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Wireless Networks

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1671-x (012 3456789().


,- volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

On the achievable rate bounds in multi-pair massive antenna relaying


with correlated antennas
M. R. Mardani1 • S. Mohebi2 • M. Ghanbari1,3

Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract
The issue of antenna correlation in multi-pair massive antenna relay network is studied. Under the spatial correlation
properties of the channel, an analytical approximation for both upper and lower bounds using popular maximum ratio
combining/maximum ratio transmission relaying scheme is developed. This gives an insight of the system achievable rate
by exploiting channel reciprocity in the time-division duplex protocol. To this aim five special antenna correlation cases are
discussed and the corresponding overall spectral efficiency is analyzed. The performance of the scheme is compared
against the other precoding and receiver combining schemes, i.e., zero forcing and minimum-mean-squared-error pro-
cessing under the antenna correlation model. The analytical results backed up by simulations clearly quantify the impacts
of antenna correlation under various cases on user spectral efficiency.

Keywords Massive antennas  Multiuser relay communications  Spectral efficiency  Time-division duplex

1 Introduction network, besides the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), several


other profound importance factors like antenna correlation
Over the past few years, analysis of relaying nodes has model, channel estimation accuracy, downlink precoding,
been of considerable research interest. This is due to the detection and etc. [4, 5] have key roles in increasing
fact that relays are low-cost nodes which can provide high spectral efficiency of a wireless link. The authors in [6, 7]
coverage, good quality-of-service and reliability in wireless investigated the power allocation in orthogonal frequency
networks. However, the emergence of massive multiple- division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. The power
input and multiple-output (MIMO) is a remarkable and wireless backhaul bandwidth allocation by considering
achievement in the field of spectrum and energy efficiency. the energy efficiency in OFDMA hetrogenous small cell
This is because very large number of antennas coherently networks is investigated in [6]. An iterative power alloca-
will be able to deliver highly precise transmission and tion and optimal sensing time scheme in OFDMA cogni-
reception [1–3]. However in a massive MIMO relaying tive small cell is presented in [7] where they consider the
energy efficiency, imperfect spectrum sensing and cross-
tier interference mitigation. The authors of [8] present an
& S. Mohebi
s.mohebi@ut.ac.ir interference coordination mechanism in the millimeter
wave (mmWave) based ultra dense network for user
M. R. Mardani
m.mardani@ut.ac.ir association and power control. They also consider energy
harvesting at base stations.
M. Ghanbari
ghan@ut.ac.ir; ghan@essex.ac.uk To the best of authors’ knowledge, there are only a few
literature dealing with multi-pair massive antenna relay
1
School of ECE, College of Engineering, University of networks (MP-MAR) [9, 10], and the impact of channel
Tehran, Tehran, Iran correlation on these systems has received little attention. In
2
Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of the meantime, a recent work [11], shows the influence of
Tehran, Tehran, Iran antenna correlation in improving the performance of fre-
3
School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, quency-division duplex (FDD) massive MIMO systems.
University of Essex, Colchester, UK

