AUTHOR AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report is written by Mr. Haseeb-ur-Rehman (2014-civ-21) who is the Under-Graduate students
of Civil Engineering course at University of Engineering And Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. He will
graduate from U.E.T in 2018.This report is a part of his course. Special to thanks Engineer Tanveer
Ahmed for his invaluable guidance for this report.

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 ABSTRACT:

This report includes a brief discussion on the design of an efficient sewer system of an housing
society .This report can help reader to understand the proper methodology of preparing the
design of Sewer Design of the housing society. It will impart the reader with practical design
knowledge & skills.It will also help the reader to develop engineering knowledge in a multi-
disciplinary context significantly and permanently and will help them to progress in in an ever-
changing marketplace .In this way it can be concluded that it is a complete & comprehensive
report in all manner.

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Contents
Introduction to society:.......................................................................................................................5
Brief Description Of Housing Scheme: ...................................................................................................... 5
Coordinates: .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Important Salient Features: ...................................................................................................................... 6
Facilities constructed in future: ................................................................................................................ 6
Project Features ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Climate: ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Annual Rainfall: ......................................................................................................................................... 6
History of sewer system: .....................................................................................................................7
Brief history of Sewer system: .................................................................................................................. 7
Importance of Sewerage system:.........................................................................................................8
Benefits of Sewerage system ...............................................................................................................8
Objectives of Sewerage system: ..........................................................................................................9
Related Theory ................................................................................................................................. 10
Design Flow considerations: ............................................................................................................. 16
Average sewage flow: ............................................................................................................................. 16
Design Equation: ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Minimum (Self Cleansing) Velocity: ........................................................................................................ 16
Maximum velocity:.................................................................................................................................. 17
Minimum Sewer Size: ............................................................................................................................. 17
Minimum Cover of Sewer: ...................................................................................................................... 17
Direction of Sewer Line: .......................................................................................................................... 17
Actual Design of Sewer ................................................................................................................... 19
Size of Sewer ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Slope of Sewer ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Invert Level.............................................................................................................................................. 19
Existing Data and Field Surveys of Site .............................................................................................. 20
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:........................................................................................................................... 21
Actual Plan of Bahria Town Phase 6, Rawalpindi: .............................................................................. 22
Design Calculations: ......................................................................................................................... 22

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DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM OF
BAHRIA TOWN, PHASE 6
RAWALPINDI

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 Introduction to society:

Brief Description Of Housing Scheme:

The name of the scheme is “Bahria Town Phase -6,Rawalpindi”

Bahria Town(Phase -6), Rawalpindi is a gated upper class neighborhood located within the Rawalpindi
District; it is part of the Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area. It has a population of about 100,000
people and is developed by the Bahria Town Group. The town is separated into two compounds,
spreading on each side of the Grand Trunk Road. Prior to its development in late-1990s, the land was
owned mainly communal.

The scheme consists of 325 plots of different sizes e.g. 5 Marla’s, 10 Marla’s and 1 Kanal. The estimated
population of the society is 2810 persons.

Coordinates:
The coordinates for this housing society are

 latitude 33.495895
 longitude 73.105629

Satellite Image of Bahria Town Phase -6:

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Important Salient Features:
In this housing society following important salient features are provided.

 Meadows
 Dispensary
 Park
 Treatment Plant
 Plots
 Monument
 Apartments
 Graveyard

Facilities constructed in future:

Following are the facilities that are planned to be constructed in the future :

 Mall of Islamabad
 Bahria Golf City
 Safari Villas

Project Features
 24/7 Security & Maintenance

 Car parking

 Well maintained Entrance Foyer & Lobbies

 Household waste removal

 Common area cleaning

Climate:
Rawalpindi features a humid subtropical climate with long and hot summers, a monsoon and short, mild
and wet winters. Temperature ranges from 30˚C to 45˚C in summer, while in winter season the
temperature fall up to 0˚C. Due to hot condition in summer the water consumption is very high and in
winter water consumption is low.

Annual Rainfall:
The average annual rainfall in this region is estimated to be 941 mm.

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 History of sewer system:

Brief history of Sewer system:

Water supply and sanitation has been a primary logistical challenge since the dawn of civilization. Where
water resources or infrastructure or sanitation systems are insufficient for the population, people fall prey
to disease, dehydration, and in extreme cases, death.

Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh surface water was plentiful, such as
near rivers or natural springs. Throughout history, people have devised systems to make getting water into
their communities and households, and disposing (and later also treating) wastewater more convenient.

