PN 2300

STUDENT MANUAL
PN 2300 COURSE
PNEUMATICS
DEGEM® SYSTEMS
Copyright © 2003 by I.T.E. Innovative Technologies in Education. All
rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any
form without prior written permission from I.T.E. This publication is based
on the exclusive methodology of Degem Systems Ltd.
In the interest of product improvement, circuits, components or values of

components may be changed at any time without prior notification.
First edition printing: 1986

Second edition printing: 1987,1988,1991
Reproduced from Degem PN 2300 Courseware: 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lesson 1 – Series connections 1-1
Lesson 2 – Series and parallel connections 2-1
Lesson 3 – The electromagnet and its applications 3-1
Lesson 4 – Activation of a pneumatic stamping press 4-1
Lesson 5 – A "one-by-one" feed system 5-1
Lesson 6 – Activating a double-acting cylinder 6-1
Lesson 7 – A semiautomatic actuator circuit 7-1
Lesson 8 – Use of a reed switch 8-1
Lesson 9 – The relay as a contact multiplier 9-1
Lesson 10 – The relay as an electric switch 10-1
Lesson 11 – The relay as a contact inverter 11-1
Lesson 12 – Use of a relay in a control circuit 12-1
Lesson 13 – A relay as a memory unit 13-1
Lesson 14 – A vibrating circuit 14-1
Lesson 15 – An automatic circuit 15-1
Lesson 16– An automatic control circuit 16-1
Lesson 17– A pneumatic elevator 17-1
Lesson 18 – An on-delay timer 18-1
Lesson 19 – Off-delay timer 19-1
Lesson 20 – Control with on- and off-delay
Lesson 21 – Circuit with built-in safety operation 20-1

N -2300 1-1
LESSON No. 1: SERIES CONNECTIONS

LAB OBJECTIVES
This exercise will enable you to:
 Explain the behavior of a series connection.
 Identify a normally closed (NC) contact.
 Identify a normally open (NO) contact.
 Build control circuits according to given diagrams and truth
tables.
EQUIPMENT
1 Pneumatic workstation (PN-2001)
1 Universal PLC I/O operation panel (PN-2601 Mk-II)
1 Solenoid L1 (PN-EB 260 panel)
2 Push buttons S2 and S3 (PN-2310 panel)
1 Switch S4 (PN-2310 panel)
1 Set of patch cords (DL-30)
DISCUSSION
1. UNIVERSAL PLC I/O OPERATION PANEL (PN-2601 Mk-II)
This PLC I/O operation panel is an interface between the pneumatic workstation
and the PC. It can operate the real electro -hydraulic circuit built on the
workstation from the ladder diagram for the simulated circuit of the courseware
on the PC.
The panel consists of the following components:
1. Electrical power supply plug-in socket with fuse: to connect the power cable.
2. Slide switch: to choose the proper power voltages.
3. Power switch with led: when the unit is switched on, the led lights.
N -2300 1-2
4. USB port with led: to connect the interface to the PC.

The led flashes during data transfer.
5. RS232 port with le d: to connect the interface to the PC.
The led flashes during data transfer.
6. External DC IN: must connect to the power supply 24 VDC on the HYD-2001
universal master board to get the same potential level as the workstation.
7. Inputs F1 - F8: to activate the inputs of the interface, connect the negative
outputs of the sensors or limit switch to these inputs.
8. Outputs F9 - F16: these are relay contacts operate the solenoids of the valves
or lamps etc.
2. SOLENOIDS
A solenoid consists of an IRON CORE inserted into an electrical COIL. When
the coil is connected to a source of electric current, an electro-magnetic field
builds up and tries to pull the core deeper into the coil, usually against a spring.
Disconnecting the coil from the current source cancels the force and allows the
spring to push the core back towards its initial position.
N -2300 1-3
3. PUSH BUTTONS
For a machine to start to operate, a signal input component is required. For
example, the signal will continue only as long as the PUSH BUTTON is
depressed.
4. SWITCHES
A switch, is a spring-loaded device, that enables us to connect or disconnect an electrical
circuit. Switches are available in two configurations:
NORMALLY CLOSED (NC), where the switch is normally closed and activation opens the
circuit.
NORMALLY OPEN (NO), where the switch is usually open and activation closes the
circuit.
5. TRUTH TABLE
In order to check out and understand an electro-pneumatic circuit, a truth table is used,
showing clearly how the circuit functions with each combination of the various switches in
the circuit.
6. DESCRIPTION
A solenoid activates a mechanical arm. Three electrical control circuits illustrating series
operation, are shown in figure 1.1 (a, b, c).
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. SCREEN SIMULATION PROCEDURE
The simulation screen displays a simulation of the ladder diagram for the
circuit that should be built on the operation panel. Activating the simulation
according to the instructions , will demonstrate the circuit operation.
HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 1.1 A :
HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 1.1 B :
HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 1.1 C :
2. EXERCISE PROCEDURE
2.1 Panel preset:
2.1.1 Each unit has a (+) and (-) supply line to which its
components
are to be connected. At the start of each test, connect the (+) or (-)
from the power supply of the workstation to the units (In this case,
unit PN 2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
2.1.2 Ensure that the "fault insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel
and on PN-2320 panel are in the "OFF" position.
N -2300 1-5
2.2 In the first circuit (see in figure 1.1 A), solenoid L1 can be activated by
a single push button S2.
2.2.1 Push button S2 has two (NO) contacts, and two (NC) contacts.
2.2.2 Identify the normally open (NO) circuit contacts.
2.2.3 Build circuit "A".
2.2.4 Activate circuit "A" by pressing S2 and then releasing the button.
2.2.5 Pressing S2 will shift the core of the solenoid. Releasing S2 will
return the core of the solenoid to its initial position.
2.3 The core can be activated in the second circuit "B" (see figure
1.1 B), by pressing both push buttons S2 and S3 simultaneously.
2.3.1 Locate the (NO) contacts on both push buttons.
2.3.2 Build circuit "B".
2.3.3 Activate circuit "B" . Make sure that the solenoid core is activated
only when both push buttons are pressed simultaneously.
2.4 The control circuit "C" (see in figure 1.1 C) core can be activated
by pressing both push buttons S2 and S3 simultaneously and
activating switch S4.
2.4.1 Locate the terminals of the (NO) contacts on both push buttons
and switch.
2.4.2 Build circuit "C".
2.4.3 Activate circuit "C".
3. USE OF THE TRUTH TABLE
3.1 Fill in the truth table for the series connection in
circuit "B".
S2 S3 L1
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Truth Table
N -2300 1-6
3.2 Fill in the truth table for circuit "C".

S2 S3 S4 L1
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth Table
N -2300 2-1
LESSON No. 2: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain how to apply parallel connections.
 Explain how to apply combined series and parallel connection.
 Build the control circuits according to given diagrams.
 Create truth tables for the control circuits.
EQUIPMENT
DISCUSSION
A solenoid, activates a mechanical arm. Two separate electrical control
circuits are used to activate the solenoid:
* A parallel connected circuit.

* A combined series and parallel connected circuit.
The two electrical control circuits are shown in figure 2.1.
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HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 2.1 A :
HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 2.1 B :
2.1 Panel preset:
components
N -2300 2-3
2.1.2 Ensure that the "fault insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel and on the
PN-2320 panel are in the "OFF" position.
2.2 The solenoid L1 in the first circuit, can be activated by one of the two push
buttons, S2 or S3.
2.2.1 Identify the normally open (NO) circuit contacts on both push buttons S2
and S3.
2.2.2 Build circuit "A".
2.2.3 Activate circuit "A" and define the conditions under which solenoid L1
is activated.
2.3 The solenoid L1 in the second circuit, can be activated by one of the two
push buttons S2 or S3 and the switch S4.
2.3.1 Identify the normally open (NO) circuit contacts on both push buttons S2
and S3 and switch S4.
2.3.2 Build circuit "B".
2.3.3 Activate the control circuit while testing the conditions under which
the solenoid will be activated and under which it will not be activated.
3. TRUTH TABLES
3.1 Fill in the following truth table for circuit "A".
S2 S3 F
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Truth Table
N -2300 2-4
3.2 Fill in the truth table for circuit "B".