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Wireless Networks

Along this line, this paper investigates a multi-pair time- channels under the CSI error for a two-way FD relay sys-
division duplex (TDD) massive MIMO relay network with tem has been considered in [22]. In [23] the performance of
various channel correlation cases. Through the minimum the relay network based on MRC/MRT relaying under the
mean squared error (MMSE) scheme and uplink pilots imperfect CSI is investigated. They consider a model in
exchanging, the relay uses the channel estimation and the which the CSI is imperfect in both source and destination
maximum ratio combining/maximum ratio transmission relays. By deriving a sum-rate lower bound, the perfor-
(MRC/MRT) techniques to combine and beamform the mance of the scaling law is analyzed. They have also
signals to all users. considered several network users, number of antennas, CSI
The authors of [12, 13] consider a single-pair massive quality and the transmitting powers of the relay and users.
MIMO relay network when the relay is affected by co- In the literature, authors have mainly focused on the
channel interference (CCI) and additive white Gaussian performance of MP-MAR system under various relaying
noise (AWGN). They investigate the outage probability techniques but in these works the impact of channel cor-
and ergodic capacity of the MRC/MRT, Zero-forcing/MRT relation on MP-MAR has not been investigated. Therefore,
(ZF/MRT), MMSE/MRT schemes. The authors in [14–16] this paper studies the performance of MP-MAR network,
investigate the performance of multi-user massive MIMO for the case of spatially correlated channels. The detailed
relay network with ZF detector and have derived the sum contributions are summarized as:
rate upper bound in a closed-form. In [14] they show that
– The achievable rate bounds of a MP-MAR system are
the users and the relay transmit powers can be inversely
analyzed, where K pairs of single-antenna devices are
scaled down with respect to the number of antennas under
connected together via an M-antenna relay with M K  1.
the perfect channel state information (CSI). They have also
shown in the presence of CSI error, the transmit power can – In analyzing MRC/MRT at the relay, it is shown that
only be scaled down inversely with the square root of the the rate bounds are depended on M. In particular, by
number of antennas. They have also studied the effect of increasing M, the achievable rates grow logarithmically
power scaling laws by considering the CCI, and pilot with M.
contamination in [15] and channel aging effect in [16]. The – Since spatially correlated channels are easier to
multi-pair massive MIMO relay network is considered in estimate, five scenarios are defined to get an insight
[17–23]. In [17] the authors have derived the achievable to the behavior of spectral efficiency in various channel
ergodic rate lower bound by Jensen’s inequality and have correlation models. It is shown that in a high SNR
analyzed the total spectrum and energy efficiency on a regime, the achievable spectral efficiency increases
dual-hop network. The paper in [18] investigates a one-way logarithmically with increasing channel correlation and
massive MIMO relay network that employs the ZF/ZF at low SNR regime there are not substantial differences
relay beamforming and have derived a tight bound on the in spectral efficiency. Finally, verifications of the
power scaling and the spectral efficiency under the both analytical results are backed up by simulations.
perfect and imperfect CSI. Work in [19] considers a net-
work with a single relay and investigates the power scaling 1.1 Organization
laws based on an ergodic achievable rate under the perfect
and erroneous CSI. The authors of [20] have presented a The organization of the paper is as follows. Section 2
hybrid signal processing scheme for both uplink and introduces the system description and assumptions. Sec-
downlink transmissions and have analyzed the spectral and tion 3 deals with the mathematical formulation of the
energy efficiency of a two-way relay network with a large problem and its upper and lower bounds are derived. In
number of antenna arrays and limited available radio fre- Sect 4, the numerical results to verify the validity of the
quency (RF) chain under imperfect channel estimation. A derived mathematical formulations are illustrated and
two-way Full-duplex (FD) massive MIMO relay system finally concluding remarks are given in Sect 5.
with two users, where each node has two antennas is pre-
sented in [24]. The paper analyzes some power scaling 1.2 Notations
schemes based on maximum ratio of MRC/MRT and
derives the asymptotic spectral efficiencies when the The superscripts ðÞT , ðÞH , and ðÞ1 denote the transpose,
number of relays goes to infinity. In [21] the authors extend Hermitian, and inverse, respectively. The notations EðÞ is
their previous work of [24] for a scenario when multiple the expectation operator. Furthermore, diag(A) denotes the
pairs of FD users exchange information through a FD relay. diagonal element of matrix A.
They propose different power-scaling schemes based on
MRC/MRT and zero-forcing reception/zero-forcing trans-
mission (ZFR/ZFT) ratios at the relay. The Rician fading

