Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
Population, was 68.6 million persons. Of this number, 5.4 percent or 3.7 million persons
were senior citizens or individuals aged 60 years and over, of which 1.7 million (46.6
percent) were males and 2.0 million (53.4 percent) were females. These figures translate
into a sex ratio of 87 males age 60 years and over for every 100 females in the same age
group. The predominance of females among senior citizens reflects the fact that women,
in general, live longer than men. By comparison, the males in the national population in
1995 comprised 50.4 percent, which implies a sex ratio of 101.6 males for every 100
females
Old age is a time of life feared by many. However, the anticipation appears to be
worse than the event itself. In a recent survey, for every three people who found life over
It is not unusual to find people who are their eighties and nineties doing the same
thing as well as a decade or two younger, though perhaps a bit more slowly. Too often
the sick and institutionalized are seen as the norm of old age. While it is true the risk of
disease and disability increase with age, it is not necessarily incapacitating too many.
As we grow older and become senior citizens we tend to slow down our
productivity and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we contemplate
our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a
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successful life. If we see our life as unproductive, or feel that we did not accomplish our
life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to
Growing older is not a puzzle, nor does it take a detective to figure out that it
happens to all of us. You can grow older happily; aging will not cause the fragrance of
life to pass you by. Theories proffered by most analysts are that within reason you are
perfectly capable of functioning as you like if you have a good sense and enough
Lualhati ng Maynila is a home for the aged who are picked up from streets and
are placed in a government-run home either because their families cannot be located or
refuse to take them in. Administered by the Department of Social Welfare of the Manila
City government, it is located within the 23-hectare Boys Town compound in Parang,
Marikina. It consist of about 300 elderly, usually ages 60’s and 80’s of aged. The
institution provides the elderly services such health care, basic need, food and clothing,
counseling, and spiritual guide. Given that institution is a government own. Financial aid
for elderly is not fully enough for all 300 them. The institution mostly received helped
Our goal in conducting this research study is to learn the process of aging and
assist them looking forward to the process with a certain amount of pleasure. We think
seeing their self might be fun again if they don’t think of life as something which has
The researchers choose this topic because they wanted to be aware for carrying
elderly patients not just physically but also in the emotional level by understanding the
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psychosocial crisis that they undergo is the key for applications of our responsibility as a
nurses. Social support is a major factor that affects their developmental stage being aware
of this social support would help us plan and implement our care.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theories related to social support are both divergent and overlapping. The convoy
theory of social support describes three layers of support protection: the innermost layer
or most intimate and important social support providers, the second layer that includes
important, but less intimate, social support providers, and the outer layer that is close
Activity theory proposes that social activity and involvement with others results
emotional adjustment to the aging process (Lee, 1985). Activity theory presumes that
changes in social involvement are imposed by society. For example, mandated retirement
ages often isolate elders from work related social contacts. Additionally, fixed incomes
imposed by retirement often limit the ability to engage in certain social activities.
aging, and is a normal part of the aging process that is independent of other aging
phenomena (such as debility), and is mutually beneficial for both the individual and
society (Lee, 1985). Elders often disengage as a means of cushioning themselves from
the inevitable grief due to loss of peers from illness and death (Lee). Additionally, elder
3
disengagement makes room for younger individuals entering the work force or seeking
leadership positions.
The study was conducted to find out the developmental stage in terms of integrity vs.
despair of elderly aged 60-85 years old and the correlation of level of satisfaction of their
social support in Lualhati ng Maynila, Parang Marikina. Specifically, the study will seek
3 Is there a relationship between Level of Social support and the psychosocial task of
elderly?
This study will demonstrate the complete utilization of the researchers to interact
with elderly, to identify and react what is being observed on the social behaviors showed
Elderly will be assisted in looking forward in this process with a certain amount
of pleasure by encouraging them to socialize instead of staying in one place and isolating
themselves.
