Dynamic Restoration of Periodic Noisy Image Using
Upper-Half Spectrum
Muthana Hamd
Computer Engineering Dept., Al Mustansirya Uni.
Baghdad, Iraq
Muth700@yahoo.com
Abstract— this paper develops a new approach of image
restoration from multi periodic noises. It utilized the property
of the conjugate symmetry in frequency domain to clean just a
half-size of image band. First, the auto detection and recovery
procedure was applied to remove or decrease the effect of the
degradation from a whole frequency domain image by locating
the spikes and replace them by zero. The procedure is adapted
to clean just a half image size, or the upper half-spectrum of
image band. The mirror property of the two dimensions
discrete Fourier transform is used to re-obtain the lower image
band, where a re-allocating conjugate symmetry procedure is
applied to refill the deleted locations by new de-noisy bands. A
comparison between the two restoration methods is made by
measuring the qualification using peak signal to noise ratio.
Saving in time and space could be satisfied by processing just
the upper-half of image band.
Keywords— 2-D DFT; periodic noise; conjugate symmetry;
mirror; spikes
I. INTRODUCTION
Periodic noise is one of the worst image degradation
models, this kind of noise has a global effect and it could not
be removed or decreased in Spatial Domain (SD). So, image
transformation from spatial domain to the Frequency
Domain (FD) is requested. The new domain features like
separablity, conjugate symmetry or mirror are applied to
restore the original (X×Y) image. The re-allocate algorithm
in [1] finds a new approach for image storing and
transmitting in FD. It processes just a half size of image
bands, so it ignores or takes-off all the X/2 +2 band in
storing state. All complex band values in the next X/2 +1 are
computed and re-filled again by calling-back the re-
allocating algorithm; this is happen when an inverse
transformation from FD to SD is demanded. The dynamic
search in [2] finds a new approach for auto detection and
recovery for two spikes in FD. The spike has the maximum
band value as it represents the periodic noise frequencies in
SD. This method is compared with the common FD filters in
[3] like Ring or Notch filter and the quality of the restored
image was more stable and relatively better. A high
resolution frequency analysis is considered in [4] for noise
reduction in periodic signals. It applies a non-harmonic
analysis (NHA) rather than DFT as a re-processing step of
978-1-4673-8743-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
Rabab Rasool
Computer Engineering Dept., Al Mustansirya Uni.
Baghdad, Iraq
rabab.rasool2@gmail.com
the noise reduction process. An adaptive Notch filter is
proposed by [5] and a comparison is made with other SD
filters like; mean and median filter. Mainly, this work
develops two important methods. First, it uses the
advantages of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) conjugate
symmetry property to take off or cancel the half-size of
image bands. Therefore, it manipulates or processes just the
upper bands. Secondly, it automatically detects the
degradation band or more precise the spike in the first
quarter of the half-size image bands. The proposed work
results were very satisfied when they have been compared
with the other relating approach performance. This paper is
organized as follows: section I is an introduction, section II
provides an idea about conjugate symmetry/mirror property
in Two Dimensions Discrete Fourier Transform (2-D DFT).
The two FD de-noisy procedures are well explained in
section III. A comparison between the two procedures, the
full-size and half-size image band is made in section IV.
Section V is a conclusion about the dynamic approach
performance.
II. CONJUGATE SYMMETRY OF THE 2-D DFT
As mentioned before, periodic noisy image has to
transform to the frequency domain, so some particular and
unwanted frequencies could be removed. That means the
periodic noise in spatial domain is converted into spikes in
frequency domain and those spikes represent the unwanted
particular frequencies. Fourier transform provides good
advantages in separating the unwanted frequencies [3]. Also,
the conjugate symmetry property could be utilized to
decrease the band processing and hence to save effort and
time. For two dimension ሺଡ଼ൈଢ଼ሻ , the image frequency
domain is the transformation from spatial domain to the
frequency domain and it could be implement in two steps.
First by applying 1-D DFT on the rows intensity function of
‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ as in Eq.(1), then apply the 1-D DFT again on the
columns of the result, see Eq. (2). Some of conjugate
symmetry property can be represented in Eq. (3) and (4),
while the mirror property map is more explained in next
section [1].
ெିଵ ேିଵ
ି௝ଶగ௨௫Ȁெ
‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ൌ  ෍ ݁ ෍ ‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݁ ି௝ଶగ௩௬Ȁே 
௫ୀ଴  ௬ୀ଴
 ெିଵ The half-size noisy image is ready now to be cleaned and
௝ଶగ௨௫
‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ൌ  ෍ ‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ݁ ି ெ  ሺͳሻ this will be explained in detail next section. After de-noising
௫ୀ଴ the first-half image bands, the role of the re-allocating
algorithm is starting now to re-fill the deleted band locations
for 2-D DFT by cleaned bands using the addressing map procedure. It is
ெିଵ ேିଵ easiest and more flexible cleaning just half-size of noisy
௨௫ ௩௬
‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ൌ  ෍ ෍  ‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݁ ି௝ଶగሺ ெ ା ே ሻ ሺʹሻ image, but the most important issue is which procedure is
௫ୀ଴ ௬ୀ଴
better in restoration the image in SD domain. So, a
 comparison is needed to demonstrate the difference between
The symmetry property could be noticed in formula 3 and 4, them.
‫ כܣ‬ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ሺെ‫ݑ‬ǡ െ‫ݒ‬ሻ݂‫ܣ݈ܽ݁ݎݎ݋‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻሺ͵ሻ B. Full-size image band de-noising procedure
‫ כܣ‬ሺെ‫ݑ‬ǡ െ‫ݒ‬ሻ ൌ  െ‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݑ‬ǡ ‫ݒ‬ሻ ݂‫ܣݕݎܽ݊݅݃ܽ݉݅ݎ݋‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻሺͶሻ The traditional FD filters like Ring or Notch are good
methods to block the unwanted frequencies manually.
But in some cases like the Ring, it will also block the
unaffected bands which eventually result on SD image.
The automatic and dynamic procedure, which is
implemented by [2] supposes two Band Selected Filter
(BSF) to block the spikes automatically. Also the
dynamic update of the BSF cut-off frequency makes the
procedure flexible in detection and restoring wide range
of periodic noise frequencies. The spikes represent a
(a) (b) maximum frequency change of periodic noise and their
movement could be controlled by changing the value of
ɘଵ and ɘଶ in (5).
Periodic Noise= •‹‡ሺȦଵ  š ൅  Ȧଶ ›ሻ ൅ †… (5)
Where,
ɘଵ ,ɘଶ : are the horizontal and vertical added noise freq.