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2 System model b
h ¼he ð1Þ

Consider a single cell MP-MAR network as shown in where e is the estimation error matrix, which is indepen-
Fig. 1, where there are M antennas serving K pairs of dent of bh. The MMSE can be enhanced by increasing the
single-antenna sources fSi gKi¼1 and destination fDi gKi¼1 pilot length. For that matter, let B be a pilot signal with
users which (M  K). It is assumed the direct links (user- B  s. As a simple estimation, B is computed separately as
to-user links) are absent due to large path loss and/or severe MMSE estimates. By averaging and considering the pilot
shadowing and they need to be supported by a relay station. signal length, the channel estimate of h can be represented
The transmission protocol is similar to the one studied in as:
[5]. More precisely, all user equipment (UE) exchange
b
b 1X B
1X B
their data among themselves via a TDD operation. TDD h¼ hbi ¼ h  ei ð2Þ
B i¼1 B i¼1
operation divides each coherent interval into three phases:
channel estimation, multiple-access, and broadcast phases. Hence, by increasing the pilot length B the MSE goes to
Remark 1 Let Pi;k ; hi;k ; xi;k and ni denote respectively the zero as 1 / B (see Fig. 2). As it can be seen in Fig. 2, the
transmit power, channel gain, transmitted data and the benefit from increasing B is small while energy of UE has a
additive white Gaussian noise power in a time slot t for the large effect on the estimation error. Hence, it is advanta-
k th user in the ith hop (i 2 f1; 2g). geous to use one pilot signal with energy BPUE than B pilot
signals with energy PUE per signal. However, it is noted
Remark 2 Let entries hi;k;m denote the instantaneous that exploiting B that maximizes system performance has
propagation channel between the mth antenna at the relay attracted considerable research interest, but this is outside
and the kth UE in the ith hop. Furthermore, assume the the scope of the current work.
channel model hi;k ¼ ½hi;k;1 ; hi;k;2 ; . . .; hi;k;M  2 CM1
between the relay and the UE is a stochastic block-fading 2.2 Multiple-access phase
ergodic process with a fixed independent realization
hi;k  CN ð0; Rk Þ in each coherence period and Ri;k ¼ All source UEs simultaneously send their data to the relay
Efhi;k hTi;k g 2 CMM is a positive semi-definite covariance when transmission of the pilot sequence’s phase is finished.
matrix. Remark 3 For analytical tractability, it is assumed that the
relay is able to acquire perfect CSI from the uplink pilots.
2.1 Channel estimation phase
From the perspective of the source users, the transmis-
In each coherence interval, pilot sequences are transmitted sion between the UE and the relay can be considered as an
simultaneously to the relay from all UEs. Then, the chan- uplink transmission. The uplink receives the combining
nels are estimated through receiving pilots at the relay node
for all users. Let T and s be the lengths of each coherence
1
interval and the training duration (in symbols) respectively 0.35
with T [ s. Hence, the channel estimate of h ¼ 2
0.3
½h1;1 ; h1;2 ; ::::; h1;k  2 CMK using MMSE is [9]:
3
0.25
4
Pilot Length (B)

5 0.2

6
0.15

7
0.1
8
0.05
9

10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SNR [dB]

Fig. 2 Estimation error per antenna element for the MMSE estimator
Fig. 1 Multi-pairs massive relaying system as a function of the pilot length B

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Wireless Networks

matrix by G1 ¼ ½g1;1 ; g1;2 ; . . .; g1;K  2 CMK with the col-


umn g1;k being assigned to the kth UE in the first hop.
Similar consideration is assumed in the downlink precod- 3 Achievable data rate
ing matrix by G2 ¼ ½g2;1 ; g2;2 ; . . .; g2;K  2 CMK in the
second hop. In this section, the upper and lower bounds of the MP-
Remark 4 Consider MRC, ZF, and MMSE for detection at MAR system are derived. To this end, it is quantified as a
the relay which are represented by: closed-form expression for the achievable data rate of the
8 transmission in the first time-slot. Similar actions can be
>
< H; for MRC taken on the other time-slots.
H 1
G1 ¼ HðH HÞ ; for ZF By using the expressions as described in (4), (5), the
>
: H 2 1
ðHPH þ r IM Þ H; for MMSE effective end-to-end SINR (SINRe2e ) for the kth user,
according to [26–28] is defined as:
where H ¼ ½h1;k Kk¼1 ; P ¼ diagð½P1;k Kk¼1 Þ represent the
SINRe2e ¼ minðP1;k cl ; P2;k c2 Þ: ð6Þ
channels and the transmit power (in Joule/symbol)
respectively of all UEs. In the second hop, to reduce the From (6), the maximum data rate for the kth UE over time
computational complexity, we assume G2 ¼ G1 [25]. slot t is achieved when P1;k c1 ¼ P2;k c2 . Therefore, the
8 second hop power P2;k allocated to the kth UE can be
>
< H; for MRT
H 1 expressed as a function of the first hop transmission power,
G2 ¼ HðH HÞ ; for ZF
>
: H 2 1 P1;k as: P2;k ¼ cc1 P1;k . Hence the achievable data rate for the
ðHPH þ r IM Þ H; for MMSE 2

kth UE over a time slot can be expressed as:


8 0  T 2 19
  >  g1;k  >
T s < B kg1;k k h1;k  C
=
The received signal at the relay station (yr ) in a time slot Rk ¼ E log2 @1 þ P1;k  gT 2 A :
2T >
: Pk  1;k  2 ;
>
t can be written as: j¼1;j6¼k P1;j kg1;k k h1;j  þr