S2 S3 S4 L1
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth Table
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Comparing circuit "A" with circuit "B", shows that:
Circuit "A" can be activated by S2 only.
Circuit "B" can be activated by S2 and S3 only.
Circuit "B" can be activated by S2 and S3 or by S3 and switch S4.
Circuit "A" can be activated by S2 or S3.
N -2300 3-1
LESSON No. 3: THE ELECTROMAGNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of a solenoid.
 Explain the function of a reed switch.
 Identify the normally open (NO) contact of a reed switch.
EQUIPMENT
1 Reed switch RS-1 (PN-EB 260 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. REED SWITCH
A reed switch is shown in figure 3.1 has a (NO) contact that can be
actuated by a magnet. It is used where there is insufficient space for a
mechanical limit switch or, when conditions such as dust, sand or humidity
dictate that the relay contacts be hermetically sealed.
The construction of a reed switch is as follows:
Two contacts are fused into a glass tube, filled with gas. When a
permanent magnet is brought close to the contacts, they are attracted one
to the other, closing the circuit. When the magnet is removed, the contacts
will separate.
N -2300 3-2
2. DESCRIPTION
An electric current flowing through the solenoid creates a magnetic field,
which magnetizes a ferrite material core (see figure 3.2).
The core is forced to the right by a spring. With no magnetic field, the
core is positioned to the right.
The magnetic field is activated by connecting the solenoid to an electrical
current, causing the core to move to the left until it is physically
restrained.
Figure 3.2
Cutting off the current to the solenoid will cause the core to move to the
right.
N -2300 3-3
A similar solenoid is used in different applications, such as:

* Remote door activation
* Activating a pneumatic valve
* Lifting metal items, etc.
A reed switch RS-1 can be activated by a permanent magnet M1. Magnet M1 is part of
the installation and can be turned (moved) close to the reed switch to activate it (see in
figure 3.1).
A control circuit activates a solenoid L1 by means of a reed switch RS-1 (see in figure
3.3).
2.1 Panel preset:
components
2.2 Build the circuit shown in figu re 3.3.
N -2300 3-4
2.3 Operate the circuit:

2.3.1 Activate and cutoff the solenoid by first, turning the magnet closer
to the reed switch, then turning the magnet away from the switch.
2.3.2 Observe how many times can you activate the reed switch by
turning the magnet one turn.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the reed switch contact (NO) or (NC)?
The reed switch has a (NO) contact.
The reed switch has a (NC) contact.
It depends on the magnet direction.
It depends on the manufacturer.
2. Which one of the following materials can affect the magnetic field?
Paper
Copper
Iron
Wood
N -2300 4-1
LESSON No. 4: ACTIVATION OF A PNEUMATIC STAMPING PRESS

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Design a basic electro-pneumatic circuit to activate a single-acting
pneumatic cylinder.
 Draw a ladder diagram for the circuit.
 Build an electro-pneumatic circuit according to the schematic diagrams in figure 4.1
and 4.2.
 Activate and locate a malfunction in the basic electro-pneumatic circuit, which
activates the single -acting cylinder.
EQUIPMENT
1. PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS
1 Single-acting cylinder with spring return CY1 (PN-2330 panel)
1 3/2-way, solenoid spring return valve SV1 (PN-2320 panel)
1 Set of pneumatic accessories (PN-2160)
2. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
1 Push button S2 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. SINGLE-ACTING CYLINDERS
In single -acting cylinders, compressed air is applied at one end only. These cylinders
can produce work in one direction only. Therefore, air is required for only one
direction of movement. Either a built-in spring or an external force moves the piston in
the opposite direction.
N -2300 4-2
2. 3/2-WAY SOLENOID SPRING RETURN VALVE

The 3/2-way, solenoid spring-return valve is a valve that normally closes an
air passage. When an electrical signal is applied to the coil, a magnetic field
causes the iron core to shift and open the valve, letting compressed air
through. Removing the magnetic field will cause the return spring to shut
off the air passage.
A stamping system is activated by a single-acting cylinder (see figure 4.1).
An electrical control circuit activates the pneumatic system that controls the
cylinder (see figure 4.2).
Pressing push button S2 activates solenoid SV1 to move the piston to the A+
position.
3. DESCRIPTION
Energizing the solenoid activates valve SV1. The valve changes its position
and conveys air from the air supply to the inlet of cylinder A, activating and
lowering the stamping device.
Releasing push button S2, suspends the energizing of solenoid SV1 and
causes the stamping device to lift off (piston moves back to A-, its initial
position).
N -2300 4-3
The simulation screen displays a simulation of the electro-pneumatic circuit
that should be built on the operation panel. Activating the simulation
according to the instructions (see figure 4.3), will demonstrate the circuit
operation and the ladder diagram for the circuit provided.
Figure 4.3
2. SAFETY RULES
2.1 Make sure you close the valve in the air supply and there is no pressure
in the pipe, before disconnecting components.
2.2 Adjust the pressure regulator on the master board to 2 bars.
3.1 Panel preset:
3.1.1 Each unit has a (+) and (-) supply line to which its components
N -2300 4-4
3.1.2 Ensure that the "faults insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel and
on PN-2320 panel are in the "OFF" position.
3.2 Check the components:
3.2.1 Check the inlet and outlet of valve SV1. Locate the pressure inlet
(blocked - opening) and connect it to one of the air supply outlets.
Locate the outlet of valve SV1 and connect it to the inlet of cylinder A
(see figures 4.1 and 4.2).
3.3 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit shown in figures 4.1 and 4.2.
3.4 Operate the electro-pneumatic circuit.
3.4.1 Activate the cylinder by pressing push button S2.
3.4.2 Release push button S2 and check, that the cylinder returns to its
initial position.
3.4.3 Switch of the power supply, press S2 and observe the piston movement.
3.4.4 Close the air supply valve, press S2 and observe the piston movement.
3.4 Disassemble the electro-pneumatic circuit:
Make sure you switch off the power supply, close the valve
in the
air supply and there is no pressure in the pipes, before
disconnecting
components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Pressing push button S2 with an air supply cut-off will cause:
A current shortage.
Release of air locked in the cylinder.
The piston will not move forward.
The spring to push the piston toward A-.
2. Power cut-off while the piston is in the A+ positio n will cause:

The piston to remain locked in A+.
The piston to return to A-.
Nothing at all.
The piston to move to the middle of its stroke.
N -2300 5-1
LESSON No. 5: A “ONE-BY-ONE” FEED SYSTEM

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Design a basic electro-pneumatic circuit to activate a double-acting pneumatic
cylinder.
 Build a ladder diagram for the required circuit according to a given diagram.
 Build a given basic electro-pneumatic circuit to activate a double-acting cylinder.
 Activate and locate a malfunction in the basic electro-pneumatic circuit.
EQUIPMENT
1 Double-acting cylinder CY3 (PN-2330 panel)
1 4/2-way, solenoid spring return valve SV2 (PN-2320 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. DOUBLE-ACTING CYLINDER
The piston, in a double-acting cylinder, can move in either direction. Movement is
obtained by applying compressed air at either end of the piston, according to the
required direction. Double-acting cylinders are used to perform advance and return
movement.
N -2300 5-2
2. 4/2-WAY SOLENOID SPRING RETURNED VALVE

A 4/2-way, solenoid spring-return valve enables activation of a double-actin g
cylinder.
The solenoid is held in the C- position by the return spring, allowing air to
flow from the air supply line to the double -acting cylinder, holding the
piston in the C- position.
Energizing the solenoid changes the valve position, causing the piston to
move toward C+.
The electro-pneumatic system given is designed to feed single items
(articles) consecutively (see figure 5.1).
Activation of solenoid C+ is conditional on activating S4 and S2. The

solenoid activates valve SV2.
Valve SV2 activates the double-acting cylinder CY3. Cutting off solenoid
C+ causes piston CY3 to return to its initial position.
N -2300 5-3
according to the instructions, will demonstrate the circuit operation and the
ladder diagram for the circuit provided.
2. SAFETY RULES
1 Make sure you close the valve in the air supply and there is no pressure
in the pipe, before disconnecting comp onents.
2.2 Adjust the pressure regulator on the master board to 2
bars.
3.1 Panel preset:
unit PN-2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
3.1.2 Ensure that the "faults insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel
3.2.1 Check the inlets and outlets of valve SV2.
3.2.2 Connect the pressure inlet port of valve SV2 to one of
the air
supply outlets and find out the pressure output port when
the
valve is in basic position (the solenoid is not energized).
3.3 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit according to the diagram in
figures 5.1 and 5.2.
3.3.1 Connect both outlets of valve SV2 to cylinder CY3 so that the
piston returns to position C-, if solenoid C+ is not energized.
N -2300 5-4
3.4 Operate the electro-pneumatic circuit:

