11TH-12TH BIFOCAL VOCATIONAL ELECTRONICS

COMPLETE DETAILS

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CHAPTERS-WISE DETAILS OF XII STANDARD

The Government of Maharashtra started Vocational Electronics (Bifocal Electronics) course at +2 level in 1978-79.
But up to 1999 there were no revisions in its prescribed syllabus.

However, due to vast modernization and fast development in practical and theoretical electronics, it was
reconsidered by the Board of HSC Examination, Pune; to revise the XI & XII syllabus in the year 1999-2000. Since
then there are many such amendments and improvements in it – almost yearly the syllabus is revised and so our
complete study material is also revised accordingly. The HSC Board has prescribed the following marking and
weightage system for XI & XII standard examinations of both theory and practicals.

SCHEME OF MARKS FOR 11TH & 12TH EXAMINATIONS

Paper-1 Applied Electronics, 50 marks, 03 hours

Paper-2 Digital Electronics, 50 marks, 03 hours
In annual practical exam, the student has to perform 2 experiments out of total 30 experiments, which he
performed throughout the year.

Practical experiment Paper-1: 25 marks

Practical experiment Paper-2: 25 marks

After performing the experiment in annual practical examination, the student has to face oral examination, which
will be conducted by external examiner.

Oral exam on experiment of paper-1: 05 marks

Oral exam on experiment of paper-2: 05 marks

The student has to construct one project (FROM ANY ONE TOPIC OF THE SYLLABUS) for which 40 marks
are allotted by the internal examiner of the subject. Thus, the total marks distribution is as follows:

Theory: 50 + 50 = 100 marks

Practical: 25 + 05 + 25 + 05 + 40 = 100 marks

CHAPTER WISE MARKS DISTRIBUTION

Paper I: Instruments - 15%, Power supplies - 20%, Transducers - 10%, Operational amplifiers - 25%, Modern
electronics communication - 10%, Study of integrated circuits - 20%
Paper II: Number systems - 15%, Logic gates - 15%, Logic families - 10%, Combinational logic circuits - 20%, Flip
flops - 20%, AD-DA converters - 12%, Computer fundamentals - 08%
(HSC Board paper has 70-30 ratio, i.e. 30% numerical problems and 70% theoretical questions.)

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 SYLLABUS
BIFOCAL VOCATIONAL ELECTRONICS, STD. XII

CHAPTER 1, PAPER 1, INSTRUMENTS

Quick View
Detailed study of CRT and CRO, how a CRO displays waveform, block diagram
of CRO, front panel controls; applications of CRO
Function generator with relevant details,
Digital multimeter, how the DMM circuit works, with relevant details

Scope & Limitations

Cathode ray tube: Labeled diagram of CRT, function (in brief) of each
electrode, electrostatic focusing, electrostatic and magnetic deflection–
principle, features and simple applications of each type, screen of CRT–
phosphorescence, fluorescence, function of aquadag coating.
Block diagram of CRO: vertical amplifier, delay line, trigger-circuit, time base
generator, horizontal amplifier, HV/LV power supply and CRT, function of
each block, basic circuit for time base generator only, how CRO displays
waveforms.
Front panel controls of single beam dual trace CRO.
Applications: phase, frequency, time, amplitude measurement using
Lissajou’s figures and directly (internal time base), (no reference to dual beam
CRO, DSO or facilities like component testing, TV testing), (no mathematical
treatment/analysis expected)
Function generator: basic elements of function generator, block diagram and
brief description of each block. Working circuit of function generator, simple
applications of function generator
Digital multimeter: block diagram of DMM and brief description of each
block.
Resistance, AC/DC voltage, AC/DC current measurement: How to use DMM?
Step wise description of application of DMM.