X
K pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð7Þ
yr ¼ P1;k gT1;k h1;k x1;k þ n1 ; ð3Þ
k¼1 3.1 Upper-bound scenario
where x1;k 2 CM1 . During channel estimation, x1;k is a
By having additional knowledge of the channel and
deterministic pilot signal, otherwise, it is a stochastic zero-
removing all interferences, an upper bound of the achiev-
mean data signal. Therefore, from [26, 27], the unity power
able data rate can be derived. Assume, in each coherence
SINR at the first hop is:
period, the pilot signals are established between the relay
 T 2 and UE with perfect channel knowledge, then an upper
 g1;k 
kg1;k k h1;k 
c1 ¼ ; ð4Þ bound to such establishment will be:
Pk  gT 2 8 0  H 2 19
 1;k  2  g1;k  >
j¼1;j6¼k P 1;j kg1;k k h 1;j  þr   >
<  h  C=
T s B kg1;k k 1;k
Rk2K  Rupper
k ¼ E log2 @1 þ P1;k A :
2
where ni  CN ð0; r Þ and h1;k denote thermal noise and the 2T >
: r 2 >
;
interference link gain between source UE and relay in the
ð8Þ
first hop over time slot t, respectively.
Through MRC/MRT processing, g1;k ¼ h1;k , so the upper
2.3 Broadcast phase bound of (8) can be written as:
8 0  2 1 9
  >
<  H  >
From the perspective of the destination users, the trans-
upper T s B P1;k h1;k h1;k  C=
mission between a relay and the UE, in the second hop, can Rk ¼ E log2 @1 þ 2 A : ð9Þ
2T >
: r kh1;k k2 > ;
be considered as a downlink transmission. Similarly, it can
be considered an uplink transmission from a source node to  2

P1;k jh1;k h1;k j
H
a relay. The unity power SINR for the second hop is given The expression log2 1 þ has a concave
r2 kh1;k k2
by:
 T 2 function structure so to find a new upper bound, the Jen-
 g2;k 
kg2;k k h2;k  sen’s inequality can be applied:
c2 ¼  gT 2 : ð5Þ
Pk  2;k  2
j¼1;j6¼k P2;j kg2;k k h2;j  þr

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Wireless Networks

8 0   2 19 X
  >  H  > P1;j
T s < P1;k 1;k  C=
 h h 1;k Bk ¼ Rj ;
B P1;k
Rupper
k ¼ E log2 @1 þ 2 A j 2 k; ð17Þ
2T >
: r kh1;k k2 > ;
j ¼ 1; j 6¼ k
  ( )!
T s XM
jh1;k;i j2 r2
 log2 1 þ E P1;k : Ck ¼ : ð18Þ
2T i¼1
r2 P1;k
ð10Þ Proof Based on the expression (13), Rlower depends on Ck ,
k

Since h1;k  CN ð0; Rk Þ, (10) can be rewritten as: for k ¼ 1; 2; . . .; K. Hence, first Ck is expressed and ana-
! lyzed as follows:
  X
T s M
1 8P 2 29
Rkupper
¼ log2 1 þ ; ð11Þ > j 2 K; P1;j jhH
1;j Fk j þ r >
2T A >
> >
>
i¼1 i >
> >
>
< =
j ¼ 1; j 6¼ k
where: Ck ¼ E
>
> P1;k jhH
1;k Fk j
2 >
>
>
> >
>
r2 1 >
: >
;
Ai ¼ : ;
P1;k rii 8 9
>
> >
>
where r11 ; . . .; rMM are the diagonal elements of Rk . In >
> >
>
>
> >
>
< X P1;j jhH 2 =
particular, in the case of spatially uncorrelated channel 1;j Fk j r2
¼E þ
covariance matrix such h1;k  CN ð0; r2h IM Þ, the achievable > P1;k jhH 2
P1;k jhH 2>
>
> j 2 K; 1;k Fk j 1;k Fk j >
>
rate can be written as: >
> >
>
>
: >
;
    j ¼ 1; j 6¼ k
T s M r2
Rupper
k ¼ log2 1 þ : : ð12Þ 8  9
2T P1;k r2h >
<  H h1;k 2 > =
X P1;j  h 1;j kh1;k k
¼ :E  2
P1;k > :hH h1;k  > ;
3.2 Lower-bound scenario j 2 K; 1;k kh1;k k

