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CHAPTER 5

BEAMS AND FRAMES

5.1

I1 = 1.25 x 105 mm4 , I2 = 4.0 x 104 mm4

Q1 Q3 Q5 Q7

Q2I - 1
Q4 Q6 Q8
Q2 Q2I
Node I

NE = 3, NL = 1 → F3 = -3000.

DOF (degree of freedom)

Boundary Conditions

Q1 = Q7 = 0 (ND = 2)

i.e., DOF # Specified displacement

1 0.0
7 0.0

Node X-Coordinate (mm)

1 0.
2 150.
3 225.
4 350.

Solution using program BEAM

Deflection under load point, Q3 = - 0.133350 mm (down)

Slope at left end, Q2 = - 0.001146 rad (i.e., clockwise rotation)

Slope at right end Q8 = + 0.0015 rad ( )


5.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

NE = 6

DOF Specified displacement

1 0
5 0
9 0
13 0

The distributed load is handled as follows:

W / unit length

WL/2 WL/2

W L2 / 12
W L2 / 12

1800 lb 3600 lb 1800 lb

900 ft lb
900 ft lb
5 6 7

Thus

DOF Load (inch, lb)

3 - 5000
9 - 1800
10 -10800
11 - 3600
13 - 1800
14 +10800
Solution Using Program BEAM

Node Displ.(in) Rotation (rad)

2 -13.76 x 10-3 3.3 x 10-5
4 4.45 x 10-3 -2.2 x 10-5
6 - 3.45 x 10-3 -0.3 x 10-5

DOF Reaction
1 2,000 (lb)
5 3,518
9 3,231
13 3,453

2000 lb 3518 lb 3231 lb 3453 lb

Free Body Diagram

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams may now be drawn from the above results. 

5.3
1/2 Symmetry Model:

1 E1 2 E2 3 E3 4

Boundary Conditions: Q1 = 0, Q2 = 0 (fixed support)

& Q8 = 0
12.83
I1 = = 512 in 4
12
12.63
I2 = = 216 in 4
12
12.43
I3 = = 64 in 4
12
E = 4.5 x106 psi
NE = 3
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Loading: We treat the self-weight as an uniform load:

 lb 2 
 ω = 145 3 × ft 2 = 96.67 lb ft 
 ft 3 

Similar to Example 8.2, we obtain

DOF# Applied Load (in, lb)

1 - 241.68
2 - 2416.80
3 - 422.93
4 604.32
5 - 241.65
6 1510.44
7 - 60.41
8 302.04

Note: Load applied at supports do not affect the displacements and stresses but do affect the
reactions

Solution (Using Program BEAM)

Node Displ.(in) Rotation (rad)

2 - 2.96 x 10-2 - 8.0 x 10-4
3 - 8.41 x 10-2 - 8.3 x 10-4
4 - 9.70 x 10-2 0.

DOF # Reaction
1 966.7
2 54,865.
8 8,570. 

5.4 The bearing stiffnesses shown have to be added to the (1,1) and (7,7) locations of K,
respectively.

1 2 3 4

k = 20,000 N/mm k = 12,000 N/mm

Or add these to the (1,1) and (7,1) locations of the banded stiffness S in the BEAM program.
Specifically, in Program BEAM, after completion of element assembly and prior to considering
boundary conditions, we insert:

S(1,1) = S(1,1) + 20000

S(7,1) = S(7,1) + 12000

Further, we have ND = 0, since there are no specified displacement.

Solution

Q3= - 0.22825 mm
Q2= - 0.0012 rad
Q8= - 0.0014 rad
Q7= - 0.107 mm 

5.5
EA 30 × 106 × 0.08
k1 = = = 200,000 lb in
L 12
30 × 106 × 0.08
k2 = = 120,000 lb in
20
I beam = 0.64 in 4

Forces in the rods or springs:

f s1 = 200000 × 1.186 × 10−2 = 2,372 lb

f s = 120000 × 3.386 × 10− 2 = 4,063 lb
2

2372
σ1 = = 29,650. psi
0.08
4063
σ2 = = 50,788. psi
0.08

1 2 3 4
`

Q1 = 0 Q3 = 1.186 Q5 = 3.386 Q7 = 8.848 x 10-2 in. 

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5.6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

NE = 7
I1 = I3 = I5 = I7 = 4.123/12 = 576 in4
I2 = I4 = I6 = 4.123/12 - 4.63/12 = 504 in4

Without opening:

δ = PL3/3EI = 4.167 x 10-2 in

With opening:

Using BEAM program:

Node Displ.(in) Rotation (rad)

2 -0.060 x 10-2 - 0.2 x 10-3
3 -0.536 x 10-2 - 0.58 x 10-3
4 -0.925 x 10-2 - 0.714 x 10-3
5 -1.935 x 10-2 - 0.952 x 10-3
6 -2.529 x 10-2 - 1.025 x 10-3
7 -3.826 x 10-2 - 1.121 x 10-3
8 -4.503 x 10-2 - 1.131 x 10-3

DOF # Reaction
1 10,000 lb
2 60,000 in-lb 

5.7 Spindle

Some nodes have been introduced to avoid large variations in length between adjacent elements.

Node 1 Node 10

bearing
bearing
 Node X-Coord (mm)
1 0.
2 50.
3 125.
4 200.
5 275.
6 350.
7 380.
8 410.
9 425.
10 431.

π (42) 4 π (30) 4
I1 = − = 112,984.5 mm 4
64 64

I 3 = I 3 = I 4 = I 5 = 267,036 mm 4
I 6 = 596,413.1 mm 4
I7 = I6
I 8 = 1,970,863.1 mm 4
I 9 = 267,036.mm 4

The bearing stiffnesses get added to the banded S before CALL BANSOL :

S(3,1) = S(3,1) + 20000

S(12,1)= S(12,1) + 60000
S(11,1) = S(11, 1) + 8 x 108

The deformed spindle shape is:

Node Displ. x 10-3 mm
1 4.65
2 1.98
3 -2.08
4 -6.46
5 -11.46
6 -17.40
7 -20.30
8 -23.50
9 -25.20
10 -25.90
Reactions 1000N

fs = kr x δ, Cs = kt θ 69,440 N-mm


40N 40N 1044N
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5.8 Frame Program

½ Symmetry Model
DOF 3*I-1

DOF3*I DOF3*I-2

2 3

Node X-Coord (ft.) Y-Coord (ft.)

1 0 0
2 10 20
3 20 20

Element Area (in2) M_Inertia (in4)

1-2 15.0 305.

2-3 7.5 125.

Connectivity:

e
1 2

1 1 2
2 2 3

Boundary Conditions

DOF # Specified Displacement

1 0.
2 0. Fixed support
3 0.
7 0. Symmetry
9 0.

Thus, ND = 5