Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Smarn Srisukh
MASTER OF SCIENCE
19 7 6
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
SIGNED:
T. R. REHM Date
Professor of
Chemical Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Page
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
CHAPTER
t. .INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. EQUIPMENT D E S I G N ........... 59
Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Column Design . . . . . . . . . . 66
Flash Drum Design . .......... 69
Compressor Design .......... 69
Power Recovery Turbine Design . . . . . •. . 71
Ammonia Converter D e s i g n ...........i . . 73
iv
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued
Figure Page
Table Page
viii
ABSTRACT
BTU gas as feed stock. The high BTU gas is more feasible.
flow rate and heat load, equipments are sized. The cost
INTRODUCTION
1
deposit of sodium nitrate was discovered in Chile, and this
lowing reactions:
CaO + 3C =-CaC2 + CO
This process was an expensive one because the power and coke
1909 by Haber and Nernst, and was based on the 1901 experi
the process, but the capacity per plant was still on the
order of 100 tons per day. However, during this period, the
gas is then preheated and mixed with steam, then the mixture
Pur ge
Go*
a m m o n ia
AMMO NIA COMPRESS
SYNTHESIS
CONDENS -IO N
REACTOR
-O R UNIT
n h 3'
Desulfurizafion
Steam Reforming
and three (19). The mixture is then fed to the primary re
CH4 + H 20 -— ^ C O + 3H2 ( 1 . 1)
CO + H 20 ■— CO2 + H 2 ( 1 . 6)
CO + H 2— " ^ c + H 2Q (1.9)
of the first seven and any one of the last four reactions
sive. The precious metals Pt, Pd, I r , Rh, Ru are more active
than nickel on a weight basis (6), but their cost per unit
Shift Conversion
shift and low temperature gas shift. The high temperature gas
CO + H 20 — ^ C02 + H 2 (1.12)
(1.14)
Final Purification
(1.15)
14
2NH40H + C02— -- ^(NH4)2C03 + H 20 (1.16)
Allgood (3).
Methanation is catalytic conversion of hydrogen and
3H2 + CO ^ C H 4 + H 20 (1.17)
Phillips (34).
15
Cryogenic scrubbing operating at 80-90 degrees K
Compression
in small capacity plants, i.e., those below 600 tons per day,
Ammonia Synthesis
unit. '• -
Purge
Ammonia
Recycle Gas Cond ensor
Liquid Ammonia
Hansen (30).
Nielsen (28), Bridger and Chin Chen (6), Nielsen et al. (30),
Brill (8), and Carra (10).
02
HEAVY
OIL CO SHIFT
PO GAS GAS LIQ U ID N?
CONVERSION
GENERATOR SCRUBBING SCRUBBING
STEAM (CoMo CAT)
NH3
>
Figure 3. Ammonia process based on partial oxidation
(cryogenic process).
Table 1. Typical analysis of synthesis gas produced from
various feed stocks by partial oxidation.
46.2 51.7
H2
CO 46.9 41.8
/
CO.
HIGH
PO GAS GA S GAS
TEMP.
GENERATOR SCRUBBING CO SHI FT SCRUBBING
Tai l Go s
CARBON LIQUID N S Y N GA S
SCRUBBING COMPRESS
NH
RECOVERY
-IO N SYNTHESIS
nh.
ammonia synthesis.
STEAM
PURGE
NH
HEAT REC.
AIR A IR CO SH IFT
SEPARATION C ATALYTIC
REFORMING
COAL
GASIFIERS CRUDE GAS PR EWASH A N D LIQ U ID
WASHING SHIFT RECTISOL NITROGEN
STEAM GEN CONVERSION TREATMENT SCRUBBING
STEAM
CAS NAPHTHA
SYN GAS
GAS UQ U O R
COMPRESSION
TR EATM ENT
NH3 SYNTHESIS
O IL . PHENOLS. ETC. N H3
STEAM
TAIL GASES
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT
United States has started from 1954 when the Supreme Court
such as heavy fuel oil and coal (38) . Since the energy crisis,
28
' 29
availability of coal gasification technology. In 1975, the )
coal in that ar e a .
process.
