Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Electrolytes 4a 42 43 44 45 46 47 Tap water contains enough dissolved electrolytes to conduct a significant amount of electricity. Thus, water can complete a circuit between an electrical appliance and our body, producing a shock No. Electrolyte solutions conduct electricity because the dissolved ions carry charge through the solution (from one electrode to the other). When CH,OH dissolves, neutral CH,OH molecules are dispersed throughout the solution. These electrically neutral particles do not carry charge and the solution is nonconducting. When HC;H,O, dissolves, mostly neutral molecules are dispersed throughout the solution. A. {few of the dissolved molecules ionize to form H*(aq) and C,H,0,~ (aq). These few ions carry some charge and the solution is weakly conducting, Although H,O molecules are electrically neutral, there is an unequal distribution of electrons: throughout the molecule. There are more electrons near O and fewer near H, giving the O end of the molecule a partial negative charge and the H end of the molecule a partial positive charge. Ionic compounds are composed of positively and negatively charged ions. The partially positive ends of H,O molecules are attracted to the negative ions (anions) in the solid, while the partially negative ends are attracted to the positive ions (cations). Thus, both cations {and anions in an ionic solid are surrounded and separated (dissolved) by H,O molecules. (@) ZnCi,{aq) > Zn(aq) +2Cr(aq) (bo) HNO,(aq) > H"(aq) + NO,"(aq) (©) K,S0,(eq) > 2k"(aq) +S0,*(eq) (6) Ca(OH)(aq) > Ca*(aq) + 20H (aa) (@) Mgl,(aq) -> Mg?(aq) + 21" (aq) (0) AI(NO,),(aq) > AI*(aq) + 3NO;"(aq) (6) HCIO,(aq) > H"(aq) + CIO (aq) (d)_(NH,),SO,(aq) > 2NH,"(aq) + SO, (aq) (@) AXis a nonelectrolyte, because no ions form when the molecules dissolve. (©) AY is a weak electrolyte because a few molecules ionize when they dissolve, but most do not. (©) AZis.a strong electrolyte because all molecules break-up into ions when they dissolve. 7248 49 4.10 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises Both AX and BY are weak electrolytes, because some but not all molecules ionize when they dissolve. BY will be the better conductor of electricity because it produces more ions per mole of dissolved solute. When HCHO, dissolves in water, neutral HCHO, molecules, H” ions and CHO,” ions are all present in the solution. HCHO,(aq) = H'(aq) + CHO, (aq) (a) acetone (nonelectrolyte): CH,COCH,(aq) molecules only; hypochlorous acid (weak electrolyte): HCIO(aq) molecules, H"(aq), CIO™ (aq); ammonium chloride (strong electrolyte): NH, (aq), Cr (eq) (o) NH,CI, 0.2 mol solute particles; HCIO, between 0.1 and 0.2 mol particles; CH,OCH,, 0.1 mol of solute particles Precipitation Reactions and Net lonic Equations an 412 413 414 Analyze. Given: formula of compound. Find: solubility. Plan. Follow the guidelines in Table 4.1, in light of the anion present in the compound and notable exceptions to the “rules”. Solve: (@ NiCl,: soluble (b) Ag,S: insoluble (©) _Cs,PO,: soluble (Cs* is an alkali metal cation) (@ — SrC0,: insoluble {e) (NH),80,: soluble According to Table 4.1: (2) Ni(OH),: insoluble (©) PSO, insoluble, Pb** is an exception to soluble sulfates (©) Ba(NO,),: soluble (@ AIP, insoluble (©) AgC;H,0;: soluble Analyze. Given: formulas of reactants. Find: balanced equation including precipitates. Plan. Follow the logic in Sample Exercise 4.3. Solve. In each reaction, the precipitate is in bold type. (a) _Na,CO,(aq) + 2AgNO;(aq) > Ag,CO,(s) + 2NaNO,(aq) (©) No precipitate (all nitrates and most sulfates are soluble). © FeSO,(aq) + Pb(NO;)(aq) > PbSO,(s) + Fe(NO,),(aq) In each reaction, the precipitate is in bold type. (a) Sn(NO,),(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) > Sn(OH),(s) + 2NANO,(aq) (b) No precipitate, and therefore, no reaction. There is no chemical change to any of the reactant ions. © 'Na,S(aq) + Cu(C,H,0,).(aq) > CuS(s) + 2NaC;H,0,(aq) 734 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises 4.15 Analyze/Plan. Follow the logic in Sample Exercise 4.4. Solve: (a) 2Na"(aq) + CO;* (aq) + Mg*(aq) + SO, (aq) MgCO,(s) + 2Na*(aq) + SO,* (aq) Mg*(aq) + CO;* (aq) > MgCO,(s) (0) Pb#(aq) + 2NO, (aq) + 2Na*(aq) + S* (aq) > PbS(s) + 2Na*(aq) + 2NO;- (aq) Pb*(aq) + S* (aq) > PbS(s) (6) 6NH,*(aq) + 2PO,* (aq) + 3Ca**(aq) + 6CI (aq) ~> Ca,(PO,),(s) + 6NH,"(aq) + 6Cr (aq) 3Ca™(aq) + 2PO,> (aq) > Ca,(PO,),(s) 4.16 — Spectator ions are those that do not change during reaction. (@) — 2CP*"(aq) + 3C0,-(aq) > Cr,(CO,)(8); spectators: NH,’, SO (©) —_2Agr(aq) + SO,*(aq) > Ag,SO,(s); spectators: K*, NO,~ (©) Pb*(aq) + 20H" (aq) > Pb(OH),(s); spectators: K*, NO,” 4.17 Analyze. Given: reactions of unknown with HBr, H,SO,, NaOH. Find: The unknown contains a single salt. Is K* or Pb** or Ba®* present? Plan. Analyze solubility guidelines for Br-, SO,?- and OH" and select the cation that produces the observed solubility pattem. Solve. Pb** is not present or an insoluble hydroxide would have formed. BaSO, is insoluble and Ba(OH), is soluble, so the solution must contain Ba®. It could also contain k*, but since ‘we are dealing with a single salt, we will assume that only Ba’ is present. 4.18 Br~ and NO," can be ruled out because the Ba* salts are soluble. (Actually all NO,~ salts are soluble.) CO, forms insoluble salts with the three cations given; it must be the anion in question. 4.19. Analyze. Given: Mg(NO,),(aq), Po(NO,),(aq), H¢SO,(aq). Find: identity Mg**(aq) and Pb**(aq) solutions. Plan. Use difference in reactivities with SO,* to identity Pb?*(aq) and Mg?"(aq). Solve. Test a portion of each solution with H-SO,(aq). Pb"(aq) is an exception to the soluble sulfates rule, so Pb(NO,),(aq) will form a precipitate, while Mg(NO,),(aq) will not. 420 Compound Ba(NO,), result NaCl result AgNO,(aq) no ppt AgC! ppt CaCi,(aq) no ppt no ppt Al(SO,)s Baso,pet__ | ——noppt_——| This sequence of tests would definitively identify the contents of the bottle. 