3.4.1 Switch S4 on and trigger cylinder CY3, by pressing push button S2.
3.4.2 If the cylinder is not triggered, return to the ladder diagram,
review the diagram and try to locate the malfunction.
3.4.3 Switch off the power supply, press S2 and observe the piston movement.
3.4.4 Close the air supply valve, press S2 and observe the piston movement.
3.5 Disassemble the control circuit:
Make sure you switch off the power supply, close the valve in the
air supply and there is no pressure in the pipes,before disconnecting
components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A power cut-off will cause:
The piston to return to its initial position.
The piston to lock in C+.
The solenoid to burn out.
The piston to lock in the middle of its stroke.
2. Cutting off the air supply when the piston is in the C+ position will cause:
The piston to return to C- .
The piston to remain in C+ .
The piston to lock in the middle of its stroke.
Nothing at all.
N -2300 6-1
LESSON No. 6: A CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH SERIES AND PARALLEL

CONNECTIONS ACTIVATING A DOUBLE-ACTING
CYLINDER
LAB OBJECTIVES
Use a 5/2-way, double solenoid valve, to activate a double-acting cylinder.
 Combine series and parallel connections in a circuit.
 Build a ladder diagram for a given circuit.
 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit on the pneumatic workstation.
 Locate a malfunction in the electro-pneumatic circuit.
EQUIPMENT
1 5/2-way, double solenoid valve SV3 (PN-2320 panel)
2 Switches S4 and S5 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. 5/2-WAY DOUBLE SOLENOID VALVE
A 5/2-way, double solenoid valve is used to activate a double -acting cylinder.
In order to change the valve over, two electrical signals are required, one at
each side.
N -2300 6-2
The change-over is made with a short electrical pulse. The solenoid valve
will remain in this position, as long as no opposing electrical pulse is applied.
Each one of its two positions will cause the double-acting cylinder, to be
either in the C- or in the C+ positions.
A system for activating a double-acting cylinder using a 5/2-way, double
solenoid valve is shown in figure 6.1.
cylinder is shown in figure 6.2.
To energize the C+ solenoid, S2 and S4 must be activated.

To energize the C- solenoid , S3 or S5 must be activated.
N -2300 6-3
2. SAFETY RULES
bars.
3.1 Panel preset:
and on the PN-2320 panel are in the "OFF" position.
3.2.2 Connect one of the air supply outlets to the pressure inlet of
valve SV3. Find out the outlet port moving the piston C+ and
the outlet port moving the piston C-.
3.3 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit (see figures 6.1 and 6.2).
3.4.1 Switch S4 on and activate cylinder CY3 by pressing on S2.
Observe the piston movement.
3.4.2 Switch S4 off and activate cylinder CY3 by pressing on S3 or
switching S5 on. Observe the piston movement.
N -2300 6-4
3.4.3 Switch S4 on and activate cylinder CY3 by pressing on S3 or switching S5 on.

Observe the piston movement.
3.5 Disassemble the circuit:
Make sure you switch off the power supply, close the valve
in the air supply and there is no pressure in the pipes, before
disconnecting components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. If you activate S4 over a period of time:
Double control will be created.
The solenoid will burn out.
Nothing will happen.
The piston will move slowly toward C-.
2. If you activate S5 over a long period, the piston will:

Remain in the C+ position.
Not move from the C+ position.
Lock in the middle of its stroke.
Move toward the C- position.
N -2300 7-1
LESSON No. 7: A SEMIAUTOMATIC ACTUATOR CIRCUIT

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Design a ladder diagram for a semiautomatic actuator circuit C+C-, activating a double-
acting cylinder. The ladder diagram will be designed according to a given diagram.
 Build the circuit on the workstation.
 Activate and locate a malfunction in the circuit.
EQUIPMENT
1 Microswitch (limit switch) MS-6 (PN-EB 260 panel)
1 Indicator lamp I1 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. LIMIT SWITCH (MICROSWITCH)
A limit switch is used when the final position of a machine or piston movement needs to be
indicated.
The limit switch has a change -over contact one (NC) and one (NO), and is activated either
by a roller lever or a rocker arm.
N -2300 7-2
2. LED INDICATOR
A LED (Light Emitting Diode) indicator is a dio de that emits light with current flow.
3. INDICATOR LAMP
There is a tungsten filament in a glass tube, filled with gas. This emits light
when current flows throgh the tungsten filament.
A semi-automatic immersion system can immerse a heavy product in a fluid
for a short time (see figure 7.1).
Simultaneously depressing both switches, S2 and S3, causes the piston C to

lower the product.
When piston C reaches the end of its stroke, it acts upon the limit switch MS-6.
The limit switch contact changes over, activating valve SV3 and causing
piston C to raise the product.
N -2300 7-3
2. SAFETY RULES
bars.
3.1 Panel preset:
3.1.2 Ensure that the "fault insertion" switches on the EB-
260 panel
3.2.2 Connect one of the air supply outlets to the pressure inlet of valve
SV3 and locate the pressure outlet port without energizing the
solenoids.
3.2.3 Check that the limit switch MS-6 is in working order according
to the electrical circuit shown in figure 7.3.
3.2.3.1 Locate the common terminal C.
3.2.3.2 Locate the terminals of the normally open (NO) contact as follows:
- Connect the indicator lamp according to the circuit shown in fig.7.3.
N -2300 7-4
- Manually press and activate the limit switch; when activated, the lamp will light up.
- If the lamp lights up before activating the switch, you have used the
normally closed (NC) contact.
3.3 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit according to fig. 7.1 and 7.2.
3.4.1 Press both push buttons S2 and S3, momentarily and check what happens.
3.4.2 Press both push buttons S2 and S3, for a while and check what happens.
Make sure you switch off the power supply, close the
valve in
the air supply and there are no pressure in the pipes,
before
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Why was the piston locked in the C+ position while depressing
both
bush buttons S2 and S3, over a period of time?
In C+, the limit switch is activated and switch SV3 is subject to double
control.
The piston will remain at C+ as long as both push buttons are depressed.
Depressing the push buttons disconnects the limit switch.
Depressing the push buttons while activating the limit switch causes a
short circuit.
N -2300 7-5
2. It was necessary to check the limit switch connection before building the
circuit:
to avoid a short circuit.
to locate the (NC) contacts.
to locate the (NO) contacts.
to ensure working order.
3. Can you use a single-acting cylinder for the circuit?
Yes, it will work in the same way.
Yes, with an addition limit valve.
No, the spring will prevent piston movement.
No, the piston return spring is not strong enough support a heavy
product.
N -2300 8-1
LESSON No. 8: USE OF A REED SWITCH AS A LIMIT SWITCH

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the use of a reed switch.
 Design a ladder diagram for a semiautomatic control circuit, activating a double-
action cylinder B- B+ .
 Build the designed semiautomatic circuit.
 Integrate indicator lamps in the circuit.
EQUIPMENT
1 Reed switch (from cylinder) MS-3 (PN-EB 260 panel)
2 Indicator lamps I1 and I2 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
A system activated by an electrically controlled, pneumatic double -action
cylinder, is shown in figure 8.1.
N -2300 8-2
An electrical control circuit activates the pneumatic system that controls

the cylinder (see figure 8.2).
An indicator lamp is connected in parallel to each one of the two

solenoids, to monitor solenoid activation.
To activate solenoid B-, S2 or S3 must be pressed. Indicator lamp I1 will
light up simultaneously.
When the piston reaches the end of its stroke, at the rear B- position, it
activates the magnetic limit sensor MS-3, which is a (NO) switch.
The limit sensor will activate solenoid B+ and light up indicator lamp I2.
N -2300 8-3
2. SAFETY RULES
bars.
3.1 Panel preset:
unit PN-2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB -260 panel).
3.1.2 Ensure that the "fault insertion" switches on the EB-
260 panel
3.2 Check the components and build the pneumatic circuit:
3.2.1 Build the control circuit is shown in figure 8.3 to check the reed
switch MS-3. Move the piston back and forth. Check that at the
end of the B- stroke indicator lamp I2 is on and while moving to
B+ it is off.
3.2.2 Check the inlets and the outlets of valve SV3.