Student nurses will be able to benefit from this study because they will be able to
understand the psychosocial crisis of the elderly. This research would guide in handling
geriatrics patients. Student nurses can use this study as references for their research.
4
Clinical Instructors will give importance of this research not just for information
purposes but it will also serve as their reference for their teaching module to their
students.
Institution would benefit from this research in improving their care for their
clients. They will be able to understanding emotional state of the elderly and their social
issues. they can provide more activities that can improve the social function of the old
age.
Adults next developmental stage is old age, they are expected to prepare for this
stage. To help them acquire integrity and prevent state of despair that will give them
This is much relevant since aging cannot be avoided and everybody has to
experience it. This study is pertinent to the young adult for them to have a background
about elderly and also for the caregivers to have an extra knowledge on how to render
care depending on the specific need of their client. And also the researcher itself may
benefit on this study through knowing proper ways and action to render care for the
Although this study will be focusing more on the social function of elderly, the
end result can also be largely applied to all ages regardless of their condition.
The main focus of the researcher was on identification of the specific dynamic of
elderly for particular cohort of the sample which looked also into their lifestyle, their
outlook in life; their compliance behavior in getting older the survey was able to come up
with 100 samples of respondents age 60-85 in Lualhati ng Maynila Parang Marikina.
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This study is not discussing in a most intensive manner; the contents are limited
in the sense that it deals only on the developmental stage in terms of psychosocial aspect
of their life. What is written here will satisfy the requirements of the research course of
course the subjects will directly mention the most important things that is helpful and
protect privacy the data that will be collected in this study will only be use once in this
research only.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:
1. Ha. There is significance between the level of satisfaction of elderly and the
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Developmental Theory - The doctrine that animals and plants possess the
higher state of organization, and that all the higher forms of life
from lower forms, and are not the result of special creative acts
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Psychosocial - Involving aspects of social and psychological behavior:
Elderly - Being past middle age and approaching old age; rather old. Relating
Social Support- Is the physical and emotional comfort given to us by our family,
friends, co-workers and others. It is knowing that we are part of a community of people
who love and care for us, and value and think well of us. Social support is a way of
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CHAPTER II
The researchers compiled related literature that would provide general picture of
the topic. It includes facts, idea and views regarding the pertinent variables gleaned from
books, research journals, and scholarly publication perused by the researcher. The related
studies are derived from master’s thesis, dissertation and abstracts in reference sources.
RELATED LITERATURE
FOREIGN STUDIES
whom we can rely, people who let us know that they care about, value, and love us,
social support. When social support, in the form of an attachment figure, is available
early in life, Bowlby believes children become self-reliant, learn to function as support
for others, and have decreased likelihood of psychopathology in later life. Bowlby has
also concluded that the availability of social support bolsters the capacity to withstand
of social support. Other academic theoretic definitions add that the recipient should have
a perception of someone caring for them and a resultant sense of well-being (Hupcey,
1998). Hupcey enumerated the factors required for social support as follows: (a) the act
of providing a resource, (b) the recipient having a sense of being cared for or a sense of
well-being, (c) the act having an implied positive outcome, (d) the existence of a
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relationship between the provider and the recipient, (e) support not given from or to an
organization, the community, or a professional, and (f) support that does not have a
cases of critically ill, incoherent recipients, in cases of negative outcomes in which either
the recipient or provider perceive the support actions as positive, in support given from or
In order for social support to yield maximum life satisfaction benefits, it must
include the ingredient of reciprocity (Lee, 1985). Reciprocity involves mutual sharing or
giving and helps to sustain self-worth. In fact, Hess and Soldo (1985) reported that
involving several hundred subjects, that was concerned with the assessment of social
support. These pilot investigations dealt with such issues as item development, reliability,
and psychometric characteristics. Sixty-one items were written to sample the great variety
of situations in which social support might be important to people. These items were
administered to college students who were asked to list for each item all of the
individuals who provided them with support in the situation described. The subjects also
rated their level of satisfaction with the support received. Items that showed low
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correlations with the other items were eliminated. In addition to preliminary item
analyses, pilot investigations were conducted to explore possible scoring methods for
availability of support. Among the methods investigated were computing the number of
supportive people listed within each category of relationship (e.g . immediate family,
supportive persons, and counting the total number of different individuals listed
availability or amount of support were generally high (most had correlations greater than
70). Because the simplest procedure was a count of supportive persons, the availability
index selected was the number of persons listed divided by the number of items.