744 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises Acid-Base Reactions 421 422 423 4.24 4.25 4.26 (2) A monoprotic acid has one ionizable (acidic) H and a diprotic acid has two. (b) —_A:strong acid is completely ionized in aqueous solution whereas only a fraction of weak acid molecules are ionized. (©) Anacid is an H* donor, a substance that increases the concentration of H* in aqueous solution. A base is an H* acceptor and thus increases the concentration ‘of OH" in aqueous solution. (2) _NH, produces OH in aqueous solution by reacting with H,O (hydrolysis): NH,(aq) + H,0()) “» NH,"(aq) + OH"(aq). The OH causes the solution to be basic. (b) The term "weak" refers to the tendency of HF to dissociate into H’ and F- in aqueous solution, not its reactivity toward other compounds. (©) _H,SO, is a diprotic acid; it has two ionizable hydrogens. The first hydrogen completely ionizes to formH* and HSO;-, but HSO, only partially ionizes into H’ and SO?-(HSO,"is a weak electrolyte). Thus, an aqueous solution of H,SO, contains a mixture of H', HSO,- and SO,*", with the concentration of HSO,- greater than the concentration of SO. Analyze. Given: chemical formulas. Find: acid-base properties. Plan. Use Table 4.2 to identity common strong acids and bases. If a compound doesn't appear in the table, it is either a weak acid or base, or a nonelectrolyte. Solve. (a) strong acid (b) weak (c) weak base (d) strong base Use Table 4.2. (a) strongbase (b) weakacid (c) weak acid (d) strong acid ‘Analyze. Given: chemical formulas. Find: classify as acid, base, salt; strong, weak or nonelectrolyte. Plan. Examine formula for: H-first, acid; OH” anion, base; NH,, weak base; ionic compound, salt and strong electrolyte; strong acid or base, Table 4.2. Solve: (2) HF: acid, mixture of ions and molecules (weak electrolyte) (b) _CH,CN: none of the above, entirely molecules (nonelectrolyte) (©) _NaCiO,: salt, entirely ions (strong electrolyte) (4) Ba(OH),: base, entirely ions (strong electrolyte) Since the solution does conduct some electricity, but less than an equimolar NaC! solution {a strong electrolyte) the unknown solute must be a weak electrolyte. The weak electrolytes in the list of choices are NH, and H;PO;;_ since the solution is acidic, the unknown must be H,PO,. 75Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises 427 4.28 429 4.30 431 4.32 Analyze. Given: chemical formulas. Find: electrolyte properties. Plan. In order to classify as electrolytes, formulas must be identified as acids, bases or salts as in Solution 4.25. Solve: .@) (o) (c) @ e) @ (d) H,SO,"H first, so acid; not in Table 4.2, so weak acid; therefore, weak electrolyte C,H,OH: not acid, not ionic (no metal cation), contains OH group, but not as anion so not a base; therefore, nonelectrolyte NH,: common weak base; therefore, weak electrolyte KCIO,: ionic compound, so strong electrolyte ‘CU(NO,),: ionic compound, so strong electrolyte HBrO: weak (b) HNO,: strong (c) KOH: strong CH,OCH,: non (@) CoSO,: strong (f)._ C,gH,,0,,: non Plan. Follow Sample Exercise 4.7. Solve: (a) () ) @ (o) ©) 2HBr(aq) + Ca(OH),(aq) > CaBr,(aq) + 2H,0(1) Haq) + OF (aq) > H.009) CulOH),{s) + 