The historical focus of sewage treatment was on the conveyance of raw sewage to a natural body of
water, e.g. a river or ocean, where it would be satisfactorily diluted and dissipated. Early human
habitations were often built next to water sources. Rivers would often double as a crude form of natural
sewage disposal.

Most of these early sewers received significant amounts of draft animal dung in street runoff, but the
handling of human waste varied with location. Over the millennia, technology has dramatically increased
the distances across which water can be relocated, but the availability of clean and fresh water remains a
limiting factor on the size and density of population centers and is expected to remain so into the
foreseeable future.

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 Importance of Sewerage system:

 One of the fundamental principles of sanitation of the community is to remove all decomposable
matter, solid waste, liquid or gaseous away from the premises of dwellings as fast as possible
after it is produced, to a safe place , without causing any nuisance and dispose it in a suitable
manner so as to make it permanently harmless.
 The sewage system has a very important role in our lives as it protects both out health and the
environment.
 The sewage system is used to collect this water and to clean it before returning it to the
environment
 The existence of a coherent sewage system influences the quality of the environment and thus of
life.

Benefits of Sewerage system

Some of the benefits and advantages of the sewerage system are as follows:

 Upgrading the quality of life

The quality of life and the hygienic conditions in the areas where the system operates have already
improved. The operation of the sewerage system has relieved these areas to a great extent from previous
problems that were caused by the continuous emptying of cesspools. In the past, hotels and blocks of
apartments were required to empty and maintain septic tanks and soak ways. The sewerage system
provides a healthier and more appropriate way to manage liquid wastes.

 Preserving the natural environment

Previously, all sewage waste was discharged in septic tanks , resulting in the pollution of the ground
water of the areas where such waste was discharged. Polluted waters then ended in the sea and caused
various risks and other environmental problems. With the operation of the sewerage system no more
pollution of ground water is effected and the discharge of sewage waste in the area outside Lemesos has
significantly been reduced. In the past, all sewage waste was discharged at “Vati” creating thus a serious
environmental problem in the area . Sewage waste discharged at Vati has been reduced by approximately
60%. Moreover, the wastewater treatment plant produces by-products such as treated bio solids and
methane. Treated sludge is used as a soil-improving substance mainly for tree cultivations whilst methane
is being used for electricity generation, covering part of the power, required to operate the plant.

 Saving and processing waters

Water is a substantial natural resource for our country and it should be managed in the best possible
manner. The tertiary treated effluent at the wastewater treatment plant is reused for agricultural and other
purposes. On completion of the project, the amount of water to be saved is expected to exceed 10 million
cubic meters per year. Today around 4 million cubic metres of water are reused per annum.

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  Saving of money

It is estimated that the operation of Phase A of the system helps to save over an approximate of 3.5
million Euro per year otherwise spent on the discharge of Greater Limassol waste water at “Vati” area. In
the long term, the central sewerage system will cause big savings to be made regarding the construction
and maintenance of private smaller cesspools.

 Economic development and tourism

The most significant advantage of the system is maintaining sustainable development, the protection of
the environment and improvement of the quality of life in our town, with a further impact on the
development of tourism and the economy in general.

 Flooding incidences

The construction of main storm water drainage systems reduces the social and financial consequences
resulting from the direct damage on properties caused by flooding, or even destruction of basic
infrastructure such as roads, pavements and underground cables. It also reduces any indirect damage
caused by traffic congestion and minimizes pedestrian difficulties.

 Standard of living

As a result of the above, the sewerage system contributes to further development and increase of the
standard of living of the town of Limassol inhabitants. Considering all the above advantages, there is no
doubt that if we all cooperate, ourselves and our children will enjoy a better quality of life in the years to
come and that we will secure a better environment to the forthcoming generations.

Objectives of Sewerage system:

The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow sewage and industrial effluents to be
disposed of without danger to human health or damage to the environment

Most pathogens found in water infect people through the fecal-oral route, meaning that one person who is
infected with a pathogen spreads that pathogen to others by contaminating food or water via their nether
regions (Improper handwashing mostly). With that in mind, sewage is host to plethora of microbes and
pathogens and you don’t to be surrounds with it. The solution? Sewers! Sewers separate people and their
excrement mostly to protect our health. Storm sewers (a part of a sewage system) are separate from the
sewer mains that carry waste and instead carry excess rain water to keep roads from flooding.