3.2.3 Connect one of the air supply outlets to the pressure inlet of
valve SV3.
3.2.4 Connect the outlet of valve SV3 to cylinder CY2.
3.2.5 Activate valve SV3 and locate the solenoid of control B+ and the
solenoid of control B-.
3.3 Build the control circuit shown in figure 8.2.
3.3.1 Press on S2 momentarily and observe what happens.
N -2300 8-4
3.3.2 Press on S3 momentarily and observe what happens.

3.3.3 Press on S2 and S3 for a period and observe what happens.
3.4 Disassemble the electro-pneumatic circuit:
Make sure you switch off the power supply, close the valve in the air
supply and there is no pressure in the pipes, before disconnecting
components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How are indicator lamps I1 and I2 connected to the solenoids?
It's not important.
One in series and one in parallel.
Both in series.
Both in parallel.
2. Solenoid B- is activated by:

Push buttons S2 and S3 simultaneously.
Push button S2 only.
Push button S3 or S2.
Limit switch MS-3.
3. The piston starting point is at B+, because:

The reed switch activates solenoid B+.
S2 is not pressed.
S3 is not pressed.
B+ is the starting point of valve SV3.
N -2300 9-1
LESSON No. 9: THE RELAY AS A CONTACT MULTIPLIER

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of the relay as a contact multiplier.
 Design a ladder diagram for a control circuit according to a given diagram.
 Build the electrical control circuit.
EQUIPMENT
1 Relay (four change-over contacts) RL5 (PN-2130 panel)
1 Buzzer BZ1 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. RELAY
A relay is a component used for signal processing. Regard the relay as an
electromagnetically operated switch. The relay is basically constructed
from an electromagnet connected to several separate electrical contacts
with return spring. When an electric current flows through the coil, a
magnetic field builds up and causes change of contacts.
Note: For an explanation of the rest of the pneumatic and electrical
components listed, see the previous exercises.
A control array for activating a number of loads (current consumers)
simultaneously is shown in figure 9.1.
N -2300 9-2
2. DESCRIPTION
The system operates as follows:
Line 1 - Depressing S2 activates the coil in relay RL5.
Line 2 - The first (NO) contact of relay R5 lights up indicator lamp I1.
Line 3 - The second (NO) contact of relay R5 lights up indicator lamp I2
Line 4 - The third (NO) contact of relay R5 activates buzzer BZ1.
circuit that should be built on the operation panel. Activating the simulation,
will demonstrate the circuit operation.
2.1 Panel preset:
2.1.1 Each unit has a (+) and (-) supply line to which its components are
to be connected. At the start of each test, connect the (+) or (-)
N -2300 9-3
2.2 Check the the relay RL5:

2.2.1 Identify the two terminals that are used to activate the relay.
2.2.2 Identify in each of the three change -over contacts the common
terminals and the normally open (NO) terminal.
.4 Activate the circuit by pressing S2 and releasing it. Observe what
happens!
Make sure you switch off the power supply, before disconnecting
components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The numbers 2,3,4 on the right hand side of the solenoid of
relay RL5
indicate:
The relay serial number.
The location of the relay contacts
The manufacturer's code.
The number of the contacts.
2. Are all electrical loads activated simultaneously or intermittently?

Simultaneously.
Intermittently.
The buzzer will start buzzing last.
It depends on the how long keys are depressed.
N -2300 10 -1
LESSON No. 10: THE RELAY AS AN ELECTRIC SWITCH

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of the relay as an electric switch.
 Combine a number of relays in order to increase the number of contacts controlled.
 Build an electrical control circuit according to a given diagram.
EQUIPMENT
1. PNEUMATIC COMPONENT
2 Relays (two change-over contacts) RL1 and RL2 (PN-2130 panel)
1 Buzzer BZ1 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
The control circuit is shown in figure 10.1 is used to cut off and
activate a number of electrical loads simultaneously.
The system operates as follows:
Line 2 - Contact R1 (NO) of relay RL1 energizes the solenoid of relay RL2.
Line 3 - Contact R1 (NC) cuts off indicator lamp I1
Line 4 - Contact R2 (NC) cuts off indicator lamp I2.
Line 5 - Contact R2 (NC) cuts off buzzer BZ1.
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2.1 Panel preset:
2.2 Check the the relays RL1 and RL2:
2.2.1 Identify the two terminals that are used to activate the relay.
2.2.2 Identify in each of the two change-over contacts, the common
terminals and the normally open (NO) and (NC) terminals.
2.4 Activate the circuit by pressing S2 and releasing it. Observe what
happens!
N -2300 10 -3

Make sure you switch off the power supply, before
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Why are two relays used in the circuit provided?
To increase the number of change-over contacts.
Each relay operates one consumer.
RL2 serves as a spare in case of a failure.
The buzzer needs a seperate relay.
2. How many relays may be combined in the circuit provided?

Two relays only.
Theoretically any number of relays.
Practically an infinite number of relays.
Not more than ten relays at a time.
N -2300 11 -1
LESSON No. 11: THE RELAY AS A CONTACT INVERTER (CHANGE-

OVER CONTACT)
LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of the relay as a contact inverter (change -over contact).
 Build an electrical control circuit according to the ladder diagram.
EQUIPMENT
1 Relay (two change-over contacts) RL1 (PN-2130 panel)
DISCUSSION
The electrical control circuit shown in figure 11.1, is a control circuit used to
activate a relay to function as an inverter. You'll build a ladder diagram for the
inverter.
N -2300 11 -2
The system operation is as follows:

Line 2 - The (NO) contact of relay RL1 lights up indicator lamp I1.
Line 3 - The (NC) contact of relay RL1 cuts out indicator lamp I2.
circuit that should be built on the operation panel. Activating the
simulation, will demonstrate the circuit operation.
2.1 Panel preset:
2.1.2 Ensure that the "fault insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel and
on the PN-2320 panel are in the "OFF" position.
2.2 Check the relay and locate:
- The terminals of the coil in relay RL1.
- One of the normally open (NO) contacts of relay RL1.
- One of the normally closed (NC) contacts of relay RL1.
2.4 Depress S2 and release it; observe the results.
components.
N -2300 11 -3
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Indicator lamp I2 lights up before S2 is depressed since (see Fig. 11.1):
Contact R1 is shorted.
It was activated by a (NC) relay contact.
The circuit has two relays.
Something was at fault with the circuit.
2. After depressing S2, indicator lamp I1 lights up and indicator lamp I2
cuts out. Why?
I2 was activated by a (NC) contact, and I1 by a
(NO) contact. Activating S2 reversed the
arrangement.
Activating S2 shorted indicator lamp I2.
The current is enough for one indicator lamp only.
Two indicator lamps cannot function together.
N -2300 12 -1
LESSON No. 12: SIMPLE USE OF A RELAY IN A CONTROL CIRCUIT

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of the relay as an inverter in a control circuit.
 Design a ladder diagram for the control circuit according to the diagrams given.
 Build the control circuit on the pneumatic workstation.
EQUIPMENT
2 Microswitches (limit witches) MS-5 and MS-6 (PN EB-260 panel)
DISCUSSION
The control circuit shown in figure 12.2 activates a double-acting
cylinder with two limit switches (Figure 12.1).
N -2300 12 -2
The electrical control circuit functions as follows:

Line 1 - Depressing push button S2 activates the coil in relay RL1.
Line 2 - The (NO) contact of R1 and limit switch MS-5, activate piston C+
and flash indicator lamp I1 in line 3.
Line 4 - The (NC) contact of relay R1 breaks the connection to switch MS-
6 which activates piston C- and indicator lamp I2 will flash in line 5.
C- is enabled solely by releasing S2 with switch MS-6 depressed.
N -2300 12 -3
2. SAFETY RULES
3.1 Panel preset:
from the power supply of the workstation to the units (In this
case, unit PN 2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
3.2 Check the pneumatic and electrical components:
3.2.1 Check the inlets and outlets of valve SV3 before connecting it to
cylinder CY3 and to the air supply.
3.2.2 Check relay RL1 for:
- The terminals for coil activation
- The terminals of normally open (NO) and normally
closed
(NC) contacts
3.2.3 Check limit switches MS-5 and MS-6 and locate the (NO) contact.
3.4.1 Depress S2 continuously and observe what happens.
N -2300 12 -4
3.4.2 Release S2 and observe what happens.