2HCIO,(aq) > Cu(CI0,),(aq) + 24,0() Cu(Oh),(s) + 2H*(aq) > 2H,O(!) + Cu**(aq) A\(OH),(8) + 3HNO;(aq) > Al(NO,),(aq) + 3H,O(I) A\(OH),(s) + 3H*(aq) > 3H,O(!) + Al*(aq) HC,H,O,(aq) + KOH(aq) > KC,H,0,(aq) + H,0(1) H’(aq) + OH (aq) > H,0(!) ‘Cr(OH),(s) + SHNO,(aq) > Cr(NO,),(aq) + 3H,O(1) Cr(OH),(s) + 3H"(aq) > 3H,O(!) + CP*(aq) Ca(OH),(aq) + 2HCIO(aq) > Ca(CiO),(aq) + 2H,0()) OH" (aq) + H"(aq) > H,0(1) Analyze. Given: names of reactants. Find: gaseous products. Plan. Write correct chemical formulas for the reactants, complete and balance the metathesis reaction, and identify either H,S or CO, products as gases. Solve: @) ) (a) CAS(s) + H,S0,(aq) > CdSO,(aq) + H,S(o) CA8(6) + 2H'(aq) > H,S(g) + Ca*(aq) MgC0,(s) + 2HCIO,(aq) > Mg(CIO,)x(aq) + H,0(0 + CO,(9) MgCO,(s) + 2H"(aq) > H,O(!) + CO,(g) + Mg*(aq) CaCO,(s) + 2HNO,(aq) > Ca(NO,),(aq) + H,O(!) + CO,(9) 2H"(aq) + CaCO,(s) > H,O(!) + CO,(g) + Ca**(aq) 76Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises 4.33 434 (0) FeS(s) + 2HBr(aq) ~> FeBr,(aq) + H,S(9) 2H*(aq) + FeS(s) > H,S(g) + Fe**(aq) Analyze/Plan. Given the balanced complete molecular equation, determine the spectator jon(s) and write the net ionic equation. In each case, HCIO, and the metal perchlorate are strong electrolytes, so CIO,- (aq) is the only spectator. All other species change form upon reaction. Solve: (a) FeO(s) + 2H*(aq) > H,0(I) + Fe**(aq) (©) NiO(s) +2H"(aq) > H,0() + NP*“(aq) K,0(aq) + H,0(1) > 2KOH(aq), molecular; O* (aq) + H,0()) -> 20H (aq), net ionic base: (H* ion acceptor) O* (aq); acid: (H* ion donor) H,O(aq); spectator: K* Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 4.35 4.36 437 4.38 4.39 4.40 44 (2) _Interms of electron transfer, oxidation is the loss of electrons by a substance, and reduction is the gain of electrons (LEO says GER). (b) Relative to oxidation numbers, when a substance is oxidized, its oxidation number increases. When a substance is reduced, its oxidation number decreases. ‘Oxidation and reduction can only occur together, not separately. When a metal reacts with ‘oxygen, the metal atoms lose electrons and the oxygen atoms gain electrons. Free electrons do not exist under normal conditions. If electrons are lost by one substance they must be gained by another, and vice versa. ‘The most easily oxidized metals are near the bottom of groups on the left side of the chart, especially groups 1A and 2A. The least easily oxidized metals are on the lower right of the transition metals, particularly those near the bottom of groups 8B and 1B. Platinum and gold are called the noble metals because they are especially unreactive and difficult to oxidize. The alkali and alkaline earth metals are called active because they are very easily oxidized and chemically reactive. (@) +6 (0) +4) 47d) +1) 0) -1 (0,* is peroxide ion) @ 4 &) 4 © +3 © 3 @) +8 ( 6 ‘Analyze. Given: chemical reaction. Find: element oxidized or reduced. Plan. Assign oxidation numbers to all species. The element whose oxidation number becomes more positive is oxidized; the one whose oxidation number decreases