ajibaru 419 419 22 Nov-2 4.5
2. Simpang Agung-1 3,128 1,043 292 24 Dec-2 8 Apr-2 4.5
3. Simpang Agung-2 1,043 4 Feb. 2 4.5
4. Simpang Agung-3 1,042 22 Feb. 2 4.5
5. Ter. Besar-1 3,365 1,122 314 23 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 4.5
6. Ter. Besar-2 1,122 4 Dec-1 4.5
7. Ter. Besar-3 1,121 22 Feb. 2 4.5
8. Seputih Mataram-1 3,498 1,166 326 23 Nov-2 6 Mar-2 4.5
9. Seputih Mataram-2 1,166 23 Dec-1 4.5
10. Seputih Mataram-3 1,166 1 Jan-1 4.5
11. Bandar Mataram-1 1,179 330 1 Jan-1 9 May-1 4.5
12. Bandar Mataram-2 3,358 1,179 4 Feb. 2 4.5
13. Bandar Mataram-3 1,000 4 Feb. 2 4.5
Total 13,768 13,768 1,262
Note-1: Water requirement was analysed by Water Resources-Water Use/Hydrology Expert, March 2002

(3) Way Pengubuan Irrigation Project

Way Pengubuan is located in the Northern part of Lampung Province, but the river
is one of the major tributaries of the Way Seputih. The diversion weir is located in
the upper reach of Pengubuan near the town Gedungharta with a catchment area
of 115 km2. The project aimed to develop irrigated paddy field 5,000 ha mainly for
transmigrants from Jawa. The Project consists of two components: one is
irrigation water supply by irrigation facilities constructed, such as weir and
irrigation canal systems, and the other is the land development to convert upland
field, grass area, forestry into paddy field. The OECF loan was prepared for D/D
in 1974, for construction in 1976 to 1981, for rehabilitation works in 1989 to
1991. On the other hand, ADB loan was also prepared for the rehabilitation of
tertiary canal systems in 1987 to 1993. At present, O&M works for those
irrigation facilities have been handed off from the Provincial government to

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Kabupaten Lampung Tengah office.

Land reclamation / paddy field construction: 5,000ha (planned), actual area

irrigated is 3,598ha in 1998/99.

Completed project works are found to involve a number of defects and

shortcomings owing to unsatisfactory poor construction quality: major problems
are sliding of inside slope of canals, accumulation of sediments and dumps in
canal bottom, and scouring of canal bottom especially in immediate downstream
of drop structures. Further, this project will be unable to supply water to full
potential area due to water shortage being the runoff the river scheme.

The evaluation of paddy cropping record by Bahan Rapat Panitia Irigasi Lampung
Tengah for wet season paddy in 2000 is as below Table 5. 18:

Table 5. 18 Record of Cropping Area in DI. Way Pengubuan

Realization of Planted Area
Gross Functional Area Planned
Cropping Area
A
r
e
a
MT1 MT2 MT1 MT2
5,000ha 3,501ha 2,071ha 938ha 1,863ha 928ha

Results of Percolation Test for Way Pengubuan Irrigation Scheme

During January 2002, field percolation test was carried out in Way Pengubuan
Irrigation scheme. The test locations are the following five (5) villages in the area.
a) Tertiary block BG12Ki, Gedongharta village
b) Tertiary block BS10Ka, Suka Jaya village
c) Tertiary block BS2Ka, Talang Tengah village
d) Tertiary block PM4Ka, Bandar Putih Tua village, and
e) Tertiary block PN2Ki, Suka Jaya village
Table 5. 19 Percolation Test Results in Way Pengubuan Irrigation Scheme
No. Location/ Tertiary Topographic Average Water Average Percolation
Block Condition Requirement (mm/day)
(mm/day)
1 BG12Ki Sloping land 11.3 -
2 BS10Ka Flat land 4.7 2.3

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 3 BS2Ka Sloping land 11.6 5.5
4 PM4Ka Flat land 10.4 4.9
5 PM2Ki Flat land 8.7 3.7

Average 9.3 4.1

As to the above data, some places shall be tested again to get the more accurate
data. (See the attached Figure 5.3, Percolation Test of way Pengubuan Irrigation
Scheme).

With this percolation it may not be possible to irrigate more than 3,500 ha in the
first season (MT1 rice).
(4) Rawa Sragi Drainage Project
This scheme is drainage and land reclamation project implemented during the year
1978 to 1991 with a total potential of 23,000 ha. The area is located in the Eastern
coast downstream of Way Sekampung. Rawa Sragi area was initially selected for
bilateral assistance (in 1976) to create new land for a target group of small often
landless farmers and to allocate this land in such a manner that an equitable
distribution would be achieved. In 1978 the development of the Rawa Sragi was
included in the Netherlands Development Assistance Program; Technical
assistance was provided through a team from EUROCONSULT. The Swamp
reclamation works in Rawa Sragi started in 1979.

In 1980 land reform (consolidation and reallocation) was introduced which started
with the selection of the farmers eligible for a piece of land. In Jan. 1986, a total
area of roughly 16,000 ha (Rawa Sragi I and II) has been reclaimed and made
suitable for a more intensive agricultural production. In most of the area a rainfed
rice crop can be grown during the wet season followed by a palawija crop (maize,
green gram, soybean) during the dry season.

As far as the land allocation is concerned, plots of approximately 1 ha have been

distributed to selected farmers in an area of more than 5,000 ha. Each settler will
be allotted a plot of maximum 2.25 ha, including 0.25 ha for a household.

The project area comprises of the “polders” on the left and right banks in the
downstream section of the Way Sekampung, Way Pisang, the coastal swamp, and
back-swampy area between the Way Kramat and the Way Maringgai. The existing
irrigation is very little and it is from the flood diversion channel of Way Pisang.
Water from the Way Pisang is used for irrigation in Way Pisang polder to an extent
of 1,000 ha. The intensity of irrigation is reaching a limit of 300 %. The
maximum-recorded discharge of Way Pisang near Palas Jaya was 21 m 3/sec. The

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 design flood is estimated at 40 m3/sec. The same applies to Way Ketibung. At the
site of a dam, upstream of the Project area, a maximum discharge has been
observed of approximately 160 m3/sec, further downstream, upon reaching the
flat, low-lying areas; the peak flow is attenuated to about 30-40 m3/sec.

The dry season flows in the Way Pisang and Way Ketibung are small. In the Way
Pisang a discharge of less than 0.2m3/sec for several consecutive weeks has been
observed. Their dry season flows will be very small, reaching zero for several
consecutive weeks during most of the years, depending on the rainfall. (Reference
of hydraulic data is from Rawa Sragi Project/Final Report, by Euroconsult,
Nov.1980.)