j ¼ 1; j 6¼ k
The lower bound for Rk using [10] will be: 8 9
  >
< >
=
T s r2 1
Rk Rlower
k ¼ log2 ð1 þ ½Ck 1 Þ; ð13Þ þ :E  2 ;
2T P1;k > :hH h1;k  > ;
1;k kh1;k k
where
ð19Þ
1
Ck ¼ Ef½ck ðFk Þ g; ð14Þ
Such that,
8 2 9 8 H 29 8
and jh1;j h1;k j >  9
< hH
> h1;k  >
 = >
< = < hH h1;k 2 =
2 1;j kh1;k k kh1;k k 2
 1;j 
P1;k jhH
1;k Fk j E  2 ¼ E ¼E   :
ck ðFk Þ ¼ P : > 
:hH h1;k  ;  > > 2
:jh1;k h1;k j ;
H > : kh1;k k  ;
2
2
j 2 k; P1;j jhH 2
1;k Fk j þ r kFk k ð15Þ 1;k kh1;k k 2
kh1;k k

j ¼ 1; j 6¼ k ð20Þ

This paper considers MRC/MRT, since it is the most h


popular method for large-scale MIMO systems. Therefore, By utilizing complex Gaussian vectors statistical prop-
we set Fk ¼ h1;k . erty [11], then:
8  9 8 2 9 ( )
Lemma 1 An approximation for the achievable rate for < hH h1;k 2 = <hH h1;k  =
 1;j   1;j  1
Ck is given by E   ¼E  jh1;k  E ;
    :kh1;k k2  ; : kh1;k k  ; kh1;k k2
T s diagðRk Þ
Rlower
k ¼ log2 1 þ ; ð16Þ
2T Bk þ C k ð21Þ

where: hH
1;j h1;k
where kh1;k k jh1;k  CN ð0; Rj Þ. With Wishart matrix prop-
erties [29], it becomes:

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Wireless Networks

( )
1 1 Case-1 Spatially uncorrelated antennas scenario with
E ¼ ; ð22Þ lr ¼ 0 (Equivalent to R ¼ I).
kh1;k k2 diagðRk Þ
Case-2 Exponential correlation scenario with
\45
and finally, it changes to lr ¼ 0:7 .
8  9 Case-3 One-ring model of scatters around the UE with
<hH h1;k 2 = Rj 20 degrees of angular spread.
 1;j 
E   ¼ : ð23Þ Case-4 One-ring model of scatters around the UE with
: kh1;k k  ; diagðRk Þ
10 degrees of angular spread.
In the same way: Case-5 Fully spatially correlated scenario with lr ¼ 1.
8 9 Note that in the exponential correlation model a higher
>
< >
=
1 1 spatial correlation can be achieved when the coefficient lr
E  2 ¼ : ð24Þ approaches to 1 and by decreasing the angular spread in the
:hH h1;k  >
> ; diagðRk Þ
1;k kh1;k k one-ring model.
The relative estimation error per channel element in
Substituting (23) and (24) into (21) an approximation for MSE
Ck will be: without interference case, MSErel ¼ trðRÞ , is shown in Fig. 3
for the mentioned channel covariance models. The main
X P1;j Rj r2
Ck ¼  þ : observation in Fig. 3 is that the choice of antenna corre-
P1;k diagðRk Þ P1;k diagðRk Þ ð25Þ lation model has a larger impact on the estimation accuracy
j 2 K;
as higher correlation leads to smaller error. At a low SNR
j ¼ 1; j 6¼ k
(i.e. 10 dB), the channel correlation has a large impact on
the estimation error per antenna so that in the fully corre-
lated case it provides the highest performance in the error
4 Numerical illustrations estimation. However, the differences between the channel
covariance models vanish asymptotically with increasing
In this section, the validity of the lower and upper bounds SNR, since as the SNR grows larger, the effect of noise can
of the achievable rate in the MP-MAR system which had be mitigated.
been derived mathematically earlier in the previous section A more practical scenario is considered next, where
are justified through simulations. Five states of channel devices are uniformly distributed in the perimeter of a
covariance matrices are looked at to analyze how the sys- circle. The channels between each UE and relay follow the
tem behaves versus various correlated channels. To this following path-loss equation:
end, consider an exponential correlation model with ½Ri;j ¼ PLu;r ðdÞ½dB ¼ 103:8 þ 20:9 logðdÞ þ Lsu þ 10 logð.Þ;
ljijj
r and correlation factor lr , which the ði; jÞth element of it ð27Þ
is:
0 1 where d is the link distance in kilometer, Lsu is log-normal
1 lr l2r l3r  lM1
r
B l C random fading channel and is represented by an exponen-
B r 1 lr l2r  lM2
r C tial variable for modeling shadow fading, respectively; . is
B 2 C
B  lM3 C
R ¼ B lr lr 1 lr r C the power gain of Rayleigh distributed random variable.
B . .. C
B .
@ . ... ..
. ... ..
.
C
. A
The results are obtained by averaging over 100 runs of the
simulation scenarios i.e., various device locations and link
lM1
r lM2
r lM3
r lM4
r  1
gains.
ð26Þ Figure 4 considers a spatially uncorrelated scenario with
Where R is the channel covariance matrix. The correlation R ¼ I for SNRs of 20 dB and 0 dB. It can be seen, in low
SNRs regime, the difference between upper and lower
factor is a complex number that can be expressed as jlr j\lr .
bounds of the achievable data rate is small while there is a
The absolute value 0  jlr j  1 which determines the spread
considerable difference between them at high SNRs. The
eigenvalue of the correlation matrix R, is in fact the adja-
actual achievable rate lies somewhere between the two
cent antennas correlation coefficient. From the perspective
bounds at the corresponding SNR extremes. So according
of the array, the angle of arrival/departure given by phase
to the results, the actual achievable rate at the high SNRs is
\lr determines the corresponding eigenvectors. Consider
more sensitive to conditions such as the quality of the CSI
various spatially correlated channels with the following
while at low SNRs the corresponding gap is tight and the
characteristics:
achievable data rate has no more chance to get higher value
by optimizing the rate. Hence, it can be said high SNR