3.4.3 Depress S2 momentarily and observe what happens.
3.4.4 Depress S2 again momentarily and observe what happens.
supply and there are no pressure in the pipes, before disconnecting
components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Indicator lamp I1 remains on, for a short time only, because:
Contact R1 has disconnected the current.
Switch MS-6 has disconnected the current.
There is a short time period between R1 ac tivation and MS-
5 de-activation.
The lamp is designed accordingly.
2. The piston brakes at C+ when:
Switch MS-6 is not activated.
S2 is depressed, R1 is open and C- is not activated.
Switch MS-5 was left open.
S2 has yet to be depressed.
3. Is the system automatic?

Yes, completely.
Yes, dependant on the time S2 is depressed.
Yes, but only when S2 is depressed briefly.
No. It is a semiautomatic system.
N -2300 13 -1
LESSON No. 13: THE RELAY AS A MEMORY UNIT WITH SELF- HOLDING
AND EMERGENCY STOP
LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of a memory control circuit with self-holding.
 Explain the use of an emergency stop.
 Design ladder diagrams for the control circuits according to given circuits.
 Build the control circuits according to the given diagrams.
 Integrate an emergency stop into an electrical circuit.
EQUIPMENT
1 Emergency stop push button S1 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. EMERGENCY STOP
The emergency stop switch enables a machine to be halted immediately in the case of
danger and disconnected from the main power supply.
When integrating an emergency stop into a control circuit, do not disconnect safety
circuits in the machine when activating the emergency stop switch.
N -2300 13 -2
Momentarily depressing S2 will activate relay RL1 and indicator lamp I1 in parallel. The
R1 contact (NO) of RL1 will invert and relay RL1 can draw current through S1 (NC) and
its own contact R1 (NO) in line 2.
Releasing S2 will not cause deactivation of the relay. This is called "self -holding". To cut
the self-holding off and deactivate the relay, depress the emergency stop S1 momentarily.
2a. DESCRIPTION - CIRCUIT 1 (FIGURE 13.1)
Momentarily depressing S2 will activate relay RL1 and indicator lamp I1 in parallel.
Activation of relay RL1 will cause the R1 (NO) contact to invert, allowing it to draw
activation current through S1 (NC) and its own contact R1. Releasing S2 will not
deactivate relay RL1.
Cutting off the self-holding is accomplished by depressing the emergency stop S1
momentarily.
2b. DESCRIPTION - CIRCUIT 2 (FIGURE 13.2)
N -2300 13 -3
2. EXERCISE PROCEDURE – CIRCUIT 1

2.1 Panel preset:
2.2.1 Check switch S2 for the (NO) contact.
2.2.2 Check emergency switch S1 for the (NC) contact.
2.2.3 Check the relay RL1 and locate:
-The connection for relay coil activation
-The (NO) contact connections
2.3 Build the control circuit according to figure 13.1.
2.4 Activate the circuit as follows:
2.4.1 Momentarily depress push button S2 and observe what happens.
2.4.2 Momentarily depress emergency stop S1 and observe what happens.
2.4.3 Depress S2 and S1 simultaneously and observe what happens.
2.4.4 Release S2 and S1 simultaneously and observe what happens.
2.4.5 Repeat steps 2.4.3 and 2.4.4 several times.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Simultaneously depressing S2 and S1 will cause:
Double control on relay RL1.
Activation of the relay and the indicator lamp.
The relay to burn out.
The relay to be activated but not the indicator lamp.
N -2300 13-4
3. SCREEN SIMULATION PROCEDURE - CIRCUIT 2
4. EXERCISE PROCEDURE - CIRCUIT 2

4.1 Panel preset:
components
are to be connecte d. At the start of each test, connect the (+) or (-)
4.1.2 Ensure that the "faults insertion" switches on the EB-
260 panel
4.2.1 Check switch S2 for the (NO) contact.
4.2.2 Check emergency switch S1 for the (NC) contact.
4.2.3 Check the relay RL1 and locate:
-The connection for relay coil activation
-The (NO) contact connections
4.3 Build the control circuit according to figure 13.2.
4.4.1 Momentarily depress push button S2 and observe what happens.
4.4.2 Momentarily depress emergency stop S1 and observe what happens.
4.4.3 Depress S2 and S1 simultaneously and observe what happens.
4.4.4 Release S2 and S1 simultaneously and observe what happens.
4.4.5 Repeat steps 4.4.3 and 4.4.4 several times.
N -2300 13-5

components.
5. OBSERVATIONS
5.1 Please compare the operation of the two circuits (figures 13.1 and 13.2):
5.1.1 What is the main difference between the two circuits?
5.1.2 Please note in figure 13.1, the RL1 could be activated by pressing
S2 and S1 simultaneously. In that case, the "emergency stop"
button doesn't operate correctly.
5.1.3 Please note in figure 13.2, the RL1 could be activated only by
pressing push button S2 and S1 is not activated. When the S1 will
be pressed, this will cut off relay RL1. That means the “emergency
stop" button has priority over push button S2.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2. Can the circuit is shown in figure 13.2 be activated without S1?
Yes. It's possible.
No. It's not possible.
Yes, but also without the indicator lamp.
It depends how long you depress.
3. Can the system be called a memory unit?

It depends which switch is depressed.
No. Releasing S2 will cancel the memory.
No. There is nothing to remember.
Yes. It remembers the last command.
N -2300 14 -1
LESSON No. 14: A VIBRATING CIRCUIT (VIBRATOR)

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of an automatic C+ C- circuit.
 Design a ladder diagram for the circuit based on a given circuit.
 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit on the pneumatic workstation.
 Locate malfunctions in a simple automatic circuit.
EQUIPMENT
2 Microswitches (limit switches) MS-5 and MS-6 (PN EB-260 panel)
DISCUSSION
A vibration system (see figure 14.1) is activated by a pneumatic cylinder at a fixed
frequency. The control circuit is shown in figures 14.2 and 14.3. The operation of the
control circuit is as follows:
N -2300 14 -2
1.1 Contact MS-5 in line 1 is depressed. Depressing S2 energizes solenoid C+.

1.2 Energizing solenoid C+ drives cylinder CY3 towards C+, at which point
contact MS-5 is released.
1.3 Valve SV3 will remain in this position (memory).
1.4 The piston will activate switch MS-6 at the end of its stroke. The switch
will energize solenoid C- and the piston will return to its initial position.
1.5 The piston will continue performing C+ C- movements while push button
S2 remains depressed.
N -2300 14 -3
2. SAFETY RULES
3.1 Panel preset:
case, unit PN-2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
3.2 Check the components as follows:
3.2.1 Checking 5/2-way, double solenoid valve SV3:
-Connect one of the outlets of the air supply to the inlet
of SV3.
-Connect two of the outlets of SV3 to cylinder CY3.
-Locate solenoid C+ and solenoid C-.
3.2.2 Check limit switch MS-5 and locate the NO contact terminals.
3.3 Build the control circuit shown in figures 14.2 and 14.3. Use only
the NO contacts of the limit switches.
3.4.1 Depress S2 continously and observe the results.
3.4.2 Release S2 and observe the results.
valve in the air supply and there is no pressure in the
pipes, before disconnecting components.
N -2300 14 -4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The piston is in the C- position. Pushing on S2 while the piston does not depress
MS-5 will cause:
The piston to move toward C+ and depress MS-6.
SV3 not to be activated and the piston to remain
motionless.
The piston to move to the middle of its stroke and then
halt.
The piston to start in C+.
2. Can a double control occur in the circuit?
Yes. When MS-5 and MS-6 are depressed.
Yes. When S2 and MS-5 are depressed.
Yes. When S2 and MS-6 are depressed.
No. Each solenoid is activated by a separate switch.
3. Does the circuit contain a "memory"?