Area of Rawa Sragi Scheme

Sub- Potential Area (ha)Functional Area (ha)
Scheme Timur Selatan Timur Selatan
RS I 2,195 5,555 1,944 4,921
IV
RS II 2,630 5,020 2,330 4,448

Laut Jawa
RS III 6,650 5,890 1,000ha
RS IV 1,000 886
Total 12,475 10,575 11,050 9,369

Way Sekampung

Jabung
Lampung Timur
III
Asahan
2,195ha 6,650ha
Way Sekampung

Ia IIa
2,630ha
Rawa Kramat

Rawa Sragi

Ib
Lampung Selatan 5,555 ha IIb
Rawa Pisang 5,020ha

Palas

Figure 5. 4 Sub-Scheme of Rawa Sragi Reclamation Project

In Rawa Sragi III, supplementary irrigation is provided from run-off of natural

springs on Sukadana plateau. Furthermore, it is proposed to irrigate the land of
about 7,250 ha of left bank diverting waters of Way Sekampung from the rubber
dam at Jabung. This collapsible type of dam is located on Way Sekampung
approximately 110 km downstream of Argoguruh weir, near the town Jabung,
Kecamatan Jabung, Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. The rubber dam is only 3-meter

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 height on a concrete apron of 1 meter high above the riverbed. An intake is located
on the left bank with a capacity of 12.52 m 3/sec for providing irrigation in Rawa
Sragi- II, III and small parts of IV. The movable width of rubber dam is 76 meter
(38m x 2 span). Along left bank of the river, main canal route has been decided
and already designed by Provincial government. On the other hand, the plan of
right bank canal from the rubber dam has been tentatively delineated on December
2001. The irrigation area of right bank will become about 7,000 ha of Rawa Sragi-
I area and 1,063ha of Rawa Sidorahayu. The planning intake discharge at right
bank of the Way Sekampung is 13.31 m3/sec. Judging from the layout map, a new
weir at the downstream of the confluence of Way Sulan and Way Ketibung is
planned. However, the place should be examined due to the flood and soil
foundation condition.

5.4.2 Semi-Technical Irrigation Schemes

The following Table 5. 20 show the present irrigation intensity of semi-technical
irrigation schemes in Way Sekampung and way Seputih basins.
Table 5.20 Irrigation Intensity of Semi-technical Irrigation by Sub Basin Wise

Way Sekampung Basin

No. Sub-Basin Nos. of Pot. Func. Irrigated Area Crop

Scheme Area Area 1st Crop 2nd Crop Intensity
1. W. Merabung 4 438 274 178 117 108%
2. W. Tebu 4 585 546 546 520 195%
3. W. Bulok 14 2,854 2,648 2,648 1,141 136%
4. W. Ratai 3 520 501 501 247 149%
5. W. Pisang 1 309 129 129 0 100%
Sub-total 26 4,706 4,098 4,002 2,025 142%

Way Seputih Basin

No. Sub-Basin Nos. of Pot. Func. Irrigated Area Crop

Scheme Area Area 1st Crop 2nd Crop Intensity
1. W. Komering 1 386 362 362 218 160%
2. W. Pegadungan 1 168 109 109 69 163%
3. W. Tatayan 2 439 439 382 229 139%
4. W. Tipo 2 189 189 173 138 165%
5. W. Waya 1 391 391 129 391 235%
Sub-total 7 1,573 1,490 1,155 1,045 148%
Source: Bahan Rapat Koordinasi Panitia Irigasi Propinsi Lampung aug. 2001

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 There are in all 33 Semi-technical schemes in various sub-basins. Their definitions
are:
a) Weir structure type is permanent or semi-permanent.
b) The facilities have measuring device, but discharge may not be regulated.
c) Irrigation and drainage are not completely separated.
d) Tertiary system is not developed or with low tertiary structure density.
e) Overall irrigation efficiency is 40-50%.
f) The irrigation area is limited up to 2,000 ha.
These semi-technical irrigation schemes can grade up to technical system
comparatively with ease and quick after applying rehabilitation and improvement
works from the view of the scheme size.
Village (Simple) Irrigation Schemes
In the previous study, the most village irrigation schemes have been treated as
simple (Sederhana) irrigation schemes, and it is said that their condition of canals
and structures have very poor maintenance. Therefore, Provincial Government used
to rehabilitate their irrigation facilities as the work of PIK (Small Irrigation Project)
scheme. However, due to the autonomy policy in last year 2001, all operation and
maintenance works of simple irrigation schemes including the majority of technical
and semi-technical irrigation schemes have been handed off to the each Kabupaten
office from Lampung Province office. At present, it is still in transition time, and
then their small irrigation schemes will be often called as village irrigation scheme
considering the farmer’s operation. This village irrigation are scattered widely in
the Way Sekampung and Way Seputih basins, but their locations concentrate in
Kecamatan Padang Ratu and Kalirejo in Central Lampung Regency. The following
Table 5.21 shows the number of village irrigation and their irrigation area by each
Regency.

Table 5. 21 Distribution of Village/Simple Irrigation Scheme in WS-WS Basins

Way Sekampung Basin Way Seputih Basin
Regency
No. of Potential Functional No. of Potential Functional
Scheme Area (ha) Area (ha) Scheme Area (ha) Area (ha)
South Lampung 68 9,649 6,254 - - -
Tanggamus 80 14,058 12,268 - - -
Central Lampung - - - 135 25,277 13,143
East Lampung 3 1,175 405 35 4,606 2,250
North Lampung - - - 4 545 260
Total 151 24,882 18,927 174 30,428 15,653.

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Groundwater Development Irrigation Schemes
At present, 39 places of deep well utilization are active in the two basins for
irrigation and 11 locations for water supply under the Governmental organization
of P2AT. These ground water utilization schemes are scattered at South Lampung
Province near Pals and at Central Lampung near Bandar Jaya and Rumbia,
Seputih Surabaya and others. Those facilities were almost constructed from 1991
to 2000. The average command area at each well has around 20ha for irrigation
and the average yield will get generally 1 lit/sec/ha.
Small Dam/Embung Irrigation Scheme
From 1994 to 2000, 25 numbers of small dams (Embung) were constructed in the
Lampung Province by PKSA (Proyek Pengembangan dan Konservasi Sumber Air,
Way Seputih-Way Sekampung) as technical small dam. Out of this, 8 places with
more than 10 ha locate in WS-WS basins having the purpose of irrigation and
village water supply. Their dam height is about 2.5 – 13.0 m and the length of dam
is about 80 – 400 m. The type of dam is almost homogeneous and the effective
reservoir volume is about 50,000 – 2,000,000 m3.
Rehabilitation
As for the Way Sekampung-Seputih Basins, the number was 121 places and the
rehabilitated area was 15,775 ha in total as shown in the below Table 5.22.
However, the construction plan has been discontinued by the Provincial
government in 1998/99 year due to lack of funds. Out of the potential area of
55,310 ha, and 325 places of village irrigation schemes in WS-WS Basins,
rehabilitation for 39,535 ha, 204 places have not been carried out by each
Kabupaten office.