to personality development and adult behavior patterns, there is also evidence of the
detrimental effects of lack of support in adults. De Araujoan and associates (De Araujo,
Dudley, & Van Arsedel,1972; De Araujo, Van Ardel, Holmes, & Dudley,1973) reported
that asthmatic patients with good social supports required lower levels of medication to
produce clinical improvement than did asthmatics with poor social supports. There is
much evidence that medical and surgical patients benefit from attention and expressions
of friendliness by physicians and nurses (Auerbach & Kilmann, 1977). Nuckolls, Cassel,
military community. These authors studied two factors of special interest: recent stressful
life events and psychosocial assets, a major component of which was defined as the
availability of social supports. Neither life changes nor psychosocial assets alone
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correlated significantly with complications of pregnancy. However, women high in life
changes and low in psychosocial assets had many more birth complications than any
other group. Sosa, Kennell, Klaus, Robertson, and Urrutia (1980) found that the presence
Eaton (1978) reported that the occurrence of stressful life events is associated
with more psychiatric disorder among those living alone or unmarried than those living
with others or married. Andrews, Tennant, Hewson, and Schonell (1978) found that the
combination of recent stressful life events, low level of social support, and adverse
There is evidence that depressives tend to report the lack of availability of supportive
others (Winefield, 1979). Henderson (1980) concluded that a deficiency in social bonds
social support: intimacy, social integration, nurturance, worth, alliance, and guidance.
Convenient operationalization of these dimensions has not yet occurred. Kelly, Muñoz,
significant part in maintaining the psychological and physical integrity of the individual
over time. For Caplan, a social network provides a person with “psychosocial supplies”
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Theories of Social Support
Theories related to social support are both divergent and overlapping. The convoy
theory of social support describes three layers of support protection: the innermost layer
or most intimate and important social support providers, the second layer that includes
important, but less intimate, social support providers, and the outer layer that is close
Activity theory proposes that social activity and involvement with others results
emotional adjustment to the aging process (Lee, 1985). Activity theory presumes that
changes in social involvement are imposed by society. For example, mandated retirement
ages often isolate elders from work related social contacts. Additionally, fixed incomes
imposed by retirement often limit the ability to engage in certain social activities.
aging, and is a normal part of the aging process that is independent of other aging
phenomena (such as debility), and is mutually beneficial for both the individual and
society (Lee, 1985). Elders often disengage as a means of cushioning themselves from
the inevitable grief due to loss of peers from illness and death (Lee). Additionally, eldery
disengagement makes room for younger individuals entering the work force or seeking
leadership positions.
resources upon those with greater resources resulting in a social power disparity (Lee,
12
1985). This dynamic may offer an explanation as to why elders frequently prefer peer
relationships that are more likely to offer equality rather than cross-generational
relationships.
For the purposes of this study, Hupcey’s (1998) delimited definition of social
support was used. Additionally, all of the aforementioned social support theories were
environment. Due to the limitations of the study, resident perceptions of relationships and
from observations. Therefore, it is difficult to truly know whether observed isolation was
described by the Disengagement theory. Additionally, the Exchange theory can be used
to explain the limited benefits that might be gained through resident-staff interactions.
Erikson (1959) believed that people face eight major crises, which he labeled
psychosocial stages, during the course of their life. Each crisis emerge at a distinct time
dictated by biological maturation and the social demands that people experience at
particular points in life. Each crisis must be resolved successfully to prepare for a
satisfactory resolution of the next life crisis. Erikson believed people experience a
conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts
quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the
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• This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life.
• Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted
and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness
and despair.
• Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity.
Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general
feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting
death.
(Harlak 2001) Despair has its roots in separation from those who provide needed
and desired interpersonal intimacy, and then etiologic factor must be related either to the
have experienced past losses, and the livelihood of the future losses high compensatory
behavior in finding new sources of caring and contact maybe limited. One of the most
potent factor in producing profound loneliness and despair, particularly among the elderly
is the death of the mate, sibling child, housemate, or dear friend. Each loss deprives the
person of a source of caring and of a support system. Being unable to turn the person who
is genuinely caring and interested in time of need has been found to be a definite factor in
producing despair. Loss of siblings tends to produce greater despair than the loss of a
child. However, it is difficult to generalize because it is the nature of the relationship and
(Salkinel 2004) If the quality of the relationship was good, it often meets
the major portion of the older person’s needs to give and receive caring. Even
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the pattern for activities and demands of daily living. Thus, the loss represents a
major gap into survivors’ pattern of daily living as well as loss of source of
human intimacy. Despair tends to occur or increases at particular times of the day,
or week, or years. Of elderly subjects viewed about their experiences with despair
and loneliness. 45% were most lonely at a certain time of the year. Evenings,
Sundays, and Christmas were most consistently mentioned the elderly offered
several reasons for being desperate and lonely. Most reasons involved changing
relationships.
Women are found to be more socially isolated and lonely than men. Other persons who
live alone were reported in one study to be four times more likely to be desperate than
those who live with others. Moving from an adequate to an inadequate income brings
greater risk of despair and loneliness and does a pattern of being easily bored. Chronic
dictionary suggests many synonyms as “familiar, close, very dear, confidential, home
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Repetition – I t is a repetition of a previous experiences and a
encounter.
relationship, even though it can be the best one can do. This concept gives a rationale for
Despair, the experience of deprivation of desired and needed human intimacy, can affect
elderly in at least two major directions. It causes personal suffering in the loss or absence
of someone it care for and from who caring can be received. Second, failure to have the
foundation of love means that energy must be directed to meeting thins more basic need
or coping with the deficit rather than in accomplishing the development task of the later
years.
relationships fail to satisfy to recipient, there is a qualitative deficit. Thus an older person
may be acutely lonely and desperate in the midst of a family gathering or with others who
Deprivation may also have a quantitative dimension. Contacts, when they occur,
may be lost satisfying, but may be so infrequent as to cause long periods of despair.
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When both elements of deprivation-quantitative and qualitative are present, the older
There is an element of time in despair- the past, the present, and the future. The
flashback phenomenon when recall of earlier despair at times causes anew the signs and
retirement and holidays are times of high risk of despair generated by recall, particularly
for individuals who have been married and have had children or close relations with
family.
Fear of future despair and loneliness produces threat and anxiety. Illness in a
cherished person, attending funerals of friend’s mates and relatives, and reading the
obituaries can trigger anxiety over future losses and attendant despair and loneliness.
How many individuals attend a funeral and weep, not for the loss of the deceased person,
but for the thought of their own potential losses? The mere fact of aging brings all
realistically closer to death and threats of separation. With reduced sources and
Since everyone needs some degree of human intimacy, all are vulnerable. Thus,
loneliness. Encounters with acutely lonely people, either directly or vicariously through
books, poetry, drama, music, movies, or television can create anxiety as the awareness of
personal vulnerability occurs. Widows can affect to the fact that they are not as genuinely
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welcome in social gatherings with their married friends as they were when they were
wives, even though these same people obviously still came for them
persons or even knowing of their despair is an inhibiting force in bringing relief. Persons
encounters in order to avoid being swept up themselves other persons despair. They may
keep busy with other things, behave in neutral or professional manner, maintain physical
distances (avoiding touch or eye contact), or carry on hearty superficial conversation that
only mimics caring and blocks deeper contact. Beyond this superficial charade, people
may decrease or avoid all together personal contact. Even phone calls may be fewer. It is
does not help much to the desperate person deal with these problems.