Therefore the two BSFs are designed and implemented

(c ) (d) to filter the maximum frequencies in quarter one and
three of FD image. The shape of those two filters may
Fig. 1, (a) moon landing noisy image, (b) the upper-half be a circle or square and they have the ability to update
noisy band, (c) spike(s) cleaning and reflection in Frequency their cut-off frequencies relative to the spike spectrum or
Domain, (d) Spatial Domain image restoration ɘଵ and ɘଶ value. Fig. 2, shows the noisy FD image and
the two Band-selected filters. This cleaning method
III. AUTO DETECTION AND RECOVERY PROCEDURE provides a satisfied and competitive result comparing
The dynamic procedure that is applied in [2] for auto with traditional FD filters like; Ring or Notch filter.
detection and recovery of different periodic noise C. Half-size image band de-noising procedure
frequencies is very effective in finding the maximum
The full-size dynamic procedure could be developed
frequency spike that causes image degradation in spatial
and improved to process and restore just a half-size
domain. Fig. (1), explains the main steps of: halving the
image band. The re-allocating algorithm which is
image band, spike(s) cleaning, band reflection, and image
developed by [1] is used the 2-D DFT mirror/conjugate
restoration.
symmetry advantage to save the mirror band locations in
A. Addressing map and Re-allocating algorithms addressing map, where in this procedure the redundant
An effective procedure is designed and implemented to
utilize the conjugate/mirror symmetry property of the 2-D
DFT in Fig. 1. The role of the addressing map procedure is
to remember the conjugate band locations in the second half
image. It saves these locations as column vectors, row
vectors, or matrices. If X is even in the ሺଡ଼ൈଢ଼ሻ , the second -
half image rows will be an odd number and vice-verse if X
is odd, the second-half rows will be an even number and (a) (b) (c)
that because of the D.C row vector. It always should stays Fig. 2, (a) periodic noisy image, (b) FD image with two
undeleted in the first-half image band. After keeping tracks squares BSF, and (c) FD image with two circles BSF
of all mirror bands, noisy image could be halved and get a
new size to become ሺቀ౔ቁାଵൈଢ଼ሻ .
మ