Yes, but only toward C-.
Yes. The 5/2-way, double solenoid valve SV3.
No. The circuit has no relay.
No. Two relays are needed.
N -2300 15 -1
LESSON No. 15: AN AUTOMATIC CIRCUIT WITH INDIRECT ACTIVATION

OF A CYLINDER
LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of an automatic C+ C- circuit with indirect activation.
 Design a ladder diagram for the given circuit.
 Build the automatic circuit according to a given diagram.
 Locate malfunctions in an automatic circuit with indirect activation.
EQUIPMENT
2 Microswitches (limit witches) MS-5 and MS-6 (PN-EB 260 panel)
DISCUSSION
An electro-pneumatic system activates an C+ C- cycle with
indirect activation (see in figure 15.1).
N -2300 15 -2
cylinder (see in figure 15.2).
Depressing S2 or switch S4 on will activate relay RL1 through the NO contact

of MS-5 (which is pressed by the pis ton).
Relay RL1 energizes solenoid C+, on line 2.
The piston in cylinder C will move toward "+", and release limit switch MS-5.
Valve SV3 will remain in the "+" position (memory).
At the end of its stroke, piston C will activate limit switch MS-6 which in turn
will activate relay RL2 on line 3.
NO contact R2 (of relay RL2) will energize solenoid C- on line 4 and piston
will move to its initial position.
End of the piston's stroke, it will again depress MS-5 and the cycle will repeat
itself.
N -2300 15 -3
that should be built on the operation panel. Activating the simu lation
2. SAFETY RULES
bars.
3.1 Panel preset:
3.2.1 Checking 5/2-way, double solenoid valve SV3:
-Connect one of the outlets of the air supply to the inlet
of SV3.
-Locate solenoid C+ and solenoid C-.
3.2.4 Check relay RL1 and locate the terminals for the NO contact and
relay coil.
3.2.5 Check relay RL2 and locate the terminals for the NO contact and
relay coil.
N -2300 15 -4
3.2.6 Check push button S2 and locate the terminal for the NO contact.
3.2.7 Check switch S4 and locate the terminal for the NO contact.
3.3 Build the electro-pneumatic control circuit shown in figures 15.1 and 15.2.
3.4 Activate the electro-pneumatic control circuit:
3.4.1 Switch S4 on and observe the results.
3.4.2 Switch S4 off.
3.4.3 Depress S2 continuously and observe the results.
3.4.4 Release S2 and observe the results.
3.4.5 Depress S2 momentarily and observe the results.
supply and there is no pressure in the pipes, before disconnecting
components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the control circuit an automatic circuit?
Yes. Only when S2 is depressed and S4 is switched.
Yes. Only when S4 is switched.
No. It's a semiautomatic circuit.
Yes. Only when S2 is depressed.
2. Push button S2:
Activates the circuit automatically.
Enables one cycle.
Enables the function to stop.
Is a safety switch.
3. Switch S4:
Enables automat ic operation.
Only switches the circuit ON.
Only switches the circuit OFF.
Serves as a safety switch.
N -2300 16 -1
LESSON No. 16: AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL CIRCUITS WITH A RELAY

MEMORY
LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of an automatic control circuit with a relay memory.
 Design ladder diagrams for a given circuits.
 Build the electro-pneumatic control circuits according to the given diagrams.
 Locate malfunctions in a control circuit with a relay memory.
EQUIPMENT
1 Double-acting cylinder-magnetic CY2 (PN-2330 panel)
1 3/2-way, solenoid spring valve SV1 (PN-2320 panel)
3 Microswitches (limit witches) MS-1, MS-2 and MS-4 (PN EB-260 panel)
1 Reed switch MS-3 (PN EB-260 panel)
N -2300 16 -2
DISCUSSION
1. DESCRIPTION - CIRCUIT 1
An electro-pneumatic circuit incorporating indirect activation of cycle A+ A-,
is shown in figure 16.1 and 16.2.
Depressing S2 momentarily activates relay RL1 and indicator lamp I1.
RL1 can now be held in an activated state by its own NO contact, R1.
In addition, R1 in line 3 energizes solenoid A+.

At the end of the piston stroke, the NC contact of limit switch
MS-2 is depressed, cutting off the self -holding of RL1 and
deactivating solenoid A+ in line 3, which causes a return to
state A-.
An electro-pneumatic system performing an B- B+ cycle with
relay memory, is shown in figure 16.3 and 16.4.
Activating switch S4 or pressing S2 will operate relay RL1
through the NO contact of limit switch MS-4.
Indicator lamp I1 will light up in parallel with the relay.
N -2300 16 -3
Activating the relay will operate the self-holding contact on line 3.

Self-holding cut off will occur when NC contact of relay RL2 breaks, upon
closure of NO limit switch MS-3 (activating RL2).
NC contact of relay RL1 activates solenoid B+ on line 5.
Upon activation of relay RL1, solenoid B+ is cut off and B- is implemented.
that should be build on the operation panel. Activating the simulation, will
demonstrate the circuit operation and the ladder diagram for the circuit
provided.
N -2300 16 -4
2. SAFETY RULES
3.1 Panel preset:
case, unit PN 2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
3.1.2 Ensure that the "fault insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel and on
the PN-2320 panel are in the "OFF" position.
3.2.1 Checking 3/2-way, solenoid spring valve SV1:
-Connect one of the outlets of the air supply to the inlet of
SV1.
-Connect the outletport of SV1 to cylinder CY1.
-Locate solenoid C+.
3.2.3 Check limit switch MS-2 and locate the NC contact terminals.
3.2.4 Check relay RL1 and locate the terminals for the NO contact
and
relay coil.
3.3 Build the control circuit shown in figures 16.1 and 16.2.
3.4 Activate the circuit:
3.4.1 Press S2 continuously and observe what happens.
3.4.2 Press S2 momentarily and observe what happens.
valve in
the air supply and there is no pressure in the pipes,
before
N -23 00 16-5
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. RL1's function in the circuit is to:
Activate indicator lamp I1.
Cause the return of the piston to A-.
Act as a memory unit and energizes A+.
Activate MS-1.
2. What is the function of the NO contact of MS-1?

Acts as an optional contact.
In order to enable self-holding.
In order to break self-holding.
Since the MS-2 NC contact was used.

5.1 Panel preset:
N -2300 16 -6
5.2.1 Checking 4/2-way, solenoid spring valve SV2:

-Connect one of the outlets of the air supply to the inlet of
SV2.
-Locate solenoid B+.
5.2.3 Check reed switch MS-3 and locate the NO contact terminals.
5.2.4 Check relay RL1 and locate the terminals for the NO and NC
contacts and relay coil.
5.2.5 Check relay RL2 and locate the terminals for the NC
contact and
relay coil.
5.3 Build the control circuit shown in figures 16.3 and 16.4.
5.4.1 Switch on S4 and observe the results.
5.4.2 Depress switch S2 momentarily and observe the results.
Make sure you switch off the power supply and close
the valve
in the air supply, there are no pressure in the pipes,
before
REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. Can continuous operation of solenoid B+ damage the valve?
Yes. This is very dangerous.
Only when pressing S2 and S4 simultaneously.
Only when pressing S4 and not S2.
No. It will not harm the solenoid.
4. Contact R1 in line 5 is NC:
Since reed switch MS-3 is depressed.
Since the indicator must be on.
To energize SV2 to B+.
Because of the self-holding effect.
N -2300 17 -1
LESSON No. 17: A PNEUMATIC ELEVATOR

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of a control circuit with two cylinders without double control.
 Design a ladder diagram for a given circuit.
 Build the control circuit according to the giv en diagrams.
 Locate malfunctions in the control circuit.
EQUIPMENT
3 Relays (two change-over contacts) RL1, RL2 and RL3 (PN-2310 panel)
N -2300 17 -2
DISCUSSION
A system for lifting products from conveyor A to conveyor B is shown in
figure 17.1.
The order of operation is: C+ A+ C- A-.

The pneumatic control circuit is shown in figure 17.2.
The electrical control circuit is shown in figure 17.3.