and oxygen are fed to the gasifier; however, air can be used
then fed to the shift converter. The product from the shift
heating value of gas. The 1000 BTU per SCF pipe line gas is
is called "low BTU g a s ." If oxygen is used, the raw gas has
"high BTU g a s ." In the following study, the high BTU gas
and low BTU gas will refer to the meaning given in the early
classification of high BTU gas and low BTU gas are different
-T IO N
GASIFIER
450 psl
Higher HC CO,
As h
PUR IF 1C A
-T IO N
HjO
Composition,, mol%
Component
Low BTU High BTU
h 2. 19.6 20.1
CO 13.3 9.2
GO 2 13.3 14.7
H2 0 10.1 50.2
ch 4 5.5 4.7
COS 0.1 -
N2 37.5 -
(Dry Basis)
BTU/SCF
33
The hydrogen content can be increased by using a steam re
GO + H 20 — H 2 * C0 2 (2.2)
used with the hydrogen in high BTU gas to achieve the neces
ammonia production. )
34
ponents from the process gas drawn from the exit gas of the
rough mass balance is made for both options under the fol
lowing assumptions.
. CH 4 + H 2 0 — ^ C O + 3H 2
version is:
CO + h 2o — ^co2 + h2
f Purge
CO OH
3
CO. co2 FINAL COMPRESSION
REMOVAL PURIFICATION r
1
AMMONIA
SYNTHESIS
N,
NH.
GO
in
CO CO, CH
From
DESULPHUR FINAL COMPRESSI
CO Shift CO
IZATION PURIFICAT ON
Conversion
REMOVAL ION
in Lurgi
Process
Purge
NH^.
w
cr>
First, the mass balance is done on both alternatives. From
flow rate and load of each unit, the cost estimation is made
the steam reformer, which has a high capital cost and high
Borgars and Campbell (5), with the result for 806°F and
38
25 atm being shown in Table 3 on a molar basis. This gas
27.38
H 2
CO 1.99 ‘
CH 4 4.70
co2 22.40
H 2S 0.43
h 2o 43.10
carbonate solution is activated by certain additives which
equation 2.4:
2KHS — ^ K 2S .+ H 2S (2.4)
used are methanol wash and the Purisol Process. The methanol
gen and nitrogen are also removed with the methane and
CO 2 60 ppm 0.03
CO 5.8 5.8
H2 80.3 80.3
CH 4 13.8 13.8
44
only method that is able to remove both carbon monoxide and
methanation is used with the exit gas from this unit consist
LIQUID COMPRESS
NITROGEN
RECTISOL WASH -ION
Raw Gas
AMMONIA
NH SYNTHESIS
2 (1 )
CATACARP LIQUID
co2 NITROGEN
Raw G WASH
REMOVAL
COMPRESS
AMMONIA
NH SYNTHESIS -ION
make the capital cost of the Rectisol option less than the
fixed. Then, the heat and mass balance is done for the heat
recovery unit, which recovers heat from raw gas stream from
yzz
Ammonia Synthesis
A///j
32C
then, the heat load of the Rectisol unit heat exchanger and
grees F.
son is made on a cost and power basis, the 140 atm pressure
gas from the air separation plant to cool the ammonia con
densor . The result of the heat and mass balances are shown
N,
MeOH
n h 4
Total l b mole 2 7 , 1 9 3 . 1 1 27,193.1 15,514.88 1 5, 480. 15, 4 80 . 11,678.23 319,444.4
T °F 860 362 100 -1.75 -50 100 80
P Atm. *25 24 23 12 11 22
2
T7 ° k 3 6 4 . 06 364.06 157.59 155 155 647.3 647.3
Pc Atm. 116.72 116.72 4 0. 3 4 3 9. 6 39. 5 8 218.2 2 18 . 2
M. W. 19.61 19.61 29.63 20.8 2 0. 8 2 18.0 18.0
W lb /h r 533,354. 5 33 ,35 4 323,146. 322,384. 3 2 2 , 39 4 . 210,208.1 5 . 7 5 x 1 0 fc
r lb/ft* .5 08 6 0 . 78 3 7 7 1.68 0.754 0.773 57.14 62. 2 2
V ft'/h r 1.05x106 6.8x10"* 1.923x10" 4 . 2 7 5 x 1 0 5 4 . 17x105 3 . 6 7 9 x i 0 3 O.PSxIO4
H BTU/lb 1021. 58 816.6 . 4 02 . 59 3 84 . 5 3 52 . 8 dOO 100
Table 5. Stock table. -- Continued.