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Wireless Networks

100 6
Relative Estimation Error per Antenna
SNR= 20 dB

Spectral Efficiency [bit/s/Hz]


10−1 4

10−2 2
SNR= 0 dB

Uncorrelated model: Case−1


1 Modest correlated model: Case−2
Uncorrelated model: Case−1
Modest correlated model: Case−2 One−Ring, 20 degrees: Case−3
Fully correlated model: Case−5 One−Ring, 10 degrees: Case−4
10−3 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Average SNR [dB] Number of Relay Antennas (M)

Fig. 3 The relative estimation error per channel element for three Fig. 5 Spectral efficiency versus number of relay antenna under
channel covariance models at M ¼ 50 different various correlation cases

regime is more attractive for the MP-MAR system which


matches with the results of Fig. 3 where high SNR leads to users under the antenna correlation cases. The sum spectral
close-to-perfect channel estimation. efficiencies under the first four cases are comparable at a
Figure 5 considers the same scenario as in Fig. 3 at two small K (low inter-user interference) and large K (large
SNRs (0 and 20 dB) extremes. The results show the channel estimation overhead). However, when
spectral efficiency behavior under various channel covari- K ¼ 20  180, the impact of antenna correlation clearly is
ance models. It can be seen the choice of covariance model visible. With increasing the number of pairs, the uncorre-
has a larger impact on the spectral efficiency at high SNR lated case significantly outperforms other cases. Further-
regime. In particular, the higher correlation in channel more, when the correlation factor is increased, the sum
covariances leads to lower performances while in contrast, spectral efficiency reduces. Interestingly, regardless of the
they give the lowest channel estimation errors (see Fig. 3). number of pairs, the fully spatially correlated case gives the
However, there is no substantial differences between the least spectral efficiency.
channel covariance models at low SNR regime (i.e. 0 dB). For the benchmark, in Fig. 7, we also investigated the
Now consider the various antenna correlation cases at performance of the MMSE/MMSE, ZF/ZF relay beam-
the relay. Figure 6 compares the performance of the MP- forming which outperform the MRC/MRT significantly
MAR for MRC/MRT processing with various number of under the uncorrelated antenna case versus different

100
8
Case 1
90 Case 2
Sum Spectral Efficiency [bit/s/Hz]

7 Case 3
80
Rate Area : SNR=20 dB Case 4
Achievable Rate [bit/s/Hz]

6 Case 5
70

5 60

50
4 Rate Area : SNR=0 dB
40
3
30

2 20

10
1
Upper Bounds
Lower Bounds 0
0 50 100 150 200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 Number of device pairs (K)
Number of Relay Station Antennas (M)
Fig. 6 Sum spectral efficiency versus the number of pairs for: SNR =
Fig. 4 Achievable data rate bounds versus number of relay antenna 5 dB, M ¼ 1000, T ¼ 400 and s ¼ 2 K