Table 5.22 Rehabilitation Record of Village Irrigation in Way Sekampung and

Way Seputih Basins
No. Regency 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 Total
DI Area DI Area DI Area DI Area
1. Lampung Utara 3 245 0 0 1 300 4 545
2. Lampung Utara 19 1,842 7 968 10 2,100 36 4,910
3. Kota Metro 3 168 0 0 0 0 3 168
4. Lampung Utara 16 1,792 5 1,132 0 0 21 2,924
5. Lampung Utara 8 800 5 600 18 2,500 31 3,900
6. Tanggamus 22 2,757 4 571 0 0 26 3,328
71 7,604 21 3,271 29 4,900 121 15,775

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 Source: Dinas Pengairan Propinsi Lampung, October 30, 1999 (revised)

Technical Considerations
Land Suitability and Soil Condition
The present land use in Way Sekampung and the Way Seputih is estimated as
below Table 5.23.

Table 5. 23 Present Land Use of Way Sekampung & Seputih Basins

Unit in ha

Land Category Sekampung Basin Seputih Basin Total

Wet Land 93,585 114,174 207,759
Irrigated Paddy
Rainfed Paddy
Tidal Irrigation
Other (low land of valley, polder, etc.)
Sub-total 93,585 114,174 207,759
Dry Land Home yard 42,404 61,027 103,431
Upland fields/garden/huma 116,511 256,134 372,645
Grass land 9,049 31,616 40,665
Swamp 8,533 3,481 12,014
Dike/fish pond 5,044 144 5,188
Forest 62,955 43,600 106,555
Estate crops 128,676 132,320 260,996
Mixed estate 8,342 33,664 42,006
Others 4,501 38,740 43,241
Sub-total 386,015 600,726 986,241
Total 479,600 714,900 1,194,500
Note-1: Each estimate of the area is still tentative, to be re-checked
Source-1: Dalam Angka Lampung Province/Kabupaten, 1999 & 2000
Source-2: Agricultural Service of Lampung Regency wise, 2000
Source-3: Estate Service Lampung, Regency wise, 2000

The total rainfed area under food crops in the two basins is about 59,100 ha, and
the total paddy planted area including irrigation will become to be about 207,759
ha as tentative estimated figures.

The land suitability and soil conditions in the Way Sekampung and the Way
Seputih Basins were arrested by Howard Humphrey in the first master plan studies
of the two basins. In part of the Way Sekampung irrigation area a semi-detailed
soil survey was carried out by the Bogor Agriculture Research Institute. Soil
surveys were carried out by the USU in Rawa Sragi area as a part of the Land

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 Reclamation Project.

In general the soil and land are marginally suitable for rice cultivation. The low
nutrient level is to be made up by heavy dose of fertilizers and the acidity
problems of low-lying land is to be countered by addition of lime. The percolation
rates vary from as low as 1.5 mm/day to 6 mm/day in the present irrigation area.

Water Requirements
The determinants of water requirements for rice crop are:
 Water for land preparation
 Crop evepotranspiration requirements
 Water layer replacements
However in low-lying areas with acid soils, high ground water levels vary near the
surface and with Iron and Aluminums toxicity, it is necessary to consider
additional water requirements for leaching purposes and to maintain proper hydro-
environmental conditions.

The minimum net irrigation requirements for 3 mm and 4 mm percolation rates

are given in the attached Tables 5.24(1) and 5.24(2) for a normal case. However,
the diversion requirements vary in space and time. An average value of this caused
the “water allowance” which is the diversion requirement is sufficient enough for
planning purposes. Such a value is given below:

For normal case,

 During land preparation: 1.38 litter/sec/ha
 Growth period: 1.08 litter/sec/ha
For low lying lands (reclaimed land),
 During land preparation: 1.43 litter/sec/ha (tentatively assumed)
 Growth period : 1.62 litter/sec/ha (tentatively assumed)
As to the above case of reclaimed land, percolation to avoid acidity in wetland
HVT rice is assumed to be 6 mm/day. However, if it increases up to around
8mm/day as like Rantau Rasau, Jambi Province case, water balance and cropping
schedule also should be more studied. Further leaching requirement at beginning
of wet season will be added as 200 mm. Also the difference of percolation to
avoid acidity among HYV rice, Local rice and Palawija will be assumed
respectively.

The attached Tables 5.24(1) and 5.24(2) show the minimum net irrigation water
requirement at the case of percolation 3 mm/day and 4 mm/day. The minimum

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 average net field requirement of rice crops with effective precipitation and with
percolation 3 mm/day is about 748.5 mm and 791.0 mm for the first rice and
second rice respectively.

The corresponding figures with percolation of 4 mm/day are 844.3 and 886.9 mm.
The minimum field water requirements are calculated by matching the demand
pattern with rainfall pattern each year and the average requirement is calculated
over a number of years.
5.5.3 Water Availability
The study of the following river divisions is scheduled for analysis:

For Way Sekampung:

a) Up to Batutegi
b) From Batutegi up to Argoguruh
c) Up to proposed Sukaraja Tiga dam
d) Up to coastal area
For Way Seputih:
a) Up to Segalamider dam site
b) From Segalamider dam site up to Ajibaru
c) Ajibaru to weir-2 site
d) Downstream of proposed weir-2 site
For Way Pengubuan:
a) At the weir site
b) Up to the North Pengubuan off-take site
Present Water Utilization
a) Up to Argoguruh
b) Downstream of Argoguruh
c) Up to Ajibaru
d) Downstream of Ajibaru
The water availability and utilization in all the sub-basin are being worked out.
5.6 Irrigation Development Strategy
From time and cost effectiveness point of view, the strategy for development of
irrigation is arranged in order:
a) Improve irrigation efficiency in existing schemes
b) Close the gap in the potential and functional area
c) Rehabilitation of existing scheme
d) New developments

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 The efficient and effective management of irrigation is dealt separately in Chapter
4 and the others are briefly discussed below:
5.6.1 Closure Gap in Potential and Functional Area:
The following Table 5. 25 show the total gap area in various irrigation areas in the
two basins:

Table 5. 25 Total Gap Area between Potential and Functional Area by each Category

Category Gap area between potential and

functional area
1 Category of Irrigation Level
a) Technical Irrigation 37,964 ha
b) Semi-technical Irrigation 822 ha
c) Simple/Village Irrigation 21,608 ha
d) Groundwater Irrigation 85 ha
e) Small Dam/Embung Irrigation 213 ha
Total 60,692 ha
2 Regency Level
a) South Lampung 9,153 ha
b) Tanggamus 3,577 ha
c) Central Lampung 39,477 ha
d) East Lampung 8,121 ha
e) North Lampung 260 ha
f) Metro 104 ha
Total 60,692 ha
3 Basin Wise
a) Way Sekampung 15,041 ha
b) Way Seputih 45,651 ha
Total 60,692 ha

The reason of the above gap area will be clarified as much as possible by field
visits. Those are considered to be:
 Due to secular (long-term irreversible) changes of land use,
 Less water availability,
 Area inundated by flood,
 Not suitable soil for cultivation,
 Already developed to other sector, i.e., for fishpond, for industrial use, for

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 housing etc.
 High land,
 Shortage of tertiary systems,
 Steep slope and/or heavy forest to develop rice field, and
 Others.
5.6.2 Rehabilitation
The existing irrigation schemes have been identified about the intake location in
the field investigation, and as of March 2002, among 458 D.I., 315 locations were
investigated. (See Table 5.26).

