REVIEW OF PRIMARY 4

NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

Pedro Antonio López Hernández

Colegio La Presentación - Granada
 INVERTEBRATES

Characteristics of invertebrates Classifying of invertebrates Types of invertebrates

- They eat other living things. Invertebrates don´t have

- Sponges
- Nearly all of them can move INTERNAL SKELETON.
from one place to another. - Jellyfish
- They are oviparous because
they lay eggs. - Worms

- Arthropods

- Molluscs

- Echinoderms
 ANIMALS EVOLUTION

Some scientists found remains of dinosaurs that had wings and feathers. Nowadays, they know that the first animals on Earths
were fish and the rest of animals we can see today descend from the evolution of those fish.

Classification of animals

Carnivores Herbivores Omnivores

Animals that eat other animals Animals that only eat plants Animals that eat both animals
and plants
 They help to keep it in place.

Roots
They take in the water and minerals a plant
needs to make its food.

They support the leaves.

PLANTS Stem It helps the plant to stay upright.

*(In a tree it is
called trunk)
It transports the nutrients to other parts of the
plant.

- They can make their own food.

Inside the stem, there are two types of ducts.
- They live attached to the ground.

- Most plants have roots, a stem

and leaves. Leaf (S) They make food from the plant. They turn water
Leaves (P) and minerals into nutrients.
 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It distributes nutrients and oxygen to different parts of the body and gets rid of unwanted substances

Parts of the circulatory system

Blood vessels
Blood Heart
They transport the
blood around the
It is a red liquid that contains the - It pumps blood around the
body.
nutrients and oxygen that our body through the blood
body needs. vessels.
There are three
types:
It also carries the unwanted - It is the fist and sits between
waste substances that our bodies the lungs.
need to remove.
Capillaries - It continuously contract
Veins Arteries
and relaxing automatically.
This process is called
They are very thin They carry blood They carry blood HEARTBEAT.
vessels that from the rest of from the heart to
connect the the body to the the rest of the
arteries with veins. heart. body.
 THE PROCESS OF RESPIRATION

Through this process, we take in oxygen from the air outside and we transport it to different parts of our body.

There are three states of respiration

Inhalation Gas exchange Exhalation

Oxygen that we breathe passes The diaphragm relaxes,

The diaphragm contracts,
through the alveoli and into the blood. causing the lungs to get
allowing the lungs to get
bigger and fill up with air smaller and push carbon
At the same time, carbon dioxide dioxide out of the body.
from the mouth and nose.
passes from the blood into the lungs.
 REPRODUCTION

Human beings are able to make other human beings thanks to the reproductive system. Men an women have different
reproductive systems.

The female reproductive system The male reproductive system

1. FALLOPIAN TUBES are

5. OVARIES are two 1. The PENIS is an
two internal passages 2. TESTICLES are two
internal organs that external organ
that connect the oval shaped external
produce OVULES. that contains the
ovaries to the uterus. organs that produce
URETHRA.
millions of cells called
SPERM.

4. The VAGINA
is the tube that
leads from the
uterus to
outside the
2. The UTERUS or body.
WOMB is the space
inside a woman
where a baby 3. The VULVA is the
develops until it is external part of the
born. female reproductive
system. 3. The URETHRA carries urine from the bladder. It also carries
semen, which is a mixture of fluids and sperm.
 INTERACTION

It is a vital function of living things. Human beings have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.

We use our senses to detect stimulus around us and send messages to the brain.

1 2 3

Our sense organs The NERVOUS

receive SYSTEM interprets The
information from this information MUSCULOSKELETAL
our and decides SYSTEM allows us to
SURROUNDINGS. how to respond. carry out those
This is called responses.
STIMULUS. For example:
The decision in to For example:
For example: open an Open the umbrella
It is raining umbrella.
 SOURCES OF ENERGY
WIND and PETROL supply energy and are known as ENERGY SOURCES. There are two types:

Renewable energy sources Non-Renewable energy sources

THE SUN, WIND AND WATER supply renewable We may run out with FOSSIL FUELS because we are
energy because they are constantly being using them faster than we can produce them.
renewed.

Coal Petrol
Wind The Sun´s
rays Gas
It is mined from the
Wind turbines Moving It is extracted by
ground.
transform wind water We burn it to
digging wells in the
energy into Solar panels transform It is extracted by ground.
produce heat and drilling into the
electricity. solar energy into heat We use it to produce
electrical energy. ground.
Hydroelectric or electricity fuel and plastics.
We use it primarily for
power stations
heating.
transform falling
water into
electricity
 MATTER
It is everything around you. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Properties of matter Specific properties of matter

These properties make each type of matter good for some uses but not
Volume Mass for others.

1 2
It is amount of It is the amount of Flexibility Resistance
space a body - Cloth is flexible because - Brick is resistant because
matter in a body. it can bend without
occupies. it is difficult to break.
breaking. - Glass is fragile because it
We measure mass in - Wood is rigid because it is easy to break.
We measure volume GRAMS or KILOGRAMS cannot bend.
with LITRES, using using SCALES and
instruments like BALANCES.
MEASURING JUGS
and CYLINDERS. When the two pans are
We use different level, the two objects
containers have the same mass.
depending on the
amount of volume
we want to
3 Hardness 4 Conductivity
- Steel is strong because it is difficult to be scratched. - Wood is insulating because it does not conduct heat.
measure. - Plastic is soft because it can be scratched. - Metal is heat conductive because it transmits heat.
 MACHINES
They are devices made of different materials. They help us complete tasks with less effort and make our lives easier. Machines
have been modernised over time.