Complete study material

11th& 12th std. bifocal electronics is available
It includes notes, solved/unsolved problems booklet, practical booklet,
HSC Board previous years question papers, MCQ test papers and many more…
It includes everything for self-study…!
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CHAPTER 2, PAPER 1, DC POWER SUPPLIES

Quick View
Half wave rectifier, full wave rectifier, bridge rectifier, filter circuits, load
regulation, line regulation, zener diode as voltage regulator, basic principle of
voltage regulation using transistor circuit; 3-terminal voltage regulator ICs,
basic principle of SMPS and its advantages

Scope & Limitations

Rectifier circuits: rectification, average voltage, current rating PIV differences
between FWR using centertap transformer and BR rectifier (merits &
demerits). Mathematical analysis not required, problems on above topics are
expected.
Filters: capacitor, inductor, RC and LC (no mathematical analysis), percentage
ripple; single L–type filter and combination of two L–type filter.
Concept of regulation: regulators, concept and requirement for regulation,
load regulation and line regulation–definitions.
Zener regulator: zener regulator–I.V. graph of zener diode, ratings, voltage
regulation; (simple problems expected).
Transistorized regulator: (for series pass element) regulator circuit diagram,
expression for output voltage, power dissipation in series pass element,
current limiting–basic idea only (no fold-back limiting), power supply
characteristics–load regulation, line regulation, over voltage/over load
protection (concepts only), output impedance, ripple rejection (no
numerical).
3-terminal voltage regulator: functional block diagram and its brief
explanation, types–fixed and variable and their applications (no numerical);
LM 317 voltage regulator.
Switch mode power supply: basic idea & advantages.

CHAPTER 3, PAPER 1, TRANSDUCERS AND SENS ORS

Quick View
Classification, selection, types and working of following transducers:
Temperature transducer, pressure transducer, light transducer, displacement
transducer.

Scope & Limitations

Classifications: active/passive and definitions, example of each type.
Selection: selection of transducers on the basis of the quantity to be
measured and characteristics required.
Types of transducers: temperature, pressure, light, displacement (sound).
Working of transducers:thermister, LDR, capacitive transducer, linear
variable differential transformer, piezo-electric crystal, loud speaker, gas
sensor and opto coupler.
Applications, advantages & disadvantages:basic idea of each.

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CHAPTER 4, PAPER 1, OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Quick View
RC and DC amplifiers, differential amplifier, dual power supply, block diagram
of opamp.
Linear applications of operational amplifier (using single opamp with
derivation) concept of virtual ground.
Non linear applications of operational amplifier (basic circuits)

Scope & Limitations

Introduction: drawbacks of RC coupled and direct coupled amplifier,
advantages of differential amplifier, need for dual power supply, internal
block diagram of opamp and brief description of each block, schematic
symbol of operational amplifier.
Parameters: opamp parameters, input offset voltage, input bias current,
input offset current, CMRR, frequency response, slew rate.
Linear applications: non-inverting configuration and inverting configuration
basic diagram and simple derivation. Concept of virtual ground, buffer, adder,
subtractor, integrator and differentiator (using single opamp, derivation in
each case is expected, numerical expected)
Non-linear applications: comparator, Schmitt trigger, their applications (basic
circuits only), (in all above cases practical applications should be stated).

CHAPTER 5, PAPER 1, MODERN ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION

Scope & Limitations

Elements of communication system: transmitter, communication channel,
receiver. Function of each block with examples like telephone and radio.
Types of electronic communication: classification as simplex, duplex, analog,
digital, baseband and modulated communication. Meaning of above terms
with suitable example only.
Electromagnetic spectrum: idea of electromagnetic spectrum used in
electronic communication and various frequency ranges used for
communication (students are NOT expected to remember figures of electro-
magnetic spectrum for exam).
Bandwidth: idea of bandwidth, its determination and importance in limiting
the number of communication channels.
Modulation: necessity, types AM & FM only.
AM: basic waveforms, expression for output. Amplitude expression. No block
diagram/circuits expected). Modulation index and percentage of modulation
(with necessary figures). Idea of sidebands, why they are produced,
calculation of fUSB & fLSB and hence, bandwidth required.
FM: basic principle, waveforms, idea of sidebands and modulation index.
Merits/Demerits of FM over AM and vice versa.
Satellite communication: what is a satellite? Meaning of geosynchronous
satellite, use of satellite as relay station, typical frequency used.
Satellite communication system: transponder, basic block diagram of
transponder, various frequency bands used in satellite communication
(student need NOT remember frequency bands for examination)
Applications overview of satellite: communication (TV and telephony),
Surveillance (military), Observation (meteorology, monitoring earth’s
resources etc.) GPS system (introduction only).