is reduced. Solve: (a) _ Ni > N#*, Nis oxidized; Cl, - 2CI’, Clis reduced 74 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises 442 443 444 4.45 4.46 (0) Fe” > Fe, Fe is reduced; Al -> AI, Alis oxidized (©) Cl, 201, Clis reduced; 2 > I,, lis oxidized (@ — S* ¥80,*(S, +6), Sis oxidized; H,0, (0, -1) > H,0 (0, -2); O'is reduced “(@) acid-base reaction () oxidation-reduction reaction; Fe is reduced, C is oxidized (©) precipitation reaction @ ‘oxidation-reduction reaction; Zn is oxidized, N is reduced Analyze. Given: reactants. Find: balanced molecular and net ionic equations. Plan. Metals oxidized by H* form cations. Predict products by exchanging cations and balance. The anions are the spectator ions and do not appear in the net ionic equations. Solve: (@)__Mn(s) + H,SO,(aq) > MnSO,(aq) + H,(9); Mn(s) + 2H"(aq) > Mn**(aq) + H,(9) (©) 2Cr(s) + GHBr(aq) > 2CrBr,(aq) + 3H,(g); 2Cr(s) + 6H"(aq) > 2Cr*(aq) + 3H,(9) © ‘Sn(s) + 2HCi(aq) > SnCi,(aq) + H,(g); Sn(s) + 2H*(aq) > Sn?*(aq) + H,(g) () __ 2Al(s) + 6HCHO,(aq) > 2Al(CHO,),(aq) + 3H,(9); 2Al(s) + BHCHO,(aq) > 2AI*(aq) + 6CHO, (aq) + 3H,(g) (@) — 2HCi(aq) + Ni(s) > NiCi,(aq) + H,(g); Ni(s) + 2H"(aq) > Ni?*(aq) +H,(9) () H,SO,(aq) + Fe(s) > FeSO,(aq) + H,(9); Fe(s) + 2H"(aq) > Fe*(aq) + H,(g) © 2HBr(aq) + Mg(s) > MgBr,(aq) + H,(g); Mg(s) + 2H"(aq) > Mg*(aq) + H.(g) @ 2HC;H,O,(aq) + Zn(s) > Zn(C,H,0,),(aq) + H.(9); Zn(s) + 2HC.H,O,(aq) “> Zn?*(aq) + 2C,H,0,"(aq) + H.(9) Analyze. Given: a metal and an aqueous solution. Find: balanced equation. Plan. Use Table 4.5. If the metal is above the aqueous solution, reaction will occur; if the aqueous solution is higher, NR. If reaction occurs, predict products by exchanging cations (a metal ion or H"), then balance the equation. Solve: (2) 2AK(s) + 3NiCi,(aq) > 2AICI,(aq) + 3Ni(s) (©) Ag(s) + Pb(NO,),(aq) > NR (©) 2Cr(s) + 3NISO,(aq) > Cr,(SO,),(aq) + 3Ni(s) (8) Mn(s) + 2HBr(aq) > MnBr,(aq) + H,(g) (@) _H,(g) + CuCi,(aq) > Cu(s) + 2HCKaq) (@)__ Fe(s) + Cu(NO,),(aq) > Fe(NO;),(aq) + Cus) () _2n(s) + MgSO,(aq) > NR (©) Sn{s) + 2HBr(aq) > SnBr,(aq) + H,(g) 784 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises @ ( 447 (a) () © 448 (a) (b) © H,(g) + NiCl,(aq) > NR 2A\(s) + 3CoSO,(aq) ~ AL,(SO,),(aq) + 3Co(s) i. Zn(s) + Cd*(aq) > Cals) + Zn*(aq) ji, Cds) + NP*(aq) > Ni(s) + Cd*(aq) According to Table 4.5, the most active metals are most easily oxidized, and Zn is more active than Ni, Observation (i) indicates that Cd is less active than Zn; ‘observation (ii) indicates that Cd is more active than Ni. Cd is between Zn and Ni on the activity series. Place an iron strip in CdCI,(aq). If Cd(s) is deposited, Cd is less active than Fe; if there is no reaction, Cd is more active than Fe. Do the same test with Co if Cd is less active than Fe or with Cr if Cd is more active than Fe. Br, + 2Nal > 2NaBr + I, indicates that Br, is more easily reduced than I, Cl, +2NaBr > 2NaC! + Br, shows that Cl, is more easily reduced than Br, ‘The order for ease of reduction is Cl, > Br, > I,, Conversely. the order for ease of oxidation is