H,
CO
c h 4
CO, 2,565.9 3,048.74 5,435.63 1,403.6 100. 8 682. 746 4,264.5
H, S 108.37 108.4
HP
N, 852.9
McOH 4 2. 9 4 42.94 50.4 50.4 50.4
n h 4 '
T o t a l l b mole 2 . 4 0 8 . 9 3.091.68 5.594.4 1.562.4 151.2 682.74 6 5.117.4
T °F -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50
P Atm. 3 11 11 3 11 3 3
’ c h 4 1,280.46
CO, 1.411.2 4.264.50 1 . 4 1 1. 2
HjS
HjO
N, 4.032.0 852,9 4.032.0 852,9 4.032.0 4.884.9
MeOH
n h 4
T o t a l lb mole 3.2 5117,4 5.443,2 852.9 4032.0 4.884.9 9.269.4
T °F -50 -10 -10 -50 -50 -50 -50
P Atm. 3 1 1 3 3 3 11
Tc °K 172. 3 274.5 172.3 126.2 126.2 126.2 49.93
Pc Atm. 43.68 66.23 43.68 3 3. 5 ' 33. 5 3 3. 5 18.75
M . W. 3 2. 144 41.328 ' 32.144 28.0
28.0 28.0 5.45
W lb /h r 1.75x105 2 . llx lO 5 1 . 75 x 10 5 2.39x10* 1 . 13x105 1 .3 5.05x10*
f lb /ft4 0.329 0.128 0.0998 0 . 10 45 0.1045 0 . 10 4 5 0.198
V f t 1/ h r 5.3x10^ 1 . 1 8 x1 0 ^ 1. 75x 10^ 2 . 2 8 x 1 0 b 1.08x10° 1.3x10° 2.55x10*
H BTU/lb 212.5 3 10 . 8 5 223.3 3 18 . 6 318.6 318.6 6 25 . 89
Table 5. Stock table. -- Continued.
HjS
HP
H, 2,410.9 2410.9 2,410.9
Me OH
n h 4
T o t a l l b mole 9 , 2 6 9 . 4 9,269.4 9,269.4 8 ..‘1 3 1 .1 8 3,146,35 3.146,35 3.146.35
T °F -50 3 7. 2 -100 - 29 0 -300 -280 -325
P Atm. 11 '• 24 ' 24 22 22 21 8
HjS
HP
N, 7.611,2'] 7.614.09 7.614.09 7.614.09 7.611.24 • 2.85 2 . 85
Me OH
NH, 463.6 5,374.65 5,374.65 5,374.65 463. 63 4,911.02 4,911.02 ,
Total l b mole 30,908.5 35,831.0 35,831.01 3 5, 8 3 1 . 0 1 30,908.57 4,924.44 4,924.44
H, 10.57
CO
• ch4
CO, ••
HjS
H jP
N, 35,7 14.2 ! 35,714.28 35,714.28
MeOH
nh4 6 . 63 5 4904. 385
T o t a l l b mole 20.055 35,714.2! 3 5 , 7 1 4 . 2 8 3 5 , 7 1 4 . 2 8 4 904.385
T °F 0 -298 120 206 0
P Atm. 4 3 2 1 4
rc °k 249.6 126.2 126.2 126.2 405. 5
Pc Atm. 46.98 3 3. 5 33. 5 33. 5 111.3
M.W. 1 0. 5 8 28 28 28 17
W lb/hr 2 12 . 2 8 I . O x l O 6 I.OxlO6 I.OxlO6 8 . 34 x1 0 ^
f lb/ft* .....0 . 1 2 6 0.233 0.0646 0.058 41.34
V ft1/hr 1 . 68 x1 0 ^ 4 . 2 9 x 1 0 6 1.55x10? 1.72x10? 2 . 01 6 x 1 0 ^
H BTU/lb 5 39 . 1 7 90 198 2 1 8 . 57 42. 9
58
design, the suitable process is selected, and the mass
made.
CHAPTER 3
. EQUIPMENT DESIGN
process.