(a) (b)
Fig. 3, (a) full-size cleaning with two BSFs, (b) half-size
cleaning with one BSF
conjugate symmetry bands, i.e., ( (X/2+2) ‫ ׊‬Y ) locations are
canceled (not replaces by zeros). That means, the new FD
image size would be ( (X/2+1 ) × Y)
Fig. 3, illustrates the difference between the full-size and
half-size FD cleaning. The aim of the half image band
cleaning procedure is to get the advantage of the two
previous procedures and to develop a new method in de-
noising just a half image band after cancelling or taking off
the lower half one. So, with a noisy image ݅݉ܽ݃݁ሺ௑ൈ௒ሻ it is
required to process and clean just ( (X/2+1) × Y) of image
bands. That means, it is required to design just one BSF with
dynamic cut-off frequencies to block the periodic noise or
spike(s) in the first quarter of image band. Then, the re-
allocating algorithm will start re-filling the lower half image
band by the cleaned conjugate symmetry bands according to
the pre-processed location map. The dynamic procedure is
well explained in the Fig. 4.
IV. RESULTS QUALIFICATION AND COMPARISON
The two procedures have been tested on different colored
images and a comparison is made using the Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio (PSNR) qualification method on the football.jpg
and green.jpg image. These two images are degraded with
multi noise frequencies then they cleaned by two methods
independently after transforming them to the FD.
The target of full-size and half-size procedures is to
remove the periodic noise frequencies from Red, Green, and
Blue image plane separately. These images are degraded
with 20 different values of periodic noise, ɘଵǡଶ = 0.1, 0.2, ..,
2.0. The dB qualification of the restored images in Fig. 5
and Fig. 6 are approximately same for two procedures. The
only difference is the small value (less than 0.005 dB) when
ɘଵǡଶ = 0.1, after that the dB curves starts to be steady state
and identical for both procedures. The appearance of the
restored images is also to be same and not only the PSNR
qualification. That means, the second cleaning procedure
satisfied the same result with half effort, where if procedure
one needs to process B bands or locations, the second
procedure will process only B/2 bands.
V. HARDWARE DESIGN VIEW
If a hardware design issue like Field Programmable Gate
Array (FPGA) takes in consideration, the design of image
F
Periodic noise frequencies (addressing map)
SD to FD
Noisy image
Transformation band ((X/2 +1)×Y)
bands (X×Y)
Image (X×Y)
Fig. 4. Auto-detection and recovery procedure for a half-size image band
filter using BSF will minimize the cost and speed up the de-
noising process.
So, if a periodic noisy image is degraded with m spike(s),
the full-size image band needs m BSF while just ࢓Τʹ BSF
is needed for the second procedure. Again, from a
complexity sight, the full-size images can still using one BSF
with many individual stopping bands. Both methods satisfy
wide difference in designing cost and complexity than Ring
or Notch filter. In Ring filter the number of rejected
frequencies equals the number of rejected pixels in frequency
domain and it can be calculated as follows:
‡ŒǤ ˆ”‡“•ሺோ௜௡௚ሻ = ring circumference × ring thickness
With Notch filter, number of rejected frequencies are:
‡ŒǤ ˆ”‡“•ሺே௢௧௖௛ሻ = (row vector + column vector) × 2
Therefore, the rejected band for each filter is,
Rej. Band = max (Rej. freq) – min (Rej. freq) + 1
Many true-value or un-affected frequencies will be blocked
using these type of filters (Ring/Notch), while the BSF in
dynamic recovery procedure tries cleaning the only noisy
frequencies and left the un-affected bands [2].
VI. CONCLUSION
An auto detection and recovery procedure for multi-
periodic noises image has been developed to perform the de-
noising and restoration operation automatically and
effectively rather than manually which other filters do like
Ring and Notch filter.
The main difference between the traditional frequency
domain filters and the band selected filter is: the BS filter
will block just the degraded bands and keep the unaffected
one with no change. This could be implemented after
running the addressing map algorithm then taking-off the
half-size of image band. The canceled locations would be re-
filled again by clean bands using the re-allocating algorithm.
The two algorithms have been evaluated using peak
signal to noise ratio qualification method. The process of
cleaning one quarter in a half size image bands will save
time and cost effectively. Moreover, saving in time and cost
will be clearer if hardware technique is considered. The
dynamic algorithm is flexible and simple to design. It detects
spikes in frequency domain automatically and replaces them
with true band values. This paper presented a new technique
of how to process just the upper half of noisy image band
and how to clean just one quarter of this upper half, also it
succeeded restoring the original image using the skills of
addressing map and reallocating algorithms.
(de-noising) re-allocating algorithm
BSF
Restored SD
Restored FD FD to SD image (X×Y)
Half size image Cleaned bands image bands
Transformation
((X/2 +1)×Y) (X×Y)
 Figure

9.21

9.2
PSNR(dB)_half_1
9.19
PSNR(dB)_full_2
PSNR (dB)

9.18

9.17

9.16

9.15
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 2
Periodic noise frequencies, ʘ

Fig. 5. PSNR qualification for football.jpg image

9.705
9.7
9.695
PSNR(dB)_half_1
9.69
PSNR(dB)_full_2
PSNR (dB)

9.685
9.68
9.675
9.67
9.665
9.66
9.655
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 2

Periodic noise frequencies, ʘ

Fig. 6. PSNR qualification for green.jpg image

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