I" > Br~ > Cr. Since the halogens are nonmetals, they tend to form anions when they react chemically. Nonmetallic character decreases going down a family and so does the tendency to gain electrons during a chemical reaction. Thus, the ease of reduction of the halogen, X,, decreases going down the family and the ease of oxidation of the halide, X°, increases going down the family. Ch, +2KI > 2KCI+1,; Br, + LIC! > no reaction Solution Composition; Molarity 449 (@) () 450 (a) Concentration is an intensive property; it is ratio of the amount of solute present in ‘acertain quantity of solvent or solution. This ratio remains constant regardless of how much solution is present. ‘The term 0.50 mol HCI defines an amount (~18g) of the pure substance HCI The term 0.50 M HCl is a ratio; it indicates that there are 0.50 mol of HCI solute in 1.0 liter of solution. This same ratio of moles solute to solution volume is present regardless of the volume of solution under consideration. The concentration of the remaining solution is unchanged, assuming the original solution was thoroughly mixed. Molar concentration is a ratio of moles solute to liters solution. Although there are fewer moles solute remaining in the flask. there is also less solution volume, so the ratio of moles solute/solution volume remains the same. 794 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises (b) The second solution is 5 times as concentrated as the first. An equal volume of the ‘more concentrated solution will contain 5 times as much solute (5 times the number of moles and also 5 times the mass) as the 0.50 M solution. Thus, the mass of solute in the 2.50 M solution is 5 x 4.5 g = 22.5. Mathematically 2.50 mol solute 1 Lsolution _ x grams solute 0.50molsolute ~ 4.5gsolute 1 L'solution 2.50molsolute __xgsolute . 0.50molsolute 4.5gsolute’ 5.0(4.5 g solute) = 23 g solute The result has 2 sig figs; 22.5 rounds to 23 g solute 451 Analyze/Plan. Follow the logic in Sample Exercise 4.11. Solve: = Molsolute, 0.0345 mol NH,Cl 4000 mL Molsolute, COE MANS 5 1000mL _ 9 0963 MINH, e L solution’ 400 mL TE 70.0868 M NHAC! Check. Check. (0.035 x 0.4) = 0.09 M 2.20™mol HNO, (b) — mol=MxL; TL x 0.0350 L = 0.070 mol HNO, Check. (2 x 0.035) = 0.07 M mol. 0.125 mol KOH Mal, 0.425mol KOH. _ 9 .3 mL of 1. © TH} TBO mOI KORE ~ 0-083 L oF 83.3 ml of 1.50 MKOH Check. (0.125/1.5) is greater than 0.06 and less than 0.12, = 0.08 M. mol solute, 0.145 mol Na,SO, 52 Telehte, 80. 4820 (0) M= Pecillo? O70 0.193 MNa,SO, 0.0850 mol KMnO, (&)— mol=MxL; ——— x 0.125 L = 1.06 x 10 mol KMnO, TL L= Mol, 0.255 mol Hci | = 2.20x 107 0 mL M T1.6molHCVL ~” om © 4.53 Plan. Proceed as in Sample Exercise 4.11. mol 9 Mz TO: mol = 2 my L (is the symbol for molar mass in this manual.)Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises 4.54 455 4.56 0.150M KBr 119.09 KBr _ (@) aL 0.250 Lx Ear 7 246.0 KBr Check. (0.15 x 120) 8; 18 x 0.25 = 18/4 = 4.59 KBr AmolCa(NO,) 4 ©) 4.78 9CaINO).» FEET camogy * ODOT ~ O45 M CAINS) Check. (4.8/0.2) = 24; 24/160 = 3/20 = 0.15 MCa(NO,), 1 (c) 500g Na,PO, x molNa,PO, 4t x 1000 mL 163.9gNa,PO, 1.50molNaPO, 1L = 20.3 mL solution ‘Check. (5/(160 x 1.5)] = 5/240 = 1/50 = 0.02 L = 20 mL = MO: mol = + (is the symbol for molar mass in this manual.) OBSO MKC, 6 yy 1k, 24 20KC%,0, “ 4 1000mL © ~1molK,Cr,0, =12.59K,Cr,0, ‘Amol(NH,),SO, . 