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Septic Tank – Components and Design of Septic Tank Based on Number of Persons

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A septic tank can be defined as primary sedimentation

tank with large detention time (12 to 36hrs against a
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period of 2hrs in an ordinary sedimentation tank).

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In un-sewered rural and urban areas septic tanks are
suitable for disposal of night soil. But sufficient water
should be available as water is required for flow of the
night soil from latrine to the septic tank and for proper
functioning of the septic tank.

The size of the septic tank is so designed that the Concrete Calculator
sewage is retained in the tank for 24hrs during which – Calculate
certain biological decomposition by the action of Concrete for Slab,
anaerobic bacteria takes place which liquefies and breaks Beam, Column and
the night soil leaving small quantity of soil which is known Footings
as sludge and settles at the bottom of the tank and clear
water known as effluent flows out of the tank.

The effluent from the septic tank is usually disposed by

absorption in the soil through soak pit, if no municipal
drainage system is prevailing in the area. If municipal
drainage line exists in the area, the effluent is discharged
to the drain.

Stability of Slopes
It is to be noted that disinfection agent such as bleaching
for Excavations in
powder, phenyl etc. should not be used in cleaning
Different Soil Types
latrines as disinfectant entering the septic tank kills the
bacteria growth as a result of which rate of biological
decomposition is retarded.

Stress in Structural
Materials, Their
Types and Sign
Conventions

Fig: Working of Septic Tank

Design of Septic Tank
The capacity of septic tank depends on number of users
and interval of sludge removal. Normally sludge should
be removed every 2 years. The liquid capacity of tank is
taken as 130 liters to 70 liters per head. For small number
of users 130ltr per head is taken. What are Different
Layers in a
A septic tank is usually provided with brick wall in which
Bituminous
cement mortar [not less than 20cm (9 inch)] thick and the
Pavement?
foundation floor is of cement concrete 1:2:4. Both inside
and outside faces of the wall and top of the floor are
plastered with minimum thickness of 12mm (one-half
inch) thick cement mortar 1:3 mix.

All inside corners of septic tank are rounded. Water

proofing agent such as Impermo, Cem-seal or Accoproof
etc. is added to the mortar at the rate of 2% of the cement
weight. Water proofing agent is to be added in similar
Concrete Cover
proportion in to the concrete also for making floor of the
Specifications for
tank.
Reinforcement in
For proper convenience in collection and removal of the Different Codes
sludge, the floor of septic tank is given a slope of 1:10 to
1:20 towards the inlet side. Which means that floor of the
outlet side will be on the higher elevation than the floor at
inlet side.

Dimensions of Septic Tank

Components
i) Length, Width and Depth of How to Choose
Septic Tank Type of Pile
Foundation for
Width = 750mm(min)
Construction?
Length = 2 to 4 times width Related Articles

Depth = 1000 to 1300mm. (min below water level) + 300

to 450mm free board

Maximum depth = 1800mm + 450 mm free board

Capacity = 1 cubic meter (10 cubic feet) minimum

REQUIREMENTS
ii) Detention period OF A GOOD
Detention period of 24hrs (mostly) considered in septic BUILDING STONE
tank design. The rate of flow of effluent must be equal to
the rate of flow of influent.

iii) Inlet and outlet pipes

An elbow or T pipe of 100mm diameter is submerged to a
depth of 250-600mm below the liquid level. For outlet
pipe an elbow or T type of 100mm diameter pipe is
submerged to a depth of 200-500mm below the liquid METHODS OF
level. Pipes may be of stone ware or asbestos. EVALUATION OF
EXISTING
iv) Baffle Walls of Septic Tank BUILDINGS
For small tanks, RCC hanging type scum baffle walls are
provided in septic tanks. Baffle walls are provided near
the inlet. It is optional near the outlet.

The inlet baffle wall is placed at a distance of L/5 from the

wall, where L is the length of the wall. The baffle wall is
generally extended 150mm above to scum level and 400-
700mm below it.
Grading of Bitumen-
Different Methods of
Scum being light, generally floats at the water level in the
Bitumen Grading
tank. Thickness of the wall varies from 50mm to 100mm.
for large tanks lower portion are having holes for flow of
sludge.

v) Roofing Slab of Septic Tank

The top of the septic tank is covered with a RCC slab of
thickness of 75-100mm depending upon the size of the
Manufactured Sand
tank. Circular manholes of 500mm clear diameter are
(M-Sand) for
provided for inspection and desludging. In case of
rectangular opening clear size is kept as 600X450mm.
Concrete -
Properties and
vi) Ventilation Pipe Advantages

For outlet of foul gases and ventilation purpose cast iron

or asbestos pipe of 50-100mm diameter is provided
which should extend 2m (min) above ground level. Top of
the ventilation pipe is provided with a mosquito proof wire
mess or cowl.

SKILL SETS OF A
PROJECT
MANAGER

Fig: Sectional plan ZZ shoes the typical layout of the

septic tank. Section XX shows the Cross-Sectional detail
 of septic tank.

Example – Design of Septic

Tank for 20 Users
Liquid capacity of the tank:
@120lts per user = 0.12 X 20 =2.4cum

Take liquid depth as 1.3meter.

Therefore Floor area of the tank = 24/1.3 = 1.85m2

Taking length as 2.5times the breath

L X B=1.85

2.5B X B = 1.85

B = Sqrt(1.85/2.5) = 0.86 say 0.9m

Therefore, the dimension of the tank is 22.5 X 0.9m

Suitable Sizes of Septic Tank

Based on Number of Persons
Suitable sizes of septic tanks for use of 5, 10,15,20,50
persons are given in following table.

Liquid
Liquid Capacity
No of Length Breath
Depth to be
users L in m B in m
in m provided
in m3

1.0 1.12

5 1.5 0.75
1.05 1.18

10 2.0 0.9 1.0 1.8

 1.4 2.0

1.3 2.3

15 2.0 0.9
2.0 3.6

1.3 3.3

20 2.3 1.1
1.8 4.6

1.3 7.3

50 4.0 1.4
2.0 11.2

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