Table 5.26 Identified Irrigation Schemes in the Sub-basin Wise

Unit: nos.
Number of Identified
No. Sub-basin Balance Remarks
Irrigation Scheme Scheme
1. Way Sekampung Basin
1.1 Way Ilahan 4 2 2
1.2 Way Merabung 25 18 7
1.3 Way Tebu 34 26 8
1.4 Way Bulok 57 48 9
1.5 Way Semah 3 3 0
1.6 Way Ratai 22 14 8
1.7 Way Kandis Besar 4 4 0
1.8 Way Galih 12 2 10
1.9 Way Bekarang 3 3 0
1.10 Way Sulan & Ketibung 33 6 27
1.11 Way Pisang 21 15 6
1.12 Way Anak Sekampung 6 2 4 Near Tegineneng
1.13 Way Sekampung 2 2 0 Near Jabung
1.14 Others 7 6 1 Basin Teluk Ratai
Sub-total 233 151 82
2. Way Seputih Basin
2.1 Way Kapuan 7 4 3
2.2 Way Komering 7 6 1
2.3 Way Pegadungan 41 32 9
2.4 Way Pengubuan 19 17 2
2.5 Way Pubian 23 20 3
2.6 Way Seputih 41 10 31 Small branch
2.7 Way Sungkai 8 7 1
2.8 Way Sungkai III 3 2 1
2.9 Way Tatayan 41 37 4
2.10 Way Terusan 4 2 2

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 2.11 Way Tipo 10 9 1
2.12 Way Waya 21 18 3
2.13 Others 0 0 0
Sub-total 225 164 61
Note: Identified schemes have their coordinates data of intake facilities

Those intake locations of total 315 irrigation schemes were already identified
using handy GPS instruments. Also the data of sample check sheets of some
village irrigation were collected. (See Table 5.27). For example, they are:

Table 5. 27 Sample List of Interviewed Irrigation Schemes

No. D.I Name No. D.I. Name No. D.I. Name
1 Way Katibung 16 Way Manak I 31 Merabung weir
2 Way Campang Tiga 17 Way Negara Ratu 32 Merabung 7th weir
3 Way Pisang basin 18 Way Kandis I & II area 33 Way Sulan
4 Way Ilahan 19 Way Padang Ratu 34 Way Pisang weir
5 Tebu I, II, III and IV 20 Way Gading 35 Groundwater scheme
6 Tuba and Way Ilahan 21 Way Nenep I & II 36 Lunik Penegahan
7 Way Cenget small dam 22 Way Wonokriyo I & II 37 Way Mada
8 Way Riden small dam 23 Way Balak/ Way Bra 38 Way Kubu Batu I, II
9 Lower Way Pengubuan 24 Gunung Alip I, II & III 39 Semah I, II and III
10 Rawa Tanjung Kencono 25 Mincang I, II, III and IV 40 Padang Ratu II, III
11 Rawa Tanjung Kusuma 26 Way Bulok basin 41 Way Apus
12 Way Liak 27 Way Waya Krui 42 Way Pujorahayu
13 Way Tipo Lunik III 28 Sri W. Langsap
14 Way Bumi Batin 29 Way Nusa Wungu
15 Way Mincang XI 30 Way Sumber Agung

The contents of the check list are as shown in below:

 Name of irrigation area, potential area, functional area, undeveloped area
 Coordinate of intake, ground elevation as reference data
 Name of Village, District, Regency
 Type of intakes
 Rehabilitation work carried out, Source of Budget
 Condition of main canal, structure
 O&M budget
 Other information
As to the existing irrigation schemes, questionnaire will be delivered to the all

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 schemes for the investigation of the local condition. Using the investigated results,
rehabilitation program is formulated.

The contents of the questionnaires are as below:

 Name of irrigation area, potential area, functional area, undeveloped area
 Name of Desa, Kecamatan and Level of Irrigation
 Location and Transportation
 Physical Condition (Soil, Climate, Hydrology)
 Existing Irrigation and Drainage Facilities
 Agricultural Condition
 Social Condition
 O&M and Water Management
 Improvement Works for the Project
 Other information
5.6.3 Data Source of Irrigation Project Lists
The following official data were used to make lists of existing irrigation schemes
in Way Sekampung and Way Seputih basins.
 Data for Technical and Semi-technical Irrigation Schemes:
Data name used: Pembangian Areal Pengelolaan O&P Pengairan (APBD)

Propinsi Lampung Tahun Anggaran 2001

Issued by: Kepada Dinas Pengairan Propinsi Lampung

 Data for Village Irrigation Schemes
a. Kabupaten Lampung Selatan
Data name used: Daftar Inventarisasi PSDPU/Dinas Pekerjaan Umum
Kabupaten Lampung Selatan

Issued by: Kasubdin Pengairan DPU Kabupaten Lampung

Selatan

b. Kabupaten Tanggamus

Data name used: Program Perbaikan Irigasi Desa Kabupaten

Tanggamus/ Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten
Tanggamus Tahun 2001

Issued by: Bupati Kabupaten Kota Agung,

Kota Agung 1 March 2001
c. Kabupaten Lampung Tengah
Data name used: Data Irigasi Desa, Dinas, Purmukiman dan Prasarana

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 Subdin P.S.D.A. Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

Issued by: Seksi Irigasi Desa, Bandarjaya 4 Sep., 2001

d. Kabupaten East Lampung
Data name used: Daftar Usulan Prioritas Rencana Penbangunaan
Rehabilitasi dan Peningkatan Pengairan Pedesaan,
Dinas Pengairan Kabupaten Lampung Timur