4, 1000mL 1322g(NH,),SO, 250.mL © 1L (b) 2.509 (NH,),SO, x = 0.0756 M (NH,),SO, mol CuSO, aL x¢ 1000 mL. (©) 1.00gCuso,x ————* x ___1t____, 1000 mL 168.6 9 CuSO, © 0:387molCuSO, © 1L =16.2mL solution ‘Analyze. Given: formula and concentration of each solute. Find: concentration of K* in each solution. Plan. Note mol K*/mol solute and compare concentrations or total moles. Solve: (@) KCI K+ Cr; 0.20 MKCI=0.20 MK* K,CrO, > 2K" + COP; 0.15 MK,CrO, = 0.30 MK* KPO, > 3K*+PO,7; 0.080 MK,PO, = 0.24 MK* 0.15 MK,CrO, has the highest K* concentration. (©) K,CrO,: 0.90 MK" x 0.0300 L = 0.0090 mol K* K,PO,: 0.24 MK*x 0.0250 L = 0.0060 mol K* 80.0 mL of 0.15 MK,CrO, has more K" ions. @) 0.10 mo! NaCV250 mL = 0.40 mol NaCl/1000 mL = 0.40 M NaCI 0.15 MKC! < 0.10 M CaCl, < 0.10 mol NaCl in 250 mL. 814 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises 457 458 459 (b) NaCl > Na‘ + CI; 0.35 Mx 0.040 L = 0.014 mol Cr CaCl, > Ca® +2Cr; 0.25 Mx 0.025 L = 0.00625 mol CaCl, x 2 = 0.0125 = 0.013 mol Cr ‘The NaC! solution has slightly more moles Cr. Analyze. Given: formula and concentration of each solute. Find: concentration of each species in solution. Plan. Decide whether the solute is a strong, weak or nonelectrolyte, which species are in solution, and concentrations. Solve: fa) ©) © @) (a) (b) (©) 0.14 MNNa* 0.14 MOH 0.25 MCa**, 0.50 MBr- 0.25 M(CH,OH is a molecular solute) Mixing two solutions is, in effect, a dilution, Equation 4.35. M, = MN», where V. is the total solution volume. 0.10M x 0.050 L O75 L kK’ = 0.00867 = 0.067 M CIO,": concentration CIO,” = concentration K* = 0.067 M 0.20 x 0.0250 = 0.0667 = 0.075L 067 MSO. Na*: concentration Na’ = 2 x concentration SO,?- = 13M 0.100 Mx 20.0mL + 0.500 Mx 10.0mL y, 9.100 Mx 20.0mL + 0.500 Mx 10.0mL _ 9 933 44H H eee 0.233, Cr: concentration Cr = concentration H* = 0.233 M Cr +, 2(0.300 Mx 15.0 ml) Mike:= 9-200Mx 10.0mL Ne 25.0 mL ©9860 Mi (25.0 mL = 0.0800 M 2, 0.300Mx 15.0mL 0.200 Mx 10.0mL so?: 9:300M% 15.0mL _ 9 199 4, cr: 2.200Mx 10.0mL ‘ 25.0 mL oe9 25.0mL 1.0800 M +; 250gNaCl , 1mol _, , 2": 0.500 M 0.050L 88.44g 88 Mi Cal: 0.500 CI: 1.198M (from NaC\(s)) + 1.000 M (from CaCl,(aq)) = 2.198 M Analyze/Plan. Follow the logic of Sample Exercise 4.14. Solve: (a) 0.250 MNH, « 100.0 mL 14.8 MNH, Check. 250/15 = 1.5 mL Vy= MMe /M, 1.689 = 1.69 mL 14.8 MNH, 824 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises (b) 460 (a) (b) 461 (a) (o) 462 (a) ) 14.8 MNH, « 10.0 mL 250 mL ‘Check, 150/250 = 0.60 M M,=MN,/V2; 0.592 MNH, 0.500 MHNO, x 500 mL. Vy = M.Ne/M,; = 20.833 = 20.8 mL conc. HNO, 12.0 MHNO, mecone 412.0 MHNO, x 25.0 mL M,=MN,/Ve eee = 0.600 MHNO, Plan/Solve. Follow the logic in Sample Exercise 4.13. The number of moles of svcrma readies SADR «1252 001875 «0.088 ma 342.39 C,,H,,0, Weigh out 0.01875 