We can classify machines in two groups Depending of the type of energy they
use, the can be classified in three groups

Simple machines Complex machines

Thermal machines
They have one or very They are made up of Manual machines
few parts, as wheel or many parts. Some of Electrical machines
scissors. these parts may be
They use our energy to They use energy
simple machines.
work. obtained by
They use electrical
burning fuel.
For example: A energy.
bicycle and a
For example:
television. For example:
For example:
- Scissors
- Laptop - Aeroplane

- Shovel
- Mixer - Ship

- Hammer - Lamp - Car

 • It is the centre of the solar system.
The Sun
• It is the biggest star in our solar system.

Stars • They are celestial bodies that give out light and heat.

• They are celestial bodies that do not give out light and heat.
• They are big spherical bodies.
• They rotate on their own axis.
• They orbit around the Sun.
THE SOLAR SYSTEM Planets
*The four planets closest to the Sun are made mostly of rocks and
metals.

The solar system and a lot of *The four planets furthest from the Sun are made mostly of gas.
planetary systems originate
GALAXIES.
Earth is our planet
Our galaxy is called THE MILKY
WAY and it is only one of the • They are small fragments of rock that orbit around a star.
many galaxies that make up the
universe. Asteroids
* In the solar system, there is a big asteroid belt between Mars and
Jupiter.
The solar system is formed by:
• They are spherical bodies that don´t give out light.

• They orbit around planets.

Satellites
• The Moon is the natural satellite that orbits Earth.
SOLAR SYSTEM
 LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surround Earth and separate it from the rest of the universe. There are five different
layers of the atmosphere.

1. TROPOSPHERE

It contains the most oxygen and water

vapour. Most of the atmospheric 3. MESOSPHERE
phenomena that characterise the weather
happen in this layer. It is the coldest layer. Here
we can see shooting stars.
1 4. THERMOSPHERE

3 This is where the natural

light display called
aurora borealis happen.

5
2 4

2. STRATOSPHERE 5. EXOSPHERE

This is where the ozone layer is. It protects This layer protects us from objects found
Earth from the Sun´s harmful rays. in outer space like meteorites
 THE WEATHER
It is mainly characterised by THREE ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA:

Air temperature Wind

Water vapour

It causes hot or cold weather It is the movement of air.

It causes precipitation, which
in a particular place.
is the water that falls from the
atmosphere. Depending on its force, it can be
- If the temperature of air is
low, it is cold.
Precipitation can be A gale A hurricane
- When the temperature of
air is high, it is hot. A soft breeze

Snow Hail
Rain
 THE HYDROSPHERE

It is a discontinuous layer of water covering approximately three quarter of Earth´s surface.

It is the process by which water is constantly in

circulation from one place to another and
Water cycle
States of water changes state many times.

2.Condensation
It passes into a liquid
state in the clouds. 3.Precipitation
Solid state Gas state It can fall in a
Liquid state
liquid or solid
state.

1.Evaporation
It passes into a
Most of the gas state 4.Filtration
fresh water on It is present in the air It goes into the
Earth is found all around us but it is ground and the
in this state. 5.Transportation rocks.
not visible to the
Fresh water is
eye. It flows towards the
Snow and ice found in river, sea through rivers,
The amount of
show water in lakes and glaciers and aquifers.
water vapour in the
a solid state. aquifers. air is called
It is found at HUMIDITY.
the poles and
highest
mountains.
 PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY

1. HEAD OF STATE 2. GOVERNMENT

The KING doesn´t have power. His job is to It is chosen by the courts. It is made up of the
represent Spanish citizens abroad and PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT and MINISTERS.
defend the Constitution.
They write and enforce the laws.

3. GENERAL
4. COURTS OF
COURTS OR
JUSTICE
PARLIAMENT

It is made up of two assemblies: the CONGRESS OF JUDGES and other experts work in the courts
DEPUTIES and the SENATE.
of law. They interpret the laws and decide if
Representatives meet there to discuss and pass laws. laws are obeyed and respected.
 PERIODS OF HISTORY

Historical sources Historical time

Historians use objects, images, documents and To help us understand historical time we have
eyewitness accounts to help them understand the created ways to measure it: YEARS (365 days),
past. CENTURIES (100 years), or MILLENNIUMS (1.000 years).

Historians study the past by ordering historical events in time. The

In Prehistory writing hadn´t been invented. So to understand it we have divided history into stages called PERIODS to make this
only have material remains or objects. order easier to understand.

1. 5. THE
2. NEOLITHIC 3. THE METAL 4. ANCIENT 6. THE 7. THE
PALAEOLITHI MIDDLE
PERIOD AGE TIMES MODERN CONTEMPORA
C PERIOD AGES RY TIMES
AGE
Development of
The first hominids Objects are The first writing Fall of the The French
agriculture and Discovery of
appear made of metal appears. Western Roma Revolution
livestock America.
Empire
2.000.000 5.000 B.C. 3.500 B.C. 1789 A.D.
80.00 B.C. 1.492 A.D.
years ago 476 A.D.