Issued by: Kepala Dinas Pengairan Lampung Timur Sukadana, 20

Apr. 2001

e. Kabupaten North Lampung & Kabupaten Tulang Bawang

Data name used: Daftar Inventarisasi Daerah Irigasi Desa, Cabang

Dinas PU Pengairan Lampung Utara TA. 1999-2000
Kotabumi, Dinas Pengairan Lampung Utara, KaSei
O&P
 Data for Ground Water Utilization Irrigation Schemes
Data name used: Exploration/ Production Wells, Lampung Groundwater
Development Project up to Fiscal Year 1999/2000

Issued by: Pemimpin Bagian Proyek Pengembangan Air Tanah

Lampung, Bandar Lampung, July 2001
 Data for Small Dam Schemes
Data name used: Data Teknis Embung, Proyek Pengembangan dan
Konservasi Sumber Air Way Seputih-Way Sekampung

Issued by: Proyek Induk PWS Way Seputih Way Sekampung,

Proyek PKSA Seputih Sekampung

5.7 Proposed New Area

5.7.1 Rumbia Extension Area
Rumbia extension area is located at right bank of the most downstream of Way
Seputih covering the total gross area of about 70,300 ha. A part of this area will be
irrigated by the water supply from Way Sekampung through West Rumbia
Primary canal, other return flow and groundwater, etc. The following works are
being carried out for the pre-F/S:
 Digital topographic mapping with the scale of 1 : 5,000
 Soil investigation by UNILA
 Agricultural survey
 Fishery survey

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 Delineation of the project boundary (still continuing)
Possible water sources for the region are:
 Extension of Rumbia canal beyond Rumbia I.
 Use of local water resources
 Diversion of Seputih water to the region
 Pumping Seputih water to the region
 Swamp area development
 Groundwater schemes
All these need extensive investigations to establish hydrologic sufficiency;
physical & technological possibility, economic feasibility, financial viability and
environmental sustainability in future study.

Three small INPRES irrigation projects have been constructed by Public Works in
the Rumbia area. They consist of a small diversion dam constructed across a small
stream and a conveyance system. The systems are located on Way Cenget, Way
Kali Pasir, and Way Riden. All three projects are reported to have more irrigated
area than is actually served. They are:

(1) Way Cenget Impress Irrigation Project

INPRES projects are the schemes developed by the regional or district DPU
(Dinas Pekerjaan Umum). They were supported by funds from the INPRES
(Instruction of the President) account allocated to the Bupatis for use on urgent
community projects within their districts. The Way Cenget INPRES irrigation
scheme was constructed in 1973, locating just Eastern side of the West Rumbia
area.

The Way Cenget dam is an earth fill dam that has a height of about 3 m. At
present, a part of dam embankment (about 10m length) has been demolished to
use submerged area into farmland.

The present condition of Way Cenget scheme is:

 The dam embankment with the length of about 10 m has been completely
demolished by some local people.
 It is said that irrigable area by reservoir is only 20 ha approximately for wet
season.
 Existing 250 ha of paddy field exists in reservoir area.
 By extending secondary canals in the West Rumbia system, the Way Cenget
area will be irrigated without any inundated land.
(2) Way Kali Pasir

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The Kali Pasir Project is reported to contain 3,942 ha. This project has also been
oversized. The Kali Pasir Dam is not located at sufficient elevation to command
the ridge that goes through Rumbia town. It has been estimated; that the local flow
and return flows from irrigation development in the watershed will provide
sufficient water to irrigate 1,449 ha.

(3) Way Riden

The Way Riden System is reported to be able to irrigate 598 ha. However, only
about 110 ha are actually being irrigated. The full 450 ha would be irrigated in the
future under with-project conditions due to increased efficiency and some increase
in flows due to return flow from upstream irrigated areas.

The total estimated area that can be brought under irrigation is about 13,000 ha
below:
 From Way Sekampung : 6,000 ha
 Rehabilitation of IMPRES projects : 3,042 ha
 Return flow area : 958 ha
 Groundwater : 1,000 ha
Sub-total : 11,000 ha
Plus part of drainage projects area : 2,000 ha
Total : 13,000 ha
(4) Drainage Scheme in and around Rumbia Extension

Drainage Projects will be developed in Rumbia Extension Area as below (See

Figure 5.5):
a) Rawa Seputih Surabaya-I Area= 2,368 ha
b) Rawa Seputih Surabaya-II Area= 1,075 ha
c) Rawa Betik-I Area= 1,318 ha
d) Rawa Betik-II Area= 656 ha
e) Rawa Tanjung Keramat Area= 3,560 ha

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 f) Rawa Buminabung Area= 1,200 ha
Total Area= 10,177 ha

Way Terusan

Rawa
Seputih Surabaya II
1,075ha Rawa
Rawa Terusan
Seputih Surabaya I
4,000ha
Rawa 2,368ha
Buminabung Way Seputih
1,200ha

Way Pegadungan
Rawa Lebong

Laut Jawa
1,200ha
Way Seputih

Rumbia IV
12,900 ha
Rumbia V
24,400 ha

Rawa
Tanjung Kramat
Rumbia III
3,560ha
10,600 ha
Rawa Betik
Block II
Rumbia VI 656ha
14,100 ha

West Rumbia/ Rawa Betik

Rumbia I N
Block I
9,260 ha 1,318ha
Rumbia II
8,300 ha
Way Pegadungan

Figure 5. 5 Rawa Schemes in and around Rumbia Extension Area

5.7.2 Reclaimed Land Area
1. Rawa Sragi
Using the water supply from Jabung rubber dam, left and right bank of Rawa
Sragi area will be developed for irrigation. Now irrigation area, 7,250 ha of left
bank and 7,000 ha of right bank are proposed. Also 1,150 ha of Rawa Sidorahayu
are proposed in the upstream of Rawa Sragi right bank. In order to supply stable
irrigation water for these areas, New Sukaraja Tiga long storage dam should be
examined.
2. Other New Proposed Drainage Improvement Projects
a. Lebung Gayau
b. Rawa Galih
c. Rawa Sulan
d. Rawa Buminabung
e. Rawa Betik
f. Rawa Tanjung Kramat
g. Rawa Lebong

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 h. Rawa Terusan, and
i. Rawa Tulang Bawang Ilir
These development areas are about 56,000ha in net and total. The developments
of irrigation, upland field and fishpond area expected as future land use.
5.7.3 Seputih Irrigation Area
With Segalamider dam, the present all gap area where have the development
possibility about 5,589 ha will be soluble and some expansion of the new
irrigation space is available using the water resources of the dam reservoir.