mol CyH,,0,, x ——— 9 2" 6.42.9 C,H0,, “pe On TmaIG Ha, 78 ‘Add this amount of solid to a 125 mL volumetric flask, dissolve in a small volume of water, and add water to the mark on the neck of the flask. Agitate thoroughly to ensure total mixing. Plan/Solve. Follow the logic in Sample Exercise 4.14. Calculate the moles of solute present in the final 400.0 mL of 0.100 MC,,H,,O,, solution: 0.100 mol C,zHz20y4 ee Calculate the volume of 1.50 M glucose solution that would contain 0.04000 mol C,2Hz.0,;: moles C,,H,,0,, = MxL= 0.4000 L = 0.0400 mol C,;H2,0;; 4b L = moles/M, 0.04000 mol C,,H,,0,, x ———1b_ 1.50 mol CHO, .02667 = 0.0267 L 0.02667 L x teem = 26.7 mL ‘Thoroughly rinse, clean and fil a 50 mL buret with the 1.50 MC,,H,,O,,. Dispense 26.7 mL of this solution into a 400 mL volumetric container, add water to the mark and mix thoroughly. (26.7 mL is a difficult volume to measure with a pipette.) ‘The amount of AgNO, needed is: 0.200 M x 0.1000 L = 0.0200 mol AgNO, 169.88 g AgNO, ‘Tmol AgNO, ‘Add this amount of solid to @ 100 mL volumetric flask, dissolve in a small amount of water, bring the total volume to exactly 100 mL. and agitate well 0.0200 mol AgNO, x = 3.9976 = 3.40 g AgNO, Dilute the 6.0 M HNO, to prepare 250 mL of 1.0 MHNO,. To determine the volume of 6.0 M HNO, needed, calculate the moles HNO, present in 250 mL of 1.0 MHNO, and then the volume of 6.0 M solution that contains this number of moles. 834 Aqueous Reactions Solutions to Exercises 463 4.64 0.250 L x 1.0 M = 0.250 mol HNO, needed; L= Tol. Si; 6.0 MHNO, = 0.250 mol needed = 0.0417 L= 42 mL 60M = Thoroughly clean, rinse and fill a 50 mL buret with the 6.0 MHNO,, taking precautions appropriate for working with a relatively concentrated acid. Dispense 42 mL of the 6.0 Macid into a 250 mL volumetric flask, add water to the mark and mix thoroughly. Analyze. Given: density of pure acetic acid, volume pure acetic acid, volume new solution. Find: molarity of new solution. Plan. Calculate the mass of acetic acid, HC,H,O,, present in 20.0 mL of the pure liquid. Solve: 20.00 mL acetic acid x 1.049 9 acetic acid _ 29 98 g acetic acid 1 mL acetic acid 41 mol HC,H,O, 20.98 g Ht x =~ = 0.349375 = 0.3494 mol HC,H. SHCHO: * oS FEHLG, ICH,0, 0.348375 mol HC,H,O, Ma moll = ES 4.99750 = 1. mol/L eT 1.39750 = 1.398 MHC;H,O, Check. (20 x 1) = 20 g acid; (20/60) = 0.33 mol acid; (0.39/0.25 = 0.93 x 4) = 1.33 M 1.2656 g glycerol ‘1 mL glycerol 41 mol CHO, 320849 C,H,0, 0.687124 mol C,H,O, 0.25000 L solution 50.000 mL glycerol x = 63.280 g glycerol 63.280 g C,H,O, x = 0.687124 = 0.68712 mol C,H,O, = 2.7485 MC.Hy Solution Stoichiometry; Titrations 4.65 Analyze. Given: volume and molarity AgNO,. Find: mass NaCI. Plan. Mx L=mol AgNO, = mol Ag’; balanced equation gives ratio mol NaCl/mol AgNO; mol NaCl > g NaCl. Solve: 0.100 mol AgNO, aC x 0.0200 L = 2.00 x 10 mol AgNO,(aq) AQNO,(aq) + NaCi(aq) > AgCi(s) + NaNO,(aq) mol NaCl = mol AgNO, = 2.00 x 10 mol NaC 2.00 x 10 mol Nac! x 88-49 NaC! _ 9.117 9 Naci mol NaCl Check. (0.1 x 0.02) = 0.002 mol; (0.002 x 60) ~ 0.12.g NaCl 84