2) Operant Conditioning

- Is a type of learning for which the consequences that follow the behavior is
strengthened or weakened through Reinforcement. No reinforcement will occur
until the object makes the required response or operates on the environment.
Hence, the organism plays an active role in the learning process.

SKINNER describes two types of behavior involve in OPERANT CONDITIONING:

 Respondent Behavior - results from known stimuli
 Operant Behavior - dependent of stimulus

 Reinforcer is any stimulis that maintains a response or increase its strength.

It is synonymous with the term reward.

 Shaping - procedure in which an experimenter succesively reinforces

behavior that leads up to, or approximates the desired behavior.

3) Insight Learning
- discovery of relationship that leads to the solution of the problem. One
psychologist defines insight as "the process of solving problem through
perceiving the relationship essential to its solution".

4) Observational Learning

Albert Bandura (1986-1994) believed that learning occurs when a person

observes and imitates someone's behavior.

Complex behaviors are the result of exposure to competent models who display
appropriate behavior in solving problems and copying with the world.

TYPES OF LEARNING
Kelly (1965) classifies learning according to outcome sought. The classifications
of learning are rational learning, motor learning associational learning, and
appreciational learning.

1) Rational Learning
- This type of learning is clearly intellectual in nature and involves the
process by abstraction by which concepts are formed.
2) Motor Learning
- Skinner (1959) and other psychologists states that in this type of learning,
the outcome sought in skill which may be described as the adaptation of
movement to stimuli resulting in speed and precision of performance.
3) Associational Learning
- This type of learning involves the development of associative patterns by
 which ideas and experiences are retained, recalled and recognized
through the process of liking together or establishing relationships
between and among these ideas and experiences so that one will serve as
the stimulus for the revival and recall of the other previously experienced.
4) Appreciational Learning
- The outcome sought in the type of learning is appreciation or aesthetic
improvement. This involves the process of acquiring attitudes, ideas,
satisfaction, judgment, and knowledge concerning values as well as the
recognition of the worth and importance which the learner gains from
participating in learning activities.

LAWS OF LEARNING
The laws of learning are attempts to state the more fundamental conditions
favorable to the learning process. They are designated to make learning a continuous
and effective process of development when properly handled.

The following are the three primary laws of learning:

1) The law of readiness

- This law states that when individual is set for action, the activity
consonant to the set is satisfying; activity inappropriate to the set is
annoying and frustrating.
2) The law of exercise
- This law is made up of two parts:
a. the law of use – other things are being equal, the more frequently
a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is
used, the stronger the connection.
b. the law of misuse – other things being equal, when modifiable
connection between a situation and a response is no used over a
period of time, the strength of the connection weakens.
3) The law of effect
- This supplements the law of exercise.
- This law states that connection which are pleasant tend to be repeated and
strengthened while those that are unpleasant tend to be avoided and
weakened.

Factors affecting learning

Maturation and readiness
Intelligence
Opportunity of learning
Environment
Health of the learner
Emotional factors