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 Related Theory

Sewage:

It is the Liquid Waste or Wastewater produced as a result of water use.

Sewer:

It is a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes place under gravity

Sewerage:

Sewerage is the system of collection of wastewater and conveying it to the point of disposal with or
without treatment

Sources of waste water

Following are the principal sources of waste water design of Sewer System

 Domestic
 Industrial
 Storm water

Domestic:

It is the waste water from houses, offices, other buildings, hotels and institutions. Design of Sewer
System

Industrial:

It is the liquid waste from the industrial places from their different industrial processes like dying, paper
matting, tanneries, chemical industries, etc. Design of Sewer System

Storm Water:

It includes surface runoff generated from rainfall and the street wash. Design of Sewer System

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Types of Sewer Systems:

Separate System:

If storm water is carried separately from domestic and industrial wastewater the system is called as
separate system.

Separate systems are favored when

 There is an immediate need for collection of the sanitary sewage but not for storm water.
 When sanitary sewage needs treatment but the storm water does not.

Combined System:

It is the system in which the sewers carry both sanitary and storm water, combined system is favored
when

 Combined sewage can be disposed off without treatment

 Both sanitary and storm water need treatment
 Streets are narrow and two separate sewer cannot be laid

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Partially Combined System

If some portion of storm or surface run-off is allowed to be carried along with sanitary sewage the system
is known as partially combined system.(In Urban area of developing countries, mostly partially combined
system is employed as it is economical)

In Pakistan we use this system.

Types of sewer

Sanitary Sewer:

It carries sanitary sewage like waste from municipalities including domestic and industrial waste-water

Storm Sewer:

It carries storm sewage including surface runoff and street wash

Combined Sewer:

It carries domestic, industrial and storm Sewage

House Sewer:

It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system of a building to common municipal system

Lateral Sewer:

This sewer carries discharge from houses sewer

Sub-main:

This sewer receives discharge from two or more laterals

Main/Trunk Sewer:

Receives discharge from two or more sub-mains

Outfall Sewer:

It receives discharge from all collecting system and conveys it to the point of final disposal

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13
Sewage flow:

It is flow derived from the sanitary and industrial sewage that is the raw water from these industries and
houses, so it means it has direct relation with the amount of water consumed.

Generally 80 to 90 % of the water consumption is taken as sewage or waste water flow.

Peaking Factor:

HERMAN FORMULA: is used to estimate the ratio of max. to avg. flow

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥

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M= 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥/ 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔. =
4+√𝑃

Where,

P = Pop. In 1000

M = Peak Factor

Infiltration

It is amount of water that enters into the sewers through poor joints, cracked pipes, walls and covers of
manholes. Design of Sewer System

 It is nonexistent during dry weather but increases during rainy season.

 Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses the following infiltration rates for the design
of sewer system.

Sewer Diameter Infiltration

225 mm to 600 mm 5 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

> 600 mm 10 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

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Sewer Profile :
The vertical curve annotations and elevation with respect to datum for a sewer is known as
sewer profile.

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 Design Flow considerations:

Average sewage flow:

First of all calculate the average sewage flow on the basis of water consumption and the population at the
end of the design period. i.e at the full development of the area. Then the design flow for sanitary sewer
and partially combined sewers can by calculated by using the following formulae. Design of Sewer
System

 For Sanitary Sewer

Qdesign= Peak sewage flow + infiltration

 For partially combined sewer (WASA Criteria)

Qdesign = 2xPeak sewage flow + infiltration

Design Equation:
Manning’s Equation is used for sewers flowing under gravity Design of Sewer System

Where
V = Velocity of flow in m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth (A/P) = D/4 when pipe is flowing full or half full
S = Slope of the sewer
n = Coefficient of roughness for pipes

Minimum (Self Cleansing) Velocity:

Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent the settlement of solid matter in the
sewer. Self Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non settlement of suspended matter
in the sewer. Design of Sewer System

The following minimum velocities are generally employed

 Sanitary sewer = 0.6 m/sec

 Storm sewer = 1.0 m/sec

 Partially combined sewer = 0.7 m/sec

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Maximum velocity:

The maximum velocities in the sewer pipes should not exceed more than 2.4 m/sec. This max velocity in
the sewer should not exceed this limit of 2.4 m/sec. It is to avoid the excessive sewer abrasion and also to
avoid steep slopes. Design of Sewer System

Minimum Sewer Size:

225mm is taken as the minimum sewer size. The reason being that, the choking does not take place even
with the bigger size particles, which are usually thrown into the sewer through manholes.