Furthermore, the service area of wet season will become up to 22,150 ha and that
of dry season will be 2,880 ha. At present, actual irrigation area for wet season in
Way Seputih Irrigation system is only 11,351 ha, and then finally wet and dry
paddy will be expected to be 25,030 ha, if dam is constructed. Now, these increase
area will be find out from the Seputih extension area. And as an alternative, the
downstream of Segalamider dam that is the upstream area of Way Tatayan will be
counted (See the attached Figure 5.6).
5.7.4 Semi-technical Schemes
As to the new development, there is no space for the semi-technical scheme. The
meaning is only irrigation facilities level, and then some of present village
irrigation schemes and/or simple irrigation schemes will be called as semi-
technical schemes after completion of their rehabilitation and upgrading/
modernization.
5.7.5 Simple Schemes
At present, simple scheme is called as village irrigation scheme. Therefore, if find
out new water resources, villagers will continue to build simple irrigation facilities
in accordance with their necessity. However, the availability of the new
development will be small, because the upstream of catchment basin should be
protected from new development in consideration of forest conservation. In
expectation, the use of return flow will be available at the downstream of Way
Seputih and/or West Rumbia irrigation system.
5.7.6 Large Dam and Small Dam/Embung
As to the new large dam, the following sites are proposed and listed now.
However, field identification is not yet conducted including many Embung
schemes (See below Table 5. 28).

The candidate of the small dam/Embung is listed up to more than 100 locations,
but their detailed information is not yet clear. Therefore, additional field survey

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 and clarification will be carried out as soon.
Table 5. 28 Proposed Dam and Embungs Development
Irrigation/Water
No. Dam Name River Name Service Area Status
Supply
1 Regulating Dam Way Sekampung Sekampung System Supplemental supply Proposed
2 Sukaraja Tiga Way Sekampung Rawa Sragi, 15,300ha Proposed
3 Segalamider Way Seputih Seputih System 21,500ha Proposed
4 Kalipasir Way Tipo 2,000ha Proposed
5 Pengubuan Way Pengubuan Pengubuan System 5,000ha Proposed
6 Bandung Baru Way Waya D.I.Waya Kroi 2,000ha Proposed
7 Ketibung Way Ketibung D.I.Ketibung 2,000ha Proposed
8 Terusan Hilir Way Terusan Rawa Terusan 5,000ha Proposed
9 Penegahan Way Penegahan D.I.Penegahan + 1,000ha Proposed
10 Merabung Way Merabung D.I.Merabung 875 ha Proposed
11 Pisang Way Pisang D.I.Pisang 1,000ha Proposed
12 Way Tatayan Way Tatayan 500ha Proposed
13 Ketibung-2 Way Ketibung Rawa Sragi Ka. - Proposed
14 Pubian Way Pubian D.I.Pubian 500ha Proposed
15 Ilahan Way Ilahan D.I. Tebu, Ngison 7,113ha alternative

5.7.7 Pumping Irrigation

There are three type of pumping system in this area. The first is pump up from
surface water for irrigation water using private small-scale pump machine, the
second is also pump up from surface water for domestic water supply and the last
method depends on groundwater utilization under P2AT projects. The first type is
found in the upstream of Way Seputih near Way Sungkai, Way Bulok near
Pringsewu and at a part of Rawa Sragi. (See the attached Figure 5.7). These pump
capacity is small and large-scale size is not yet introduced. The both Sekampung
and Seputih basins have wide upland fields and rainfed area but they are shortage
of abundant river water. In future, these areas will be expected to develop as a
type of agricultural development. Namely, one is irrigation to rice field and the
other is irrigation to upland field. These new target areas will be:
a) North Pengubuan: Irrigation area : 3,000 ha
Pump head : 20 m
River : Way Pengubuan
b) Seputih Extension Area:
Irrigation Area: 1,700 ha x 4 places
Pump head : 20 m

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 River : Way Pengubuan and
Way Seputih
5.7.8 Groundwater Development
In accordance with the program by Bagian Proyek Pengembangan Air Tanah, the
potential development area is estimated to be about 49,200ha in Lampung Selatan
and Lampung Tengah Provinces. From the average yearly rainfall, supply to the
groundwater will be estimated to be about 328 mm/year. The yield expected will
be 3,936 million m3 in the total drain area 12,000 km2. It equivalents to 125
m3/sec, and the potential irrigation development area will be about 20,000 ha, if
25 m3/sec pump up is available in total.

5.8 Irrigation Development Approach

5.8.1 Guidelines and Objectives for Project Development
In order to meet the staple food demand sustainably for the increasing of
Indonesia, the Government will implement the irrigation works especially for
upgrading and extension of existing irrigation schemes to attain the target quickly
using the most efficient and effective measures and also to reduce the O&M cost
by handling over small scale-schemes less than 500 ha to farmers' organization.

Besides the synchronized development with operation and maintenance (O&M),

extension, rehabilitation and upgrading of terminal facilities bringing full benefits,
are strengthened.

The sustainable development in long-term is crucial for the government. The

people in the project area have been left from the development for long time and
are still in low living standard. In order to overcome present situation, early
formulation of the long-term irrigation development and maintenance program of
the project is expected.

The idea to bring a certain area under irrigation is either formed in the field or in
the office. Either trough observing the physical opportunity in the field or through
an analysis of topographical and hydrological data a concept of a project plan is
formed.

Data concerning the area are collected (maps, reports, drawings etc.) and are
analyzed; relationships with nearby irrigation areas are assessed. In the Master
Plan study, the desk study is examined in the field to verify the feasibility of the
project concept.

In this field-stage the guidelines and objectives for new project development cover
the following aspects:

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  Land capability and soil characteristic (chemical and physical)
 Water availability and requirements (quantity and quality)
 Farmer’s population/ Manpower (availability and willingness)
 Marketing of produce
 Roads and accessibility (transportation)
 Land status
 Floods and inundation control
 Other aspect (non-economic considerations, inhabitants).
As to the sample of selection criteria of agricultural development, the attached
Table 5.29 shows “Geomorphological Criteria and Suitability Rating for
Conventional Agriculture Development”. Also the attached Figure 5.8 shows
“Rainfall criteria and suitability rating for Conventional Agriculture
Development”.
5.8.2 Irrigation Development Approach
The priority level of the irrigation development is in the maintenance of the
irrigation facilities in the above-mentioned rice-farming region, the diversification
of crops is requested in addition, then the possibility of the upland irrigation is
caused from these planted area, too. Priority area of irrigation development plan is
selected from the above distributed area, U/S area, Middle area and D/S area, such
as rehabilitation improvement and/or newly construction of irrigation facilities.