59
Heat Exchanger
One is the ordinary shell and tube type and the other is the
side by
£ GgDN ,
AP„. = ' S t (3.4)
s 5.22 x 10 D SO
e .s
f G^L _2
APt = ------- w --- + (3.5)
t 5.22 x 101UDeSOt v -
ent from the standard shell and tube beat exchanger design.
is the sum of the heat load of each interval. From the heat
h ( ^ ) 2/3
v = — ------- (3.6)
CP P g f
error on T :
o
(3.7)
driving force. From the actual area of the con densor, heat
UD = A t O.S)
q
ur - un
Ra = ~ w " (3-9)
From the dirt factor the judgment is made to accept the heat
cal data of the assumed unit, the surface area, free flow
h Cd 2/3
jh ~ G“ cr (3‘10)
p
be suitable.
the raw gas, the cooling medium is cooling water which will
material and also the tube material. Since the flow rate
for E - l . Carbon steel shell and tubes are used for construc
tion.
gas from flash drum D-l is cooled down by the exit gas
streams from T-2, T - 3 , D-2 and nitrogen gas. From the heat
the coolant is the recycle gas from the top of ammonia con
Column Design
using the tray spacing from which Uy^ is calculated times the
metric flow rate of the liquid stream leaving the drum; the
than liquid holding part height due to the need for space
used.
Compressor Design
f e n -l/Ti - 1
H - (Z) To
M.w. *8 (n - D / n
From gas horse power, the total brake horse power is found
N/
St"
'U = (3.14)
St
computed from
is then fed back to mix with the synthesis gas and fed again
H,
(3.16)
e h
(3.17)
the cold mixture passes, or the blowing of cold gas into the
gas into the hottest area, becomes more suitable when the
into several separate beds and cooling the gas between beds,
f3 f2
r H9 „ 1 NHq , ^
r = K fN (-y-^-) - K ’(-s— — —) (3.19)
2 f/m 3 £ h2 ■
-acNo/RT -bcN0/RT
r = K fN ^ e z - K' e Z . (3.20)
~efNH q
r = e (3.22)
calculated from
„ _ v z dx
r 100 d(l/w) (3.23)
76
The reaction rates obtained from Equation 3.23 are plotted
against yield on semilog paper, and from the plot the value
i.e. ,
(3.27)
77
is -
number are found first, and then from the arrangement of the
0.25x i
0.25x i
+ 0.1 (xe - 1) e - (xi - 1)e (3.30)
(3.31)
rp _ 12.95
oJ x
^ 10
A. V
1 13.76 100 (3.32)
temined; then, the. flow area and the catalyst bed cross-
the bed length and a distance between beds of five feet and
section.
B.F.W.-BoilervFeed T
.Vater
FLUID PROPERTIES
F10W ARRANGEMENT
117
104
119
1 22
Scale :? 1 ? 12a
FICtf ARRANGEMENT
•
4 VJ
„ , 0 1 2 41* 301
I I— ------ *%r \a
Scale i— i— i------- 1
ARRANGEMENT
300— -205
1 1
203— -*-- -w--204
I -fc--•206
c , 0t_ i1 r 2 4<
Scale
321
FLUID PROPSRTIES
Duty,3TU/hr__ O 1
JL in^_»Outside Tube Area,ft2 16,700
Overall Transfer Coeff. ,BTU/hr-ft-F, Clean 83. 8 ^
Overall Fouling Resistance,l/h^_ 0.016
Corrected Mean Temperature Difference,F_ 261.55
Fluid designation
306-307 321-322
Flow rate, lb/hr
3.5 x 105 ' 1.0 x 106
Temperature,F in/out
310/123 120/206
Density,2b/ft
3.0145 0.0613
Thermal cond.,BTU/hr-ft-F
0.0286 0.85
Viscosity, Ib/ft-hr
0.0307 0.024
Heat Capacity BTU/lb-F 2.3668 -2.66
FLUID PROPERTIES
COMPRESSOR SPECIFICATION
h
rC 302' > 303
CO
501 g CD 3 1 0 • cd 202
•H > p ll
& O E CD •
A o O O
3 X CD O CQ •H ft
EH o PP CD CD CO E CD
PQ c CO 13 0) CD O i—1
e Pi •H cd •H Pi rC O o •
cd $H 0) O ft -P >i ft
CD cd Ph & E CD o E
-p <D o PS CM •H o cd (D o
CO o Pk EH o co o DP o
REACTOR DESIGN
^ 7.81*
30 3 305
7 9 ft 28fl
REACTOR CONSTRUCTION
V I
133 .1.00 x 105 62.42
10 3
102
133
10(1
311
310
...I
400
+4r
10 II
COLLHI DESIGN .