Minimum Cover of Sewer:

1m is taken as the minimum cover over the sewers to avoid damage from live loads coming on the sewer.

Spacing of Manhole (WASA, Criteria)

For (Sewer Size) 225mm to 380mm spacing not more than 100m

For (Sewer Size) 460mm to 760mm spacing not more than 120m

For (Sewer Size) greater than 760mm spacing not more than 150m

Direction of Sewer Line:

Sewer should flow, as for as possible the Natural Slope. Design of Sewer System

Design Period of Sewerage System:

Period of design is indefinite. The system is designed to take care for the maximum development of the
area. But we take design period of 20 years for our sewer system.

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Q d/Q f Ratio :

Q d= Design Flow

Q f= Flow when sewer is flowing full

Inorder to provide air space in the upper portion of sewers for ventilation purposes WASA recommend to
maintain the following ratios for sanitary sewer

Sewer Size

225-375 mm Ratio 0.7

450-1200mm Ratio 0.75

1350mm or larger Ratio 0.8

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 Actual Design of Sewer

Size of Sewer
Use the following relation to find the diameter of sewer
Qf = A x V

Slope of Sewer
Select the minimum velocity value and use the Manning’s formula

Invert Level
The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as Invert Level at that Cross-
section. Design of Sewer System

Invert Level = NGSL/Road Level – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer – Dia. of Sewer

𝐋𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐈.𝐋=𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓𝑰.𝑳−(𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝑿𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒇𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆)

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 Existing Data and Field Surveys of Site

Topography :

Rawalpindi falls in the Salt range and Potohar plateau. The terrain surrounding the city is rolling to hilly,
criss-crossed by ravines running out from these hills. The highest areas are found in the northwestern and
southeastern parts (1,043 and 660 m high above sea level, respectively). The terrain of Rawalpindi
gradually falls off toward Lai Nullah in the west and the Kurang River in the east. Lai Nullah enters the
city from the southwest and joins the Soan River in the southern side .Close to Soan River our site(Bahria
Town Phase -6) is located for which sewers are being laid.

Geology and Soils :

The area in and around Rawalpindi has a complex geological history of mountain formation, alluvial-
loessic depositions, and erosion cycles. In the west of the Potohar Uplands, the main depositions of loess
are from the Pleistocene period. Streams and ravines cut the loess plain, affected by gully erosion and
steep slopes. Such land is unsuitable for cultivation. The area is composed of sandstone and limestone.
There is an extensive area with exposed bedrock and fragmentary, thin soil formations

Important minerals:

like limestone, marble, and fire clay are found in the area. Limestone is found abundantly in the Margala
Hills and marble in the western section of Margala Range. Limestone is common in the low hills in
Rawalpindi tehsil, and deposits can also be found in the Kankar Plains

The geotechnical investigations:

conducted under an additional study for the proposed sewage treatment plant site, revealed that the
topsoil cover is formed by sandy silt in medium dense form, with varying degrees of clay content and a
thickness of 1.5 m. Silty, sandy gravel in a medium-dense to dense conditions exists below the topsoil
cover of sandy silt, extending to 6 the explored depth of 3.0m to 5.0 m below NSL. Permeability tests
performed at the site indicated that the coefficient of permeability ranged from 1.4x10-5 cm/sec to
3.15x10-4 cm/sec in silty sand gravel. In sandy silt the coefficient of permeability was 2.36x10-5 cm/sec.
Low values indicate the presence of excessive silt content in the substrata.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project is based on the design of Partially combined sewerage system of a community. I have
designed the sewage system along with the hydraulic statement and the required drawings plus some
extra drawings. The main project objectives are

 improving living conditions and quality of life of the people of area by improving the water
supply and sanitation facilities, solid waste management, wastewater treatment.
 environmental sanitation

Design considerations taken for this project:

 Partially combined system is designed for this society

 Minimum velocity is taken as 0.7 m/sec
 Maximum velocity should not exceed by 2.4m/sec
 Minimum diameter provided for sewer pipes is 225 mm
 Number of persons serves per plot is 10
 Thickness of the sewer provided (dia)’/12 +1)
 Manning’s Coefficient of roughness is taken as 0.013
 Average discharge = 0.8*(total population*(300+R)
 Natural ground level of the site is taken equal to 100+R

Where R= Roll no. (in my case is 21)

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Actual Plan of Bahria Town Phase 6, Rawalpindi:

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