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 Concepts of digital communication: data communication by binary digits,
ASCII, serial and parallel communication (concepts only, where each is used?),
speed of data transfer (baud rate).
Modem, introduction to computer networks: what is modem? Its used in
communication. Why network (for sharing SW/HW in LAN node, server,
meaning of LAN, MAN and WAN. Network topologies – star, ring and
bus.Advantages of each.
Fiber optic communication: basic block diagram of fiber optic communication
system showing – input data to coder, light source (transmitter), fiber optic
cable, light detector, amplifier, wave shaper, decoder and output data.
Function of each block in brief. Advantages of fiber optic cables over
conventional electrical cables. Amplitude of fiber optic cables (mention only).
Facsimile (Fax): what is fax? Basic block diagram – source of light, CCD, ADC,
digital data compressor, modulator to telephone line interface, telephone line
interface to demodulator, data expands, printer, control logic, motor control,
operator control, working in brief. Concepts of scanning.
Cellular radio (cell phone): basic concepts of dividing geographical area into
cells. Each having a low power transmitter, each cell connected to MTSO and
automatic switching of system from one cell to another by MTSO. General
block diagram of cellular radio – antenna, transmitter, receiver, frequency
synthesizer, logic unit control unit, hand set etc. Function of each block in
brief.

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RADAR: basic concept, determination of distance, types of radars - pulsed
or
and continuous wave radar- principle of working of each type, general block
diagram of pulsed radar and function of each block in brief.
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CHAPTER 6, PAPER 1, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Quick View
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IC 555: block diagram, pin functions, simple applications – like AMV, MMV,
PPM, PAM and FSK (numerical on AMV and MMV expected)
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IC 741: block diagram, pin functions, simple applications

IC 317: block diagram, pin functions, simple applications

Scope & Limitations

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IC 555: internal block diagram of the IC, importance of 5k resistors,

discharge transistor, and the working of pin-4 in the IC.
Applications:
Concept of on delay and off delay timer circuits.
Pin configuration of IC 555 with the function of each pin connection.
Astable multivibrator using simple combination of and with timing
capacitor C. The concept of duty cycle using time length and ratio of and
. Idea of making duty cycle equal to 50%.
Monostable multivibrator using single resistor and timing capacitor C,
basic equation of time period.
Pulse position modulation using IC 555, its diagram and working.
Concept of pulse amplitude modulation using IC 555, its block diagram and
simple working.
Basic idea of frequency shift keying using IC 555. Its basic concept and the
description of standard frequency values of logic-1 and logic-0 levels. Idea of
calculating these values using the equations.

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CHAPTER 1, PAPER 2, NUMBER SYSTEMS

Quick View
Basic number systems like Binary, hexadecimal and decimal, their basic
conversions with respect to each other, binary arithmetic, addition,
subtraction, simple idea and basic concepts only.

Scope & Limitations

Decimal, binary & hexadecimal: positional weights, base or radix of a number
system, inter conversions (including fractions),
Like binary to decimal conversion, decimal to binary conversion, fractional
binary to fractional decimal conversion, fractional decimal to fractional binary
conversion.
Hexadecimal to decimal and decimal to hexadecimal conversion, fractional
hexadecimal to fractional binary conversion, fractional binary to fractional
hexadecimal conversion, etc. simple problems expected.

Codes: BCD code, ASCII (7–bit) code, EBCDIC (8–bit) code;

problems/conversions NOT expected.