N -2300 17 -3
The circuit operates as follows:

Switching S4 on will activate relay RL1. The NO contact of RL1 will activate
C+ in line 6.
At the end of the "+" activation, piston C will depress limit switch MS-6, which will
activate relay RL2 for self-holding. The NO contact of relay RL2 will activate A+ in line
4.
At the end of the "+" activation, piston A will depress limit switch MS-2,
which will act ivate relay RL3. The NO contact of relay RL3 will activate C-
in line 7.
Upon returning to "-", piston C will depress limit switch MS-5 which will cut
off the self-holding of relay RL2.
Cutting off the self-holding of relay RL2 will cut off solenoid A+ (valve SV1)
in line 4, causing the spring to activate A-.
that should be build on the operation panel. Activating the simulation, will
demonstrate the circuit operation and the ladder diagram for the circuit
provided.
2. SAFETY RULES
bars.
3.1 Panel preset:
are to be connected. At the start of each test, connect the (+) or
(-) from the power supply of the workstation to the units (In this
case, unit PN-2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
N -2300 17 -4
3.2.1 Check the 3/2-way, solenoid spring valve SV1. Locate the pressure
inlet and outlet ports and vent port.
2.2 Check the 5/2-way, double solenoid valve SV3. Locate the pressure
inlet and outlet ports and vent ports.
3.2.3 Check limit switches MS-1, MS-2, MS-5 and MS-6. Locate the
NO and NC contacts terminals.
3.2.4 Check relay RL1, RL2 and RL3. Locate the terminals for the NO
contacts and the coils of relays.
3.4 Activate the circuit:
3.4.1 Switch S4 on and observe the results.
3.4.2 Activate the circuit and during the course of its operation, disconn ect
the electrical supply (don't switch S4 off). Wait and observe the results.
3.4.3 Reconnect the power supply without touching switch S4 and
observe the results.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Does the circuit have double control?
Yes. In all cases.
Only when MS-5 and MS-6 are depressed.
No. It doesn't.
Only when MS-5 and MS-2 are depressed.
N -2300 17-5
2. Piston A returns to A-, when the current is cut off because:

MS-1 is depressed.
MS-2 is depressed.
SV1 has a return spring. MS-
6 is released.
3. At rest, relay RL1 is activated by:

Switch S4.
Limit switch MS-1.
Limit switch MS-6.
Contact R2.
N -2300 18 -1
LESSON No. 18: AN ON-DELAY TIMER AND IT’S US E IN A CONTROL

CIRCUIT
LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the function of a circuit for an on-delay timer.
 Design a ladder diagram for the control circuits.
 Build the control circuits for an on-delay timer according to given diagrams.
EQUIPMENT
2 Microswitches (limit witches) MS-5 and MS-6 (PN-EB 260 panel)

1 On-delay timer T1 (PN-2320 panel)
DISCUSSION
1. DELAY TIMER
The delay timer is very similar to a regular relay in that when its coil is activated,
NC contacts open and NO contacts close.
N -2300 18 -2
The difference between them, however, is that the timer has an adjustable time delay
between activation of coil T1 and the change in the state of the contacts.
A circuit for timer activation is shown in figure 18.1.
Figure 18.1 shows an inversion system activated by an on-delay timer, where closing S4
activates the coil of timer T1.
After a given time (adjustable), the following contacts are activated:

Line 2 -NO contact closes and turns indicator lamp I1 on.
Line 3 -NC contact opens and turns indicator lamp I1 off.
Figure 18.2 shows a pulse system:
Line 1-Closing switch S4 activates the coil of timer T1.

Line 2-Contact T1 is closed and turns the indicator lamp I1 on.
After an adjustable preset interval of time, contact T1 opens and turns
indicator lamp I1 off.
N -2300 18 -3
A cylinder activating a soldering iron for plastic bags is shown in figure 18.3. The
cylinder advances, pressing the soldering iron to the bag for a given interval, before
returning to its original position.
The control circuit is shown in Figure 18.4.
1. SCREEN SIMULATION PROCEDURE – CIRCUIT 1
The simulation screen displays a simulation of the electro-pneumatic
circuit that should be build on the operation panel. Activating the
simulation, will demonstrate the circuit operation and the ladder diagram
for the circuit provided.
N -2300 18-4

4.1 Panel preset:
4.1.1 Each unit has a (+) and (-) supply line to which its components are to
be connected. At the start of each test, connect the (+) or (-) from the
power supply of the workstation to the units (In this case, unit PN 2310
to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
4.1.2 Ensure that the "faults insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel and on
4.2 Inspect the components:
4.2.1 Inspect the timer and locate the coil terminals, the NO contact terminals
and the NC contact terminals.
4.2.2 Inspect switch S4 and locate the NO contact.
4.4 Operate the system:
4.4.1 Activate the system by switching S4 and observe the results.
4.4.2 Change the delay by turning the knob on the panel, reactivate the
system and observe the results.
4.7 Operate the system:
4.7.1 Activate the circuit by closing switch S4 and observe the results.
N -2300 18-5
4.7.2 Change the delay time, reactivate the system and observe the results.
5. SAFETY RULES
6.1 Panel preset:
6.1.1 Each unit has a (+) and (-) supply line to which its components are
to be connected. At the start of each test, connect the (+) or (-) from
the power supply of the workstation to the units (In this case, unit PN
2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
6.1.2 Ensure that the "fault insertion" switches on the EB-260 panel and on
6.2 Inspect the electro-pneumatic components:
6.2.1 Check the 5/2-way double solenoid valve SV3 and locate :
-Outlet ports to the cylinder.
-Pressure inlet port.
6.2.2 Inspect the timer and locate :
-The coil terminals.
-NO contact terminals.
6.4 Operate the electro-pneumatic circuit:
6.4.1 Press push button S2 momentarily and observe what happens.
6.4.2 Press push button S2 continuously and observe happens.
6.4.3 Change the delay time, reactivate the system and observe what happens.
N -2300 18-6

Make sure you switch off the power supply, close the valve in the air supply
and there is no pressure in the pipes, before disconnecting components.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the timer different from a regular relay?
No. There's no difference.
Yes. The timer is much larger.
Yes. The timer is more like a limit switch.
Yes. The timer includes an adjustable delay.
2. The coil of timer T1 is activated by:

Indicator lamp I1.
Indicator lamp I2.
Switch S4.
Limit switch MS-1.
3. What is the difference between a pneumatic timer and an electrical timer?

There's no difference at all.
The pneumatic timer is based on pressure discharge.
The electrical timer is inaccurate.
The pneumatic timer is suitable for long delays.
4. Depressing S2 momentarily will cause:

The piston to move toward C+ and stop there for a certain amount
of time.
The piston to perform one cycle only.
Both of the above mentioned answers.
The piston to stick in the C+ position.
N -2300 19 -1
LESSON No. 19: AN OFF-DELAY TIMER

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain how a control circuit activates an off-delay timer.
 Build the electrical control circuit.
EQUIPMENT
1 Off-delay timer T2 (PN-2320 panel)
DISCUSSION
The control circuit for activating an off-delay timer is shown in figure 19.1
and operates as follows:
Line 1 - Closing switch S4 activates the coil of timer T2.
Line 2 - Timer NO contact closes and turns indicator I1 on.
Line 3 - Timer NC contact opens and turns indicator I2 off.
N -2300 19 -2
Opening switch S4 de-energizes timer T2.

After an adjustable interval, the timer contacts return to their initial
positions, turning indicator lamp I2 on and turning indicator lamp I1 off.
2.1 Panel preset:
components
are to be connected. At the start of each test, connect
the (+) or (-) from the power supply of the
workstation to the unit s (In this case, unit PN 2310 to
(+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
2.2 Check the timer T2:
2.2.1 Identify the coil terminals that are used to activate the timer.
2.2.2 Identify the NO and NC contacts.
2.4 Activate the circuit by switching on and off switch S4 and observe
what happens! Change the delay time and switch on and off S4
again. Observe the results.
N -2300 19 -3
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A domestic application for an off-delay timer is:
Operating a night light switch.
Operating a stairwell light switch.
Operating an electrical ke ttle switch.
It has no domestic application.
2. Is there a basic difference between an on-delay timer and off-delay timer?

No. Not at all.
The basic difference is when the delay occurs.
Yes. The on-delay timer is faster.
Yes. The off-delay timer has three contacts.
N -2300 20 -1
LESSON No. 20: CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH ON-AND OFF-DELAY TIMERS

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the operation of a control circuit using on- and off-delay timers.
 Design a ladder diagram for a control circuit according to a given diagram.
 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit according a given diagram.
EQUIPMENT
1 Off-delay timer T2 (PN-2320 panel)
2 Microswitches (limit switch) MS-1 and MS-2 (PN EB-260 panel)
1 Relay RL1 (PN-2310 panel)
DISCUSSION
An electro-pneumatic circuit (see in figures 20.1 and 20.2) is activated
by a single-acting cylinder .
N -2300 20 -2
In this circuit, activation of off-delay timer T2 allows an automatic

cycle to be actuated: "A+, delay, A-" several times, according to the
delay of timer T2.
The control circuit operates as follows:
Line 1 - Pressing push button S2 energizes off-delay timer T2.
Line 2 - Contact T2 closes and trough the depressed limit switch
MS-1 it energizes relay RL1, serving here as a memory element.
Line 3 - Contact R1 performs a self -holding effect through the
closed contacts of timer T1.
Line 4 - Contact R1 allows the 3/2-way valve coil A+ to be energized.
Line 5 - When the extended piston depresses limit switch MS-2,
the on-delay timer T1 is energized.
After a preset time interval, contact T1 in line 3 opens to de-
energize the valve coil, causing the piston to move A-.
This sequence continues for a preset time and then stops.
N -2300 20 -3
The simulation screen displays a simulation of the ladder diagram for
the circuit that should be built on the operation panel. Activating the
2. SAFETY RULES
2.1 Make sure you close the valve in the air supply and
there is no
pressure in the pipe, before disconnecting components.
3.1 Panel preset:
3.1.1 Each unit has a (+) and (-) supply line to which the unit
components are to be connected. At the start of each test, connect
the (+) or (-) from the power supply of the workstation to the units
(In this case, unit PN-2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
3.2.2 Check limit switches MS-1 and MS-2. Locate the NO and NC
contact terminals.
3.2.3 Check relay RL1. Locate the terminals for the NO contacts and
the coils of relays.
3.2.4 Check timers T1 and T2 and locate the terminals for the coils and
the contacts terminals.
3.3 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit is shown figures 20.1 and 20.2.
N -2300 20 -4
3.4 Operate the control circuit as follows:

