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Safety First!
This experiment will involve working with both sodium hydroxide and
extremely high temperatures, so it will require safety precautions and
definitely adult supervision. This guide will cover the important safety
measures, but you can also read more about sodium hydroxide safety.
What You'll Need
If the below information seems a little intimidating to you, you can try making
hard soap instead of liquid soap. It's a little less involved, requires fewer
ingredients and equipment, and is just as good as a science investigatory
project. For details on that, check our full guide.
Ingredients:
about 50 guava leaves
16 oz. water
4 oz. sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda
20 oz. olive oil
8 oz. coconut oil
a few spoonfuls of lavender-scented oil (or any other scent you prefer)
a few drops of food coloring, any color you like
vinegar (in case the lye comes in contact with skin)
Equipment:
The following guide will make enough soap to fill a bottle of hand soap, so
adjust your proportions accordingly if you want to make more.
Stir, then add the guava extract. Stir again, and add scented oil, and then the
food coloring. We suggest adding the food coloring in small doses while
stirring, as it takes a while for the coloring to disperse and arrive at a settled
color. Throughout this process, keep your mixture at a boil. Boil for 30 more
minutes.
Step 4Saponification
Saponification is a chemical reaction between an ester and an alkali,
producing a carboxylate ion and an alcohol. It's also what we're about to do
next! That's because saponification, in less scientific terms, is soap-making
(the linguistic root of "saponification" is sapo, the Latin word for soap). The
coconut and olive oil we're using contain esters, and the sodium hydroxide is
an alkali. These react to form a carboxylate salt compound — soap!
Ready, Set, Saponify
Put on your goggles, gloves, and mask. Adding the sodium hydroxide to the
mixture will cause the temperature of your mixture to skyrocket to
temperatures of up to 200º F, according to the Soap Queen's safety guide.
It's not just the sheer heat of your mixture that's now dangerous. That spike
in temperature means some water particles are going to reach boiling
temperature, and that rising steam will carry with it trace amounts of
unreacted sodium hydroxide, which is poisonous. If any sodium hydroxide
makes contact with skin, pour vinegar over the affected area to neutralize the
burning alkali.
Using your kitchen scale, weigh out 4 oz. of sodium hydroxide. Slowly and
carefully add it to your mixture in very small amounts. Keep your face away
from the mouth of the pot as you add the sodium hydroxide to avoid inhaling
the fumes.
Step 5Stir
When the mixture is no longer producing steam, turn off the stove and
remove the pot from the heat. Allow it to cool slightly, then stir with your
electric blender. Stir for fifteen minutes if stirring by hand. The mixture will
behave somewhat like egg whites, foaming up and thickening as your stir.
After stirring, allow the mixture to cool and settle into a more liquid form. If
you would like a cleaner-looking soap, you can skim off the foam from the
surface. Transfer your finished liquid soap to a bottle or dispenser using a
funnel.