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    14 views270 pages

    Y 210261

    Uploaded by

    Neelkanth Nirmalkar
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 270
    Flow over and Heat Transfer to Power-Law Fluids Across a Square Cylinder in Steady Regime: A Numerical Study A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR. OF PHILOSOPHY by AMIT KUMAR DHIMAN to the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR September, 2006 Certificate It is certified that the work contained in the thesis entitled, “Flow over and Heat ‘Transfer to Power-Law Fluids Across a Square Cylinder in Steady Regime: A Numerical Study”, by “Amit Kumar Dhiman’, has been carried out under our supervision and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree. PO Blt Dr. RP. Chhabra Professor Department of Chemical Bigineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur ‘Kanpur - 208016, India Date: September 4, 2006 Dr. V. Bewaran Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Kanpur - 208016, India SYNOPSIS Name of Student: Amit Kumar Dhiman Roll No.: ¥210261 Degree for which submitted: Ph.D, — Department: Chemical Engineering ‘Thesis Title: Flow over and Heat ‘Transfer to Power-Law Fluids Across a Square Oylinder in Steady Regime: A Nu- merical Study Names of thesis supervisors: 1. Dr. R. P. Chhabra, Chemical Pngineering Department 2. Dr. V. Eswaran, Mechanical Engincering Department Month and year of thesis submission: —~ September, 2006 ‘The flow past bluff bodies, especially cylinders has been a subject of research for more than hundred years due to its theoretical and pragmatic importance. There are many industrial applications for which this flow serves as a model configuration, e.g., cooling towers, chimneys, compact heat exchangers, cooling components and equipments, flow metering devices, flow dividers in polymer processing applications, and so on. In contrast to the extensive literature for a circular cylinder, only a very few studies are currently available for the flow around square cylinders even for Newtonian liquids, let alone for power-law fluids. The main difference between the flow over a square cylinder and that over a circular eylinder is that the separation points are fixed at the sharp corners of the square cylinder. Furthermore, virtually no corresponding results are available even, for the simplest type of non-Newtonian behavior, namely shear-thinning and shear- thickening modelled by the usual two parameter power-law fluid model or the Ostwald- de-Waele model. Many materials such as polymers, foams, suspensions, etc. encountered ii in chemical, polymer and process engineering applications display shear-thinning and sh “thickening characteristics. Despite such wide occurrence, very Timited information is available on the flow and heat transfer over a cylinder of square cross-section, The aim of this work is to address this gap in the existing literature, ‘The governing equations, namely, continuity, momentum and thermal energy equations have been solved numerically for a confined and a unconfined square cylinder in the steady flow regime over wide range of parameters. ‘The semi-exp t finite volume method has been used to solve the momentum and energy equations on a non-staggered grid arrangement. ‘The energy equation is solved for the two commonly used types of thermal boundary conditions, i.c., constant temperature and constant heat flux. ‘The computational grid structure is non-uniform having a clustering of fine grid points in the regions of larger gradients close to the obstacle and confining walls and coarser grid. in the regions of low gradients. A third order QUICK (Quadratic Upstream Interpo- lation for Convective Kinematies) scheme as”been used to discretize convective terms while the non-Newtonian and the diffusive torths are discretized using central difference scheme. The numerical parameters such as grid size, Upstream istance of the cylinder from the inlet, downstreanr distanc ‘of the éylindér fom the outlet and height of the ‘computational domain have been chosen after “a thorough study exploring the effect of cach of these parameters on\{he, accurdity Jf'the festilts. The present numerical solu- tion procedure has been validated foF numberof problems, namely, the laminar flow in a driven square cavity, Iaminar developing power-law flow through a channel and for the Newtonian fluid flow across a square cylinder in both confined and unconfined configurations. Extensive results on wake length, individual and overall drag coefficients and Nusselt numbers, ete. have been obtained for the range of conditions 1 < Re < 45,1 < Pr < 100 (the maximum Peelet number being 4,000) and 0.5 1) than that in Newtonian fluids (n = 1). Isotherm patterns display a faster decay of tempera- ture fields at high Prandi] numbers and/or for the low power-law index e., in shear-thinning fluids) for a fixed value of the Reynolds number. ‘The average Nus- selt number increases monotonically with an increase in the Reynolds and/or the Prandt! number for a fixed value of the po for the case of isoflux boundary condition than that for the constant temperature condition. ‘The present numerical results have been fit by correlating for the dif. ferent, values of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers and power-law index for both thermal boundary conditions. Flow of and Heat ‘Transfer to Newtonian Fluids Across a Confined Square Cylinder The effects of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers and of blockage ratio (9 = 0.125, 0.167 and 0.25) on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a square eylinder confined in a planar channel has been investigated in the steady regime. The size of the sulation increases with an increase in the Reynolds number for a fixed value of blockage ratio. However, the wake size decreases with the increasing value of the blockage ratio for a fixed value of the Reynolds number. As expected, the values of the individual and total drag coefficients show inverse dependence on the Reynolds number for a fixed blockage ratio. However, for a fixed Reynolds number, the drag coefficient increases as the influence of blockage ratio inereases. Broadly speaking, the use of the constant heat flux boundary condition yields, slightly higher values of the Nusselt number than those for the constant temper- ature case under otherwise identical conditions of 8, Re and Pr. Similar to the unbounded configuration, the difference in the computed values of the average Nusselt, number for the two types of thermal boundary conditions increases as the Prandtl number or Reynolds niimber is inereased for fixed values of the Reynolds number regardless of the'valic of the bloékaixe tatio. However, the average Nusselt, number increases mondtonieally with an inerast in the Reynolds number and/or Prandt] number. Finally, heal (rausfer torrelations have been obtained which al- low the interpolation of thie resulls for the-intermecliate values of the parameters, Non-Newtonian Flow Past a Confined Square Cylinder The effect of blockage ratio (/7 = 0-125, 0.167 and 0.25) on the power-law fluid flow across a square ¢ ider has also been examined. Here also, the length of the recir- culation zone is seen to increase linearly with the Reynolds number and/or power- law index and to decrease with the increasing blockage ratio (8) for # = 0.125 and 0.167. However, an opposite trend was observed for 6 = 0.25. For fixed power-law index and blockage ratio, the values of the \dividual and total drag coefficients show the usual inverse dependence on the Reynolds number. Inter- cestingly, the influence of the power-law index on the individual and total drag to 45. coefficients diminishes as the Reynolds number is increased from Re ig blockage ratio for fixed values of the Reynolds number and of the power-law index. ‘The drag coefficients are seen to increase with the ineres Newtonian Flow Past a Square Cylinder: Mixed Con- vection ‘The effect. of Richardson number (0 < Ri < 0.5) on the flow and heat trans- vi fer across an unbounded horizontal square cylinder has been investigated in the Reynolds number range 1 < Re < 30 and Prandtl number range 0.7 < Pr < 100 (Pe < 3,000) in the 2-D steady flow regime. Due to the complex flow patterns setup in the rear of the cylinder, the total drag coefficient decreases with an in- crease in the Reynolds number for fixed Prandt] and Richardson numbers. The average Nusselt number for the front cylinder surface has the highest value, the top and the bottom surfaces values are being intermediate, followed by the rear surface value, The average Nusselt number for the top surface is found to be the lowest as compared to the Nusselt numbers of the other surfaces. ‘The average Nusselt number increases slightly monotonically with the inerease in the Reynolds number and/or Prandtl number for the fixed Richardson number. However, the dependence of the total drag coefficient and the Nusselt number on the Richardson number is observed to be weak for the range of parameters considered here. In order to delineate the fole"of blockage on mixed convection limited results have been obtained for the’ eiiige-of Gdaditions\1 < Re <0, 0.7 < Pr < 100 (Pe < 3,000) and 0/ Ri

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