As to the existing irrigation system, the following two categories of development

will be considered.
a) Improvement of irrigation O&M management
b) Rehabilitation & modernization of irrigation system
 Technical Irrigation System = 161,499 ha
 Semi-technical Irrigation System = 6,070 ha
 Simple/Village Irrigation System = 55,310 ha
 Small Dam & Groundwater System = 1,084 ha
Total potential area = 223,963 ha
Existing Irrigation Area = 458 D.I
For existing irrigation system to be emphasized on rehabilitation program, such
as:
a) To improve the quality of irrigation O&M management in the overall of the
system
b) Rehabilitation and modernization to existing irrigation system
c) Improvement of Technical, Semi-technical irrigation schemes

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 d) Rehabilitation of Simple/Village irrigation schemes
e) Improvement of water management system
As for the new development of irrigation system, the possibility of new weir
intake system is very limited. Therefore, groundwater development and pumping
irrigation development will become mayor development components. (See Figure
5. 9 below and the attached Figures 5.10 and 5.11).

As to the pump irrigation development, pump station is selected only if there is no

possibility to operate gravitational irrigation. This pump station lifts water from
the river and distributes water to irrigation canal. There are two type of pump
irrigation, one is large scale pumping irrigation and the other is deep well
irrigation.

If there is availability of spring water, this spring can be used as main or

supplement irrigation water and the water from spring are accumulated in a small
reservoir with intake facility. These development types will be very limited and
the scale merit also a little.

The use of water pond is newly adopted though scale merit is small as well as the
above-mentioned. In general this pond is used to accumulate rainfall during the
rainy season and to irrigate water at dry season. This is called as Embung / Small
dam irrigation. Usually, this pond has other purpose such as for fisheries and
livestock water demand and also it can make ground water level higher than
before. Pond is constructed at small valley or small river that can stores water.

In accordance with the above-mentioned development approach, the attached

Tables 5.30 to 5.38 and the attached Figure 5.12 show potential area of irrigation
development in WS-WS basins.

EXISTING
NEW DEVELOPMENT
FUNCTIONAL A. REHABILITATION AND
AREA MODERNIZATION
163,000 HA

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 B. GAP AREA
DEVELOPMENT
40,000 HA
C. NEW DEVELOPMENT
70,000 HA

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM-C
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM-B
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM-A

Figure 5. 9 Irrigation Development Concept

5.8.3 Irrigation Development System Program
In general, the irrigation development program can be grouping as below:
(1) Master Plan Program
Master Plan Program consists of:
 Rehabilitation and modernization of existing irrigation schemes
 Gap area development between potential area and functional area
 New development including enlargement of irrigation area of Way Seputih
extension area by construction of Segalamider dam, and development of the
remaining area of Seputih extension area using new pump station and North
Pengubuan etc. Besides this, development of Rawa Sragi Kanan, Rawa
Sidorahayu and the ground water development are enumerated.
Total area of irrigation development becomes to be about 110,000ha without
Rumbia extension area, but including under construction project, that is, Bekri and
West Rumbia.
(2) F/S Program
F/S program consists of next 2 items of works:
 Review Segalamider dam plan for supply irrigation water to Way Seputih
irrigation scheme having potential area of 20,201ha and to develop Way
Seputih extension area.
 Regulating dam supporting to Way Sekampung irrigation system through
Argoguruh weir
The influence to irrigation by regulating dam will be small. The increase of
irrigable area is estimated only 600ha at downstream of the Regulating dam, then
the effect of the dam will be set in the increase of irrigation efficiency and stable

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 intake water at Argoguruh weir.
(3) Pre- F/S Program
Pre-F/S Program emphasize on Rumbia extension area in Rumbia II, III, IV and
VI sub-areas. The development total area is not yet decided. According to the
available discharge 16.44m3/sec, it is possible to irrigate the command area 9,960
ha if water requirement is 1.65 lit/sec. All of these matters still under study, the
fixed zone and area are not decided yet.

Tentatively, the following tables show the potential area of irrigation development
of each basin.
5.9 Rumbia Extension
5.9.1 Rumbia Region
Rumbia region is the entire area that extends to the east of the existing Way
Sekampung Irrigation System of Punggur Utara and enclosed by the rivers Way
Batanghari in the east, Way Seputih on the north and Way Pegadungan in the
south. The region is made up of administrative sub districts of Seputih Banyak,
Rumbia, Buminabung, Seputih Surabaya and Bandar Surabaya. The Sub-districts
of Buminabung and Bandar Surabaya were newly established. In addition, the
village (desa) Kalipasir of Sub district Purbolinggo and about 96 ha of Sub-district
of Raman Utara are also in the so-called ‘Rumbia Region’.

The total region of Rumbia and the administrative boundaries are shown in the
attached Figure 5.13. The Sub-district wise area and population number of these
districts are:

Table 5. 39 Area and Population of Rumbia Extension by Sub-district wise

Sub-district Areal SQ. Km Population No.

i) Seputih Banyak 208.61 51,429

ii) Rumbia & Buminabung 299.24 45,778
iii) Seputih Surabaya 160.48 40,261
iv) Bandar Surabaya 110.88 23,611
708.79 161,079

5.9.2 Existing IMPRES Irrigation Schemes:

There are three IMPRES projects located in the Rumbia Extension area. They are
the Way Cengat, Way Kalipasir and Way Riden. None of these projects is fully
operational nor they can serve the areas indicated as their respective service areas.
These projects were constructed in early 1970’s.

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 Way Cengat: This project has a reported command or service area of 1,305 ha.
Cengat dam is an earth fill embankment with upstream concrete face. The
spillway is located in the central portion and has an ogee crest and is constructed
of stone masonry. The catchment area of this reservoir is estimated roughly 1,700
ha. At this time the embankment has breached and is not operational. The
reservoir is being used for rice cultivation (Extent of this is not known).

The expected irrigation area from this project was 884 ha. The original plan was to
integrate this area into West Rumbia and irrigate an area of 917 ha. (See the
attached Figure 5.14).

According to present plans, it is proposed to include about 420 ha of the command

of Way Cengat and the remaining is to be included in the Rumbia Extension.

Way Kalipasir: With a catchment area of 2,300 ha, this project constructed in 1972
and rehabilitated in 1982/83 was expected to command an area of 1,980 ha.
Kalipasir dam is a low earth fill dam with upstream concrete face. The main canal
is located on the left bank. The main canal has an estimated capacity of 1.5 m 3/sec.
In 1983, it was estimated that the total irrigation area as 1,449 ha. The actual area
under irrigation as of now is about 500 ha in wet season.

In the plan formulation of Rumbia Extension, it would be necessary to examine

integrating this area into the irrigation system of the Way Sekampung.