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Binary Arithmetic:simple addition and subtraction using basic rules of binary
arithmetic.
or
Binary addition and subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement
methods, both larger to smaller and vice versa, problems expected.
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CHAPTER 2, PAPER 2, LOGIC GATES

Quick View
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Basic and derived gates, applications of derived gates, concept of exclusive

OR gate, Boolean algebra and basic proofs, properties of derived gate as
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universal building blocks.

Parity and parity checker, applications of exclusive OR gate, half adder and
full adder, concept of binary addition and subtraction.

Scope & Limitations

Introduction: basic logic operations: AND, OR & NOT gates (circuits of
lamp/switches, diodes, transistors NOT expected).
Basic gates: AND, OR, NOT gates – symbols, truth tables, Boolean algebra and
its distributive, associative and commutative laws.
De Morgan's theorems: statements, proofs and logic diagrams
representation, implementation of Boolean equations using logic gates.
Simplification of Boolean equation using Boolean laws (no K–maps expected),
(problems expected).
Derived gates: NAND gate & NOR gate; symbols, truth tables. NAND gate and
NOR gate as universal building blocks.
Ex-OR gate: symbols, truth table, Ex-OR gate using logic gates and truth table,
the 4–bit binary adder/subtractor.

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CHAPTER 3, PAPER2, LOGIC FAMILIES

Quick View
Introduction to logic families with basic idea about unipolar and bipolar logic
circuits.
Basic idea of TTL and CMOS with elementary explanation on MOSFETs
circuits.Basic comparison of the two types.

Scope & Limitations

Logic families: unipolar and bipolar families (names only)

TTL: basic circuits of NAND gate, NOR gate, NOT gate and their working.

CMOS: basic circuits of NOT gate, NAND gate and NOR gate and their
working.

Open collector TTL: circuit and working of NAND gate only.

Tristate: concept with circuit and working (specific IC numbers should be

cited but NOT expected in examination)

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Characteristics: current and voltage parameters, noise margin, fan-out,
power dissipation, propagation delay, figure of merit & operating
or
temperature (definitions only)

CHAPTER 4, PAPER 2, COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

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Quick View
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Details of multiplexer, demultiplexer, encoder and decoder. Block diagram of

mux, demux, their ICs used in applications, advantages and disadvantages,
applications
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Scope & Limitations

Multiplexer: block diagram of 4:1 line mux, mechanical circuit of mux using
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rotary switch, basic circuit of mux with 4:1 line mux using bubbled AND gates
and select inputs combinations, multiplexer ICs used in commercial and
military applications, advantages and disadvantages, general applications of
mux.
Demultiplexer: block diagram of 1:4 line demux, mechanical circuit of demux
using rotary switch, basic circuit of demux with 1:4 line demux using bubbled
AND gates and select inputs combinations, , demultiplexer ICs used in
commercial and military applications, advantages and disadvantages, general
applications of demux.
Encoder: basic concept of encoder, circuit of encoder using OR gates, truth
table and simple conversions.
Decoder: basic circuit of decoder using gates with 10 decimal outputs,
concept of 7-segment LED display, common anode and common cathode type
7-segment LED displays, their combinations, functional circuit of IC 7447/7448
with LED display, truth table.

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CHAPTER 5, PAPER 2, FLIP-FLOPS

Quick View
Concept of memory, 1-bit memory cell using flip-flop, idea of clock, different
types of basic flip-flops, their working, truth table, logic diagram and simple
explanation
An intro to registers, idea of shifting data, right and left shifting of data.
Basic types of counters, modulus of counter, etc.

Scope & Limitations

Flip-flops: RS flip-flop, logic diagram using NAND gate/NOR gate with working
and truth table. Concept of one-bit memory cell. Concept of clock, clocked RS
flip-flop, clocked D-flip-flop, JK flip-flop, edge triggering (+ve and –ve edge), T-
flip-flop, JK MS flip-flop

Registers:introduction to registers, four types of data transfer: SISO – PIPO,

detailed circuit and working of left shift and right shiftregisters using D type
flip-flops

Counters:idea of counter, modulus of counter, natural count, ripple counter,

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decade counter (asynchronous and synchronous counters) logic diagram,
explanation, waveform and truth table of each is expected.Simple problems
on basic counters.
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Advanced counters: basic concept of up-down counter and ring counter.
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CHAPTER 6, PAPER 2, A-D & D-A CONVERTERS

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Quick View
Concept of analog and digital signals, basic idea of analog to digital
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converters, simple circuits only.