U S E -Carbon Dioxide Absorb. - TzLL
200
— Column Specs --
Parameter Ioo
114-
111
COLUrTI DESIGN
USE FiVRt Strioin-? Column T--2
115
— Column Spgcs —
110 ---
D-2 Parameter ;op Bo/
Bit
108
Liquid rate lb/hr 244465.1 65322.4
-116
111 Vapor rate lb/hr 211519.2 23381.2'
Liquid density lb/ft'5 "T0T79'5 ' "70-.T3"8
T-2
Vapor density lb/ft^ .Pj TT-_ "■ 0. TO 4
14 SI a g e
121
113 5f«
_L_ B.C.-Bubble Cap
Tray
COURI DESIGN
[J.SF Second Striping CQlumn T-3
"" .
No. of Stream Flowrate lb/hr Btu/1b Temp •°F Density,lb/ft3
„, .
— Column Specs —
117 Parameter Hr 11r.m
11 3-
Liquid rate lb/hr 6.7.,05.6 .8 B048.0 .
Vapor rate lb/hr _ 17A^88J
Liquid density lb/ft 70.558 6^-. 63
Vapor density Ib/ft^ ~ 0.329 * 0.104
22
2511
S ta g e Tray diameter, ft-in. — 1Qj=.Q— 10.-0
Tray spacing, in. .. -12-__ — 12
Type of tray SUC_ -3.C..
121
B.C.- Bubble Cap
Travs
5ft
114 I
•COLUMI DESIGN
USF Liowid Nitrogen Wash Column ir-4
oo
220 64,472.2 135.0 2.878
1
221 67,505.2 12.85 -301.6 34.68
204 30,102.3 329.7 -290 0.618
205 82,432.3 14.92 -300 48.02
—— Column Specs —
300
Parameter [ Too „ U —
i
220
204
205 3h
B.C.- Bubble Cap
Trays
j--10lH -j
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .
termined from the data given by Guthrie, the bare module cost
96
97
given in the same reference. The bare module factor includes
circuit. The bare module cost does not include any adjust
from the sum of bare module cost and the adjustment amount
culated from the sum Of the fixed investment cost and working
in Table 6.
Item $ Cost/Unit
Methanol 0.50/gal
Catalyst 700/day
Electricity 0.02/kwh
in Table 8.
used.
(4.1)
(1 + i)n
1. Manufacturing Cost:
Subtotal 18,201,000
2. General Expenses:
Subtotal 9,000,000
the interest rate which gives NPV equal to zero. The re
cost and the result is that the Value of the DCRR changes
percent. If the actual sales are ten percent lower than the
20
-10
-20
-30
-40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
70
i=20%
60
$0 .5 0 / 1 0 0 0 ft
50
$ 1 .0 0 / 1 0 0 0 ft
40
$2 .0 0 / 1 0 0 0 ft
30
20
10
NPV 0
$1 0 &
10
20
30
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
70
1=20%
60
50
40
30
20
10
MPV 0
eio( - 1 0
-20
-30
-40
0 1 7 8 9 10
106
of the design depends mainly on sales prediction more than a
cost rather than the raw gas cost. At the present (1976)
lations show that the process still has a good future pro-
O
jection even if the raw gas Cost goes to $2 / 1 0 0 0 ft .
preliminary design.
CHAPTER 5
design can be made on the model with less cost and time, b e
plan for the plant is made for the processing area and
area, the unit plot plan is made. The location of each unit
107
108
STORAGE STORAGE
3,000 ton 3,000 ton
68 ft ^ </> 68 ft
ft
240
PRODUCTION AREA
225 ft
ly, the model can be used to show the general idea of the
the process.
WATER COOL
3
Heat
COMPRESS Exchanger o
150ft
R-1
PIPE RACK
NITROGEN COOL
HEAT EXCHANGER
------------------------------------------------ 2 2 5 ft
First Alternative
H23
DESULPHUR STEAM CO - S H I F T
100 I b m o l e
CO
AMMONIA FINAL CO
SYNTHESIS
KH.
LOOP PURIFICAT
-ION
Composition (Ibmole)
Component
1 2 3 4
CO 9.2 9. 2 -
H2 0 50.2
6
31.6 - '
ch 4 4.7 - - -
h2s 0.6 - - -
114
115
Second Alternative
CO.
CO-SHIFT CO
CONVSRSIO
100 I b - m o l e
SYNTHESIS
LOOP
Cornposition(lb-mole)
Comoonent
1 2 3
CO 9.2 2.0 -
8
14.7 22.065 -
(N
H 20 50.2 43.289 -
ch 4 4.7 4.733 -
cent conversion.
conversion a r e :
CO-shift CO + h 2o co 2 + h 2
is required.