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Wireless Networks

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21. Zhang, Z., et al. (2016). Spectral and Energy efficiency of mul- S. Mohebi is currently working
tipair two-way full-duplex relay systems with massive MIMO. as a Data Scientist in a research
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 34(4), group on Deep learning and
848–863. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2016.2544458. Natural Language Proccessing.
22. Sun, X., et al. (2016). Multi-pair two-way massive MIMO AF He received the B.Sc. degree in
full-duplex relaying with imperfect CSI over ricean fading Information Technology from
channels. IEEE Access, 4, 4933–4945. https://doi.org/10.1109/ Institute for Advanced Studies
ACCESS.2016.2595590. in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,
23. Wang, Q., & Jing, Y. (2017). Performance analysis and scaling and the M.Sc. degree in Health
law of MRC/MRT relaying with CSI error in multi-pair massive Information Technology from
MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communica- the University of Tehran, Teh-
tions, 16(9), 5882–5896. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2017. ran, Iran. His current research
2717399. interests include Internet of
24. Zhang, Z., et al. (2015). On capacity of two-way massive MIMO Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor
full-duplex relay systems. In 2015 IEEE international conference Networks (WSN), Deep learn-
on communications (ICC). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2015. ing, Big data, Natural Language Proccessing.
7249003.
25. Bjrnson, E., et al. (2015). Optimal design of energy-efficient M. Ghanbari is currently with
multi-user MIMO systems: Is massive MIMO the answer? IEEE the School of Electrical and
Transactions on Wireless Communications, 14(6), 3059–3075. Computer Engineering, Univer-
https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2015.2400437. sity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. He
26. Mardani, M.R., et al. (2017) Delay-sensitive resource allocation is also an Emeritus professor at
for relay-aided M2M communication over LTE-advanced net- the School of Computer Science
works. In 2017 IEEE symposium on computers and communi- and Electronic Engineering,
cations (ISCC). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCC.2017.8024661. University of Essex specializing
27. Hasan, M., Hossain, E., & Kim, D. I. (2014). Resource allocation in the areas of Video Network-
under channel uncertainties for relay-aided device-to-device ing. He received the B.Sc.
communication underlaying LTE-A cellular networks. IEEE degree in Electrical Engineering
Transactions on Wireless Communications, 13(4), 2322–2338. from Sharif University of
https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2014.031314.131651. Technology, Tehran, Iran, in
28. Bjornson, E., Matthaiou, M., & Debbah, M. (2013). A new look 1970, and the M.Sc. degree in
at dual-hop re- laying: Performance limits with hardware telecommunications and the
impairments. In IEEE Trans- actions on communications. https:// Ph.D. degree in Electronics from the University of Essex, Colchester,
doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2013.100913.130282. U.K. in 1976 and 1979 respectively. He is best known for his
29. Tulino, Antonia M., Verdú, Sergio, et al. (2004). Random matrix pioneering work on two-layer video coding, now known as SNR
theory and wireless communications. Foundations and TrendsÒ scalability in the standard video codecs. He became Fellow of IEEE
in Communications and Information Theory, 1(1), 1–182. in 2001 and Life Fellow of IEEE in 2014. He has authored or
coauthored more than 700 journal and conference papers. He is the
coauthor of the book Principles of Performance Engineering (IET
M. R. Mardani received the B.Sc. Press, 1997) and the author of the books Video Coding: An Intro-
degree in electrical engineering duction to Standard Codecs (IET Press, 1999) and Standard Codecs:
from Zanjan University, Zanjan, Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding (IET Press, 2003,
Iran, and the M.Sc. degree in 2011). He has registered for 13 international patents on various
telecommunications from the aspects of video networking. Professor Ghanbari was an Associate
University of Tehran, Tehran, Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA from 1998
Iran. His current research inter- to 2004. He received the 2000 Best Book Award from the Institution
ests include network 5G of Electrical Engineers (IEE). He was the corecipient of the A.
resource allocation and conges- H. Reeves Prize for the best paper published in the Proceedings of the
tion control, Internet of things, IEE on the theme of digital coding for 1995.
signal processing and machin
learning.

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