3.4.1 Set timer T2 to a maximum delay and timer T1 to a minimum delay.
Press push button S2 momentarily and observe the piston movement.
3.4.2 Set the timers T2 and T1 to half of the delay. Press
push button
S2 momentarily and observe the piston movement.
3.4.3 Set timer T2 to minimum delay and timer T1 to maximum delay.
Press push button S2 momentarily and observe the piston movement.
3.4.4 Check timers T1 and T2 and locate the terminals for the coils and
the contact terminals.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Describe the operation sequence for the control circuit.
A-, delay, A+, delay, once
A+ A-, delay, A+ A-.
A+, delay, A- repeats several times.
Delay, A+, delay, A-.
2. What is the function of relay RL1?

RL1 delays the piston at A-.
RL1 provides automatic operation.
RL1 serves as a reserve relay in the circuit.
RL1 activates timer T1.
N -2300 21 -1
LESSON No. 21: CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH BUILT-IN SAFETY OPERATION

LAB OBJECTIVES
 Explain the operation of an electro-pneumatic control circuit, incorporating a built in
"two hands on" safety operation.
 Build and activate the given control cicuit.
EQUIPMENT

1 Relay (fuor change-over contacts) RL5 (PN-2130 panel)
2 Relay (two change-over contacts) RL2 and RL4 (PN-2130 panel)
DISCUSSION
The given electro-pneumatic control circuit contains a built -in safety system.
This safety system for two handed activation of a solenoid valve

SV1 with single -acting cylinder CY1.
The safety mechanism is based on a timing principle.
N -2300 21 -2
The simulation screen displays a simulation of the ladder diagram for
the circuit that should be built on the operation panel. Activating the
2. SAFETY RULES
2.1 Make sure you close the valve in the air supply and
there is no
pressure in the pipe, before disconnecting components.
N -2300 21 -3
3.1 Panel preset:
3.1.1 Each unit has a (+) and (-) supply line to which the unit
components are to be connected. At the start of each test, connect
the (+) or (-) from the power supply of the workstation to the units
(In this case, unit PN-2310 to (+) and (-), and the EB-260 panel).
and
3.2.2 Check push buttons S2 and S3. Locate the NO contacts terminals.
3.2.3 Check relays RL2, RL4 and RL5. Locate the terminals for the NO
contacts and the coils of relays.
3.2.4 Check timer T1 and locate the terminals for the coil and the NO
and NC contact terminals.
3.3 Build the electro-pneumatic circuit shown figures 21.1 and 21.2.
3.4 Operate the control circuit as follows:
3.4.1 Set timer T1 to maximum delay. Press only push button S2
momentarily and observe the piston movement.
3.4.2 Press only push button S3 momentarily and observe the piston
movement.
3.4.3 Keep pressing S2 and after a shorter interval then the maximum
setting press push button S3 and observe the piston movement.
3.4.4 Press S2 and S3 simultaneously and observe the piston movement.
3.4.5 Shorten the delay and repeat step 3.4.3.
Make sure you switch off the power supply, close the valve in the
air supply and there is no pressure in the pipes, before
N -2300 21 -4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What will happen if the interval between depressing S2 and S3 is too long?
The piston will move toward A+ and stop.
The system will hesitate before starting.
The system will not operate.
The self-holding on RL2 will not function.
2. What will happen if you disconnect line 6 from line 5 in the ladder diagram?
Timer T1 will not function.
RL2 and RL4 will lose their self-holding effect.
RL4 will lose its self-holding effect.
S3 will be disabled.
3. What is the function of relay RL2 in the control circuit?

It serves as a memory unit for RL4 and RL5.
It activates the timer T1.
It serves as a reserve for RL4 and RL5.
It activates the 3/2-way, valve coil.

PN 2300

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STUDENT MANUAL

In the interest of product improvement, circuits, components or values of

First edition printing: 1986

Lesson 21 – Circuit with built-in safety operation 20-1

LESSON No. 1: SERIES CONNECTIONS

4. USB port with led: to connect the interface to the PC.

HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 1.1 B :

HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 1.1 C :

3.2 Fill in the truth table for circuit "C".

LESSON No. 2: SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS

* A parallel connected circuit.

HERE IS THE SIMULATION FOR CIRCUIT 2.1 B :

3.2 Fill in the truth table for circuit "B".

LESSON No. 3: THE ELECTROMAGNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS

A similar solenoid is used in different applications, such as:

2.3 Operate the circuit:

LESSON No. 4: ACTIVATION OF A PNEUMATIC STAMPING PRESS

2. 3/2-WAY SOLENOID SPRING RETURN VALVE

2. Power cut-off while the piston is in the A+ positio n will cause:

LESSON No. 5: A “ONE-BY-ONE” FEED SYSTEM

2. 4/2-WAY SOLENOID SPRING RETURNED VALVE

Activation of solenoid C+ is conditional on activating S4 and S2. The

3.4 Operate the electro-pneumatic circuit:

LESSON No. 6: A CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH SERIES AND PARALLEL

To energize the C+ solenoid, S2 and S4 must be activated.

3.4.3 Switch S4 on and activate cylinder CY3 by pressing on S3 or switching S5 on.

2. If you activate S5 over a long period, the piston will:

LESSON No. 7: A SEMIAUTOMATIC ACTUATOR CIRCUIT

Simultaneously depressing both switches, S2 and S3, causes the piston C to

LESSON No. 8: USE OF A REED SWITCH AS A LIMIT SWITCH

An electrical control circuit activates the pneumatic system that controls

An indicator lamp is connected in parallel to each one of the two

3.2.2 Check the inlets and the outlets of valve SV3.

3.3.2 Press on S3 momentarily and observe what happens.

2. Solenoid B- is activated by:

3. The piston starting point is at B+, because:

LESSON No. 9: THE RELAY AS A CONTACT MULTIPLIER

2.2 Check the the relay RL5:

2. Are all electrical loads activated simultaneously or intermittently?

LESSON No. 10: THE RELAY AS AN ELECTRIC SWITCH

2.5 Disassemble the circuit:

2. How many relays may be combined in the circuit provided?

LESSON No. 11: THE RELAY AS A CONTACT INVERTER (CHANGE-

The system operation is as follows:

LESSON No. 12: SIMPLE USE OF A RELAY IN A CONTROL CIRCUIT

The electrical control circuit functions as follows:

3.4.2 Release S2 and observe what happens.

3. Is the system automatic?

2. EXERCISE PROCEDURE – CIRCUIT 1

3. SCREEN SIMULATION PROCEDURE - CIRCUIT 2

4. EXERCISE PROCEDURE - CIRCUIT 2

4.5 Disassemble the circuit:

3. Can the system be called a memory unit?

LESSON No. 14: A VIBRATING CIRCUIT (VIBRATOR)

1.1 Contact MS-5 in line 1 is depressed. Depressing S2 energizes solenoid C+.

3. Does the circuit contain a "memory"?

LESSON No. 15: AN AUTOMATIC CIRCUIT WITH INDIRECT ACTIVATION

Depressing S2 or switch S4 on will activate relay RL1 through the NO contact

LESSON No. 16: AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL CIRCUITS WITH A RELAY

In addition, R1 in line 3 energizes solenoid A+.

Activating the relay will operate the self-holding contact on line 3.

2. What is the function of the NO contact of MS-1?

4. SCREEN SIMULATION PROCEDURE - CIRCUIT 2