Because of its threatening and alienating feature, despair and loneliness may
evoke to talk about it during the episode or even afterwards. Sullivan (1953) indicated
that despair is so dreaded and painful that is avoided, distinguish, or goes unnoticed.
Therefore, are might predict that the direct complains of despair and loneliness are in
inverse relationship to the suffering being experience- the greater the suffering, the more
obscure and distinguished the complains. It takes astute observation of subtle cues to the
problem. The same relationship holds a true for the family on a desperate persons and
health professionals all may deny a person a person’s despair in order to protect
themselves from the pain of the victim or to avoid appearing to be calloused toward a
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Psychosocial Task Development Inventory Questionnaire
Hamachek, Ph.D., Michigan State University. These inventory sheets are adaptation of
Integrity versus Despair is used for Elderly. It is used to assess an elderly psychosocial
task between Integrity and Despair. It’s also provides information that will help you find
strengths and weaknesses of elderly that will help them in their personal, emotional
Dr. Don Hamachek in Michigan, USA to assess Elderly in Nursing homes and even those
Thompson MG, Heller K (1990) discussed in his book Psychology Vol 5 about
Faces of support related to well-being: Quantitative social isolation and perceived family
support in a sample of elderly women. The purpose of his study was to examine the
perceived social support with mental and physical health measures from responses of a
measured as the co-occurrence of low network embeddedness with family and with
friends. There was a threshold effect such that quantitatively isolated participants had
poorer psychological well-being and functional health than did no isolated participants.
This effect was independent of perceived support levels. The pattern was different for
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perceived social support. Elderly women with low perceived family support had poorer
embeddedness.
(1988) entitled Structural characteristics of social networks and their relationship with
social support in the elderly: Who provides support? The analyses presented here
examine relationships between structural characteristics of social networks and two types
individuals aged 65 and older. For each type of support, two dimensions are examined (1)
the availability of such support and (2) the perceived adequacy of that support.
Regression models, adjusting for age, sex, race and income show that structural
characteristic such as total network size, number of face-to-face contacts and number of
proximal ties are associated with greater availability of both instrumental and emotional
support. The perceived adequacy of both types of support is most strongly related to the
number of monthly face-to-face contacts. Comparisons of specific types of ties show that
neither ones' spouse nor ones' children are primary sources of support. Rather the
emotional support; the presence of a spouse is not. And, while ties with children are most
strongly related to aspects of instrumental support, ties with close friends and relatives
interactions show that for those without a spouse, confidants assume greater importance
in providing emotional support. For those without children, ties with close friends and
20
relatives assume a larger role relative to the perceived adequacy of both emotional and
instrumental support.
depression among older adults living alone: the importance of friends within and outside
University, Long Beach The study examined the extent to which social support from
friends both within and outside of a retirement community was associated with
depression. Although levels of social support from friends within the retirement
maintaining friendship ties with people living elsewhere and of strengthening friendship
of Turku, Finland about Social contacts and their relationship to loneliness among aged
TE, Pitkälä (2006) KH: Emotional loneliness and social isolation are major problems in
old age. These concepts are interrelated and often used interchangeably, but few studies
have investigated them simultaneously thus trying to clarify their relationships. data were
number of friends, frequency of contacts with children, grandchildren and friends, the
The main results shows more than one third of the respondents (39.4%) suffered from
21
loneliness. Feeling of loneliness was not associated with the frequency of contacts with
children and friends but rather with expectations and satisfaction of these contacts. The
most powerful predictors of loneliness were living alone, depression, experienced poor
Findings support the view that emotional loneliness is a separate concept from social
isolation. This has implications for practice. Interventions aiming at relieving loneliness
should be focused on enabling an individual to reflect her own expectations and inner
feelings of loneliness.