Way Riden: This is a very small irrigation project covering only 600 ha, near Reno
Basuki constructed in 1972, and part of the service area is poorly drained. It was
planned to develop 450 ha of irrigation integrating it into Rumbia Extension. This
needs to be explored.
5.9.3 Existing Public and Service Facilities
The statistics on the existing public and service facilities related to health,
education, religion, and other infrastructure is given in the other Chapter.
5.9.4 Socio-economic Status
Land tenure and land holding: The data on land tenure is not elaborated in the
Government Statistics. Some information with regard to land ownership is given
below:

Table 5.40 Land Tenure and Land Holding in Rumbia Extension Area
Land Ownership Status Kecamatan
Seputih Banyak Rumbia Seputih Surabaya Total

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 Farm Families Farm Owner - 5,408 13,265 -
by Land Tenants Farm - 412 - -
Ownership Workers - 160 - -
Farm Families < 0.5 ha 24%
by Size of the 0.5 ~ 1.0 ha 18%
Farm owned 1.1~ 2.0 ha 49%
> 2.0 ha 9%
Total 100%

Source: Field investigation - March 1998

Agriculture: Rumbia region is basically a transmigration area and small land hold
agriculture is the dominant activity. 90 % of the households are fully or at least
part time engaged in agricultural activities. The agriculture is still very primitive.
The agriculture is rainfed and agricultural production is based on factors, man and
land. Capital and technology, which dominate the modern agriculture, is of very
little significance in this area. The population status, the employment
opportunities and the housing is given in the other Chapter.
5.9.5 Constrains on Development of Rumbia Extension
 The full supply level of the West Rumbia canal at end is +28.4 above M.S.L
 The available maps were inadequate to demarcate areas of gravity irrigation.
It was necessary to get 1:20,000 Aerial photography and 1:5,000 digital
mapping of the area for the purpose.
 The soil and land use data were incomplete to examine the potential area for
rice irrigation in the region. To meet this requirement, it was decided to carry
out soil surveys and land suitability classification.
 Actual area to be irrigated is dependent on the functional area under Way
Sekampung upstream and the intensity of irrigation therein.
5.9.6 Aerial Photography and Digital Mapping
The 1:20,000 Aerial photography and 1:5,000 digital topographic was carried out
over the Rumbia Extension blocks II, III, IV, V and VI.
The aerial photography was carried out for 12 days in July 2001 and this was
followed by Aerial Photography reproduction, Semi-controlled Digital photo
mosaics preparation, photo scanning, rectification and printing.
5.9.7 Soil Characteristics
Borne out of investigations in the specific region. The summary of information
available is:
 The soil and podzolic gleysols, organosols and alluvial. The podzolics are

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 under upland conditions.
 All the lands up to and including 12-15 percent slope could be developed for
irrigated rice.
 Soils are generally acid and their fertility status is low cation absorbing
capacities. The gleysols, in general, more fertile than the podsols.
 Infiltration rates of dry soil vary from 0.10 cm/h to 19.0 cm/h where as
infiltration rates in saturated soils near rice fields average 0.02 to 0.03 cm/h.
The latter figures are an indication of the deep percolation loss associated
with flooded rice.
 The water table fluctuates with the dry season and is characterized by a 6 to 8
m fluctuation with the normal wet season level about 1.5 m below the ground.
The water table responds rapidly to heavy rainfall, particularly after the
surface moisture level has been raised to near field capacity. The water table
level is directly affected by the standing water in adjacent rice fields.
 The available water holding capacity of the soil varies from 3 to 16 percent
with 15 percent a good average. The saturation requirement is about 15
percent in the top.
5.9.8 Water Resources
(1) Rainfall
There are three rain gauges of which the gauging at Rumbia is maintained by the
Public Works Department and the other two at Nabung Timur and Seputih
Surabaya are maintained by the Department of Agriculture. The rainfall data of
Rumbia is quite representative of the region. The average rainfall is 2,073 mm and
the minimum mean monthly rainfall of 64 mm and these correspond to tropical
wet climate and has a annual pattern of 5 wet months ( 200 mm) and 4 dry
months (100 mm) and the remaining 3 months receiving rainfall between 100
mm and 200 mm. Accordingly the area is suitable for both dry land and wetland
arable farmings, but marginally suited for tree crop development. The onsets of
wet and dry periods are available. The unreliability of rainfall poses limitation to
crop production.
(2) Temperature Humidity:
Temperatures are uniform throughout the year. Monthly mean temperature of the
area ranges from 20.3o C to 23.7o C. The average monthly relative humidity is very
uniform, varying only between 91% and 95%. The daily sunshine hours ranges
from 4.6 hours to 6.3 hours. The mean estimated reference crop potential
evapotranspiration is about 3.1 mm/day. This figure appears to be less and may be
due to inadequate and inaccurate hydrometeorological data. The mean annual

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evapostranspiration for the Way Sekampung and Way Seputih basins is about
1,500 mm which is equivalent to about 4.1 mm/day.
(3) Stream Flow:
There are no stream flow records for any stream in the Rumbia River. There are
two small irrigation schemes location on upstream tributaries of this river. They
are the Kalipasir, Way Riden. Another small irrigation scheme Way Cengat is
located on a stream draining to Way Seputih.

According to existing data (1982), the water quality of these stream indicated that
there should be no problems with using this water for irrigation or its cause for
soil salinization. In Seputih River, it is expected that the river water will be
relatively free of salt as far down river as Buminabung weir, just inside Seputih
Surabaya Sub-districts boundary.
(4) Groundwater:
No detailed ground water studies are available. The water table will generally drop
6 to 10 during the dry season, depending on rainfall and recharge. The specific
yield of sub soils appears to be very low. The ground water utilization for
irrigation is not advisable and should be kept reserved for domestic purposes.
(5) Regional Plan Requirement
It is obvious that agriculture will be the main sector of development in the region.
Although the area was originally is forest, there is very little true forest left in the
region. Much of the original forestland has been taken over by alang –alang.

The Rumbia region is not even an averages area, let alone rich. It is primarily an
agriculture area accommodating recent transmigrants from Java and Bali, existing
on small, low productive, subsistence farms. The eastern end of Sub-district
Seputih Surabaya has a large spontaneous transmigration area that has been
opened for development. Therefore, the regional development for the Rumbia
region has to be directed towards rural development. Rural development, as
applied to majority of the agricultural population, is a catchword for a wide range
of concepts, programmer and related policies that are used to improve the standard
of living of the rural population. A comprehensive development of this region has
never been attempted, irrigation being one of the most important aspect in
developing this region.

Possible water sources for the region are:

a) Extension of Rumbia canal beyond Rumbia I.
b) Use of local water resources

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c) Diversion of Seputih water to the region
d) Pumping Seputih water to the region
e) Swamp area development
f) Ground water schemes
All these need extensive investigations to establish hydrologic sufficiency,
physical & technological possibility, economic feasibility, financial viability and
environmental sustainability.

Generally, in a broad sense, only 3 major kinds of farming characterize the

agricultural features of the study area. They are:

Persawahan; the production of annual crops on wetland;

Tegalan; the production of annual crops on dry land; and

Perkebunan; the production of perennial crops on dry land.

For more detailed information about agricultural practices within the study area
are under study now.

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