Need for conversion.
Basic concept of digital to analog conversion, simple circuits at block diagram
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level only.

Scope & Limitations

A/D & D/A conversion: need of A/D and D/A conversion. Primary weighted
system, principle circuits, non-derived formula, simple calculations and
problems, working and drawbacks.

DAC type 2R ladder: its principle, circuit and working, non-derived formula,
simple calculations and problems, basic working.

A/D converter: simultaneous ADC, counter type ADC, successive

approximation type ADC with block diagram and working. Simple numerical
on DAC only are expected (maximum up to 4–bits only).

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CHAPTER 7, PAPER 2, COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Scope & Limitations

Computer: basic block diagram of computer (input–output, ALU, control unit,
main memory, auxiliary memory with address, control and data lines (buses).
Function of each block.
Input-output devices: input devices – keyboard, mouse, light pen, MICR,
optical scanner. Output devices – dot matrix printer, ink jet printer, x-y
plotter, COM (computer output microfilm) – only state the name and their
uses; construction, working and specifications are NOT expected in
examination.
Memory: main memory-RAM (static & dynamic), ROM, PROM, EPROM,
EEPROM-only explanation of use (utility) without diagram, construction and
working.
Secondary memory: floppy disk, hard disk, compact disc (CD ROM), magnetic
tape, general explanation with read/write mechanism.
Specifications of a PC: clock frequency, main memory (RAM), secondary
storage device (HDD), input-output ports, keyboard, monitor, processor,
printer, mouse, floppy disk devices, CD drive, Modem, multimedia kit with
sound blaster. Cache memory, requirements of UPS (specifications of any
type are to be listed and explanation is NOT required).

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Practical Experimental Kits
11th-12th Electronics, Poly & Engineering Laboratories
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Accurate Readings Perfect Setup

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LIST OF PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR XI STANDARD

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Combined for complete syllabus

1. Half wave rectifier

2. Full wave rectifier
3. Bridge rectifier
4. Characteristics of PN junction diode
5. Characteristics of LEDs
6. Study of electromagnetic relay coil
7. Study of resistors
8. Combination of resistors (series and parallel)
9. Study of LEDs (series and parallel combination)
10. Study of diodes (series and parallel combination)

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LIST OF PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR XII STANDARD

Paper I experiments
1. Zener diode load regulation
2. Zener diode line regulation
3. LM317 load regulation
4. LM317 line regulation
5. Photo relay using LDR (measurement of voltages)
6. Photo relay using LDR (measurement of currents)
7. Inverting amplifier using opamp
8. Non-inverting amplifier using opamp
9. Inverting adder using opamp
10. Subtractor using opamp
11. Inverting integrator using opamp
12. Inverting differentiator using opamp
13. Buffer i.e. unity gain amplifier using opamp
14. Comparator (4-types) using opamp
15. Schmitt trigger using opamp

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR XII STANDARD or
Paper II experiments
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1. Study of basic gates
2. Study of De Morgan's theorem
3. Study of Ex-OR gate using IC7486
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4. Study of Ex-OR gate using basic gates

5. RS flip flop using NAND and NOR gates
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6. RS flip flop using IC 7474

7. Study of Boolean equations using basic gates
8. Study of diode matrix ROM
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9. Study of NAND as universal building block

10. Study of NOR as universal building block
11. Binary ladder using voltage values
12. Binary ladder using full scale deflection
13. Study of 4-bit binary adder using IC7483
14. Study of Multiplexer
15. Study of demultiplexer
16. Study of Encoder
17. Study of Decoder

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