According to Cutrona, Carolyn; Russell, Dan; Rose, Jayne, (1986) Mar 1986, 47-
54 entitled Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly by they examined the
prospective effects of stress and social support on the physical and mental health of 50
60–88 yr olds, who were assessed twice over a 6-mo period. Instruments included the
UCLA Loneliness Scale; Self-Rating Depression Scale; and measures of physical health,
social support, and stressful life events. Social support was a significant predictor of
physical health status, whereas mental health was related to the stress by social support
interaction. Results are consistent with the buffering hypothesis, in that high levels of
social support reduced the negative impact of stress on mental health. Ss who were in
better mental health at the initial assessment experienced fewer stressful events and
higher levels of social support over the subsequent 6-mo period, whereas physical health
was directly influenced by social provisions that were related to feeling valued by others.
22
getting the Man Number (N) and satisfaction (S) and was computed for each of the
SSQ’s 20 items and for the entire scale. Interitem correlations and reliability indexes
were also computed. The SSQ seems to have a number of desirable psychometric
properties. It was found to have (a) stability over a 4-week period of time and (b) high
internal consistency among items. The modest correlation of .34 between SSQ-N and
SSQ-S provides a strong basis for analyzing social support into its components.
Certainly, if social support were a unitary concept, the SSQ-N/SSQ-S correlation should
have been higher. The perceived availability of support, reflected by the SSQ-N score,
and the satisfaction with the support that is available, reflected by the SSQ-S score, each
Some of the cited studies have a similarity on the use of the respondents which
are the elderly people. It also used the same research design cited above and used the
The correlational variable used in the cited studies is different in proving the
social support manifested by the elderly. Some studies correlate social support to other
variable. While this research correlational variable, is developmental stage: Integrity vs.
Despair.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods of research, respondents of the study, data
gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, statistical treatment of data. This will
METHODS OF RESEARCH
social function of elderly. This survey target population is 100 random male and female
elderly age 60-85 years old in the institution of Lualhati ng Maynila, Parang Marikina.
The sampling technique used is questionnaires. It is the best way to collect data of
the research.
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DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
The instrument presented in this research is the product of a series of studies, the
researcher will use to questionnaires. The Psychosocial Task Development Inventory and
Hamachek, Ph.D., Michigan State University. These inventory sheets are adaptation of
information that will help you find your strengths and weaknesses that help in your
scale options specifically Agreement Scale which consists of 5 options such as Strongly
Agree, Agree, Moderate Agree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. The rating scale of
Agree, 3.6 – 4.5 is Agree, 2.6 – 3.5 is moderately Agree, 1.6 – 2.5 is Disagree and 1.0
-1.5 is Strongly Disagree. Rating of integrity is within 2.6 – 5 while Despair is within 1.0
- 2.6.
assessment of social support. The subjects rated their level of satisfaction with the
support they received. The level of satisfaction of Social Support Questionnaire that
25
4.5 is Agree, 2.6 – 3.5 is moderately Agree, 1.6 – 2.5 is Disagree and 1.0 -1.5 is
Strongly Disagree.
The researchers will ask permission to conduct the study by a request letter to
psychosocial development and social function. Upon approval the researchers will
schedule the date of the survey which is conducted in Lualhati ng Maynila. Before letting
the respondents answer the survey. We would orient them the purpose of our visit and the
contents of the questionnaire. We would also assure to them that all the answers will be
confidential for their own privacy. The 100 random respondents aged 60-85 yrs. Old will
instrument will be conducted for 3 days. After all questionnaires has been fill up by our
100 respondents. We would tabulate the results of gathered data for statistical
Analysis of Variance
1. The variance of elderly integrity and elderly in despair are independent samples
difference is the T-Test. Let d be the mean value of the difference d, between x
and y, where x and y are paired observations from samples taken from two normal
dependent populations with means µ1 and µ2 and standard deviations σ1 and σ2,
26
respectively. For n pairs of observations, the values of d will have a t distribution
t=
Where:
= Number of Observation
27
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