Cost Estimation:
Item Alternative
1st 2 nd
Capital Investment
Cost Breakdown Used:
Natural Gas Process:
Steam Reformer 23 23
Waste Heat 10 10 10
CO-Shift 4 4
COo-removal 9 8 12
(32.25 tOn/D) (28.82 ton/D) (42.33 ton/D)
Methanation 3 3 3
Ammonia syn. 51 51 51
Capital Cost 100 99 76
From, reference (2),
cost of:
1,000 ton/D
NH 3 plant is
47.0x10° $ 46.53x10 35.72x10
Item Alternative
1 st 2 nd
2. Operating Cost:
Natural Gas or Pipe
Line 8.946xl03
Gas ($2/MBTU)
Raw Gas ($.50/MBTU) 10,836x103 18.963x10
Other operating costs Assumed to be the same
NPV/$10 6
Year
1 =2 0 % 1=40% 1=50%
2 -1 0 . 0 2 -15.40 -17.41
11.8
119
Table B-2. Raw Gas Cost of $1/1000 f a n d $2/1000 f .
0 -37.134 -37.134
1 -23.248 -25.059
2 -11.678 -14.998
3 - 2.034 - 6.611
4 6.002 O. 3 7 V
5 12.699 6.200
6 . 18.279 11.053
7 22.929 15.097
8 26.805 * 18.466
9 30.034 21.275
10 32.725 23.615
120
Table B-3. Actual Sales are.15% Lower than Predicted Value.
NPV/$10 6
Year
H-
4>
II
i = 20%
O
0 -37.134 -37.134
1 -24.562 -26.358
2 -14.084 -18.660
3 - 5.354 -13.162
4 . 1.922 - 9.235
5 7.985 - 6.43
6 13.038 - 4.426
7 17.248 - 2.995
8 20.757 - 1.972
9 23.681 - 1.242
10 26.118 -00.720
121
NPV/$10 6
Year
i = 20% i = 35%
0 -37.134 -37.134
1 -24.605 -26.001
2 -14.172 -17.754
3 - 5.474 -11.645
4 1.775 - 7.120
5 7.815 - 3.768
6 12.848 - 1.285
7 17.043 0.554
8 20.539 1.916
10 25.879 3.679
122
Table B - 5 . Combine Effect of B-3. and B-4.
Year NPV/$10 6
CN
O
6^
i = 357=
II
0 -37.134 -37.134
1 -29.484 -28.528
2 -23.818 -21.357
3 -19.621 -15.380
4 -16.521 -10.400
5 -14.208 - 6.249
6 -12.502 - 2.791
7 -11.239 0.090
8 -10.303 2.492
9 - 9.609 4.494
10 - 9.095 6.162
NOMENCLATURE
Cp = heat capacity
D - diameter, ft
, ft
f = friction factor
2
G = mass velocity, lb/hr ft
2
G = shell side mass velocity, lb/hr ft
123
124
2
Gt = tube side mass velocity, lb/hr ft
H = hold-up factor
H. - head of turbine
-
Hp = head of pump
ft 2 °F
BTU/hr ft 2 °F
BTU/hr ft 2 °F
i = interest rate
K' = constant
2
Kq = diffusion coefficient, lb mole/hr ft
= diffusivity, ft2/hr
k = thermal conductivity
125
L = tube length, ft
2
L1 = liquid mass flow rate, lb/hr ft
N st = number of stage
h =• number of year
perature , atm
r = rate of reaction
r = ratio of compression
C
S - specific gravity
2
= hot surface, ft
2
- cold surface, ft ,
c
Tg = gas temperature, °F
Tg = temperature at suction, F
tw = water temperature, °F
At = temperature defferent, °F
BTU/hrft 2
I
Uq = over-all design coefficient of heat transfer,
BTU/hrft 2
2
V = vapor mass flow rate, lb/ft hr
V = velocity, ft/sec
127
3
- design catalyst volume, ft
¥ = capacity, lb/hr .
a = constant
6 = constant
Y = constant
U - viscosity, lb/fthr
n - efficiency, %
v = fugacity coefficient
129
130
12. Eiekmeyer, A. G. "Catacarb." Ammonia, Part XI, ed. by
A. V. Slack and G. Russell James, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker
I n c ,, 1974.