T03 [Motores de vapor]

sábado, 19 de agosto de 2017 02:22 p. m.

• Los motores de vapor son máquinas que transforman energía térmica contenida en el vapor
de agua, a trabajo mecánico mediante el movimiento de un pistón.
• Algunas clasificaciones
○ Clasificación de acuerdo a cerrera de trabajo
▪ Motores de una sola acción (motor reciprocante). El vapor es admitido solo de un
lado del pistón y una carrera de trabajo es completada por cada revolución del
cigueñal.
▪ Motores de una doble acción. . El vapor es admitido de ambos lados del pistón y
dos carreras de trabajo son completadas por cada revolución del cigueñal.
▪ El vapor es admitido solo de un lado del pistón y una carrera de trabajo es
completa por cada revolución del cigueñal.
○ Clasifiación de acuerdo a él cilindro
▪ Motor de vapor horizontal si el eje del cilindro es horizontal
▪ Motor de vapor vertical si el eje del cilindro es vertical
○ Clasificación de acuerdo a la velocidad del cigueñal
▪ Lenta: Wcigueñal < 100 r.p.m
▪ Mediana: 100 < wc < 250
▪ Wcigueñal > 250 r.p.m
○ Clasificación por tipo de escape
▪ Motor de condensado de vapor: el vapor después de realizar trabajo en el cilindro
pasa a un condensador que condensa el agua a presión menor que la atmosférica.
○ Clasificación por el tipo de expansión de vapor en el cilindro
▪ Motor de vapor simple: cuando la expansión sucede en un solo cilindro y el escape
sucede a la atmósfera o a un condensador
▪ Motor de vapor compuesto: la expansión sucede en más de un cilindro.
• Partes del motor
○ Marco: Soporta las partes móviles y estacionarias
○ Cilindro: Es un cilindro hueco por el cual se mueve el pistón
○ Cofre de vapor: Suple vapor al cilindro
○ Puerto de admisión y escape: hay agujeros por el que se mueve el vapor dentro del
cilindro. El vapor entra por ambos lados del cilindro por los puertos de admisión. Y el
escape sucede por los agujeros de escape.
○ Piston: Es un cilindro sólido que comprime el vapor.
○ Viela: Transformar el movimiento rectilíneo en movimiento de rotación, o vceversa.
• Proceso
○ Proceso 1-2. En el punto 1, el vapor es admitido por los puertos de entrada A, mientras
el pistón se mueve hacia la derecha ( a presión constante), hasta que se deja de
suministrar vapor en el punto 2.
○ Proceso 2-3. El vapor se expande en el cilindro hasta que el pistón llega al final de la
carrera. En éste proceso hay una caida de presión pv = C.
○ Proceso 3-4. El puerto de espacape se abre y el vapor es liberado del cilindro. Aquí hay
una caida de presión en picada a volumen constante (debido a la geometría)
○ Proceso 4-5. Aquí debe regresar el pistón al punto inicial. El vapor entra por el puerto
de entrada B, mientras el pistón se mueve hacia la izquierda (a presión constante), hasta
que se deja de suministrar vapor.
○ Proceso 5-1. Vapor es admitido por el puerto A, lo que aumenta la presión del vapor (sin
cambiar en volumen).

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[Channakesava] 11. Numerical Control
sábado, 19 de agosto de 2017 02:23 p. m.

• Numerical control
○ Numerical control is a method of programmable automatization in which various functions of
machines tools are control by numbers, letters and symbols.
○ Parameters and instructions are send to the machine control unit (MCU), which, in turn,
commands the machine tool. So, servos are controlled by the MCU
○ NC machine is a closed loop positioning system. Pulse signals are send by MCU and until feedback
transducer agrees with the original control number of pulses of the error function(comparator),
position is achieved.
• Numerical control elements
1. Program of instruction is the set of operations, encoded in alphanumerical form, to be
implemented by the MCU.
2. Machine Control Unit is an electrical and hardware element that read and interprets the program
of instructions and convert them into mechanical actions of the machine tool.
i. The DPU (Data process unit) reads and decodes the instruction and sends it to the CLU. The
input is via tape.
ii. The CLU (Control loops unit) control the drivers and receive the feedback signals. And once
executed sends a flag to the DPU, in order that the DPU sends a new block of instructions.
3. NC Machine tools are the machines that performs the machining operation.
4. NC Cutting Tools the ISO designation is adopted in NC. The programmer use a tool number, cutter
parameters and save the information in a file
• NC Coordinate System
○ Cartesian coordinates with right hand rule are implead. And the three rotational axes -a, -b, and -c
axes
○ Turning machines assigned z axis in the axes of rotation, and x radial to the cutting tool.
○ Drilling machines assigned x-, y- in the plane of the table and z perpendicular to this plane.
• NC tool positioning methods
○ To position the cutting tool by NC, two methods can be implemented: absolute positioning or
incremental positioning
○ Absolute positioning fix a references system and enables x-,y-,z- coordinates to be specified with
respect to the origin.
○ The incremental positioning increments movement with respect to the previous tool location.
• Numerical Control Modes
1. Point to point cut mode (PTP) is used to move the cutting tool to a pre-defined position. The
machine operation is then performed at that position. Speed or tool part are not important in PTP.
e.g. Drilling machine. E.g. Drilling, boring, punching press, spot welder, pipe bending machine.
2. Straight Cut NC Mode. Cutting tools is moved parallel to one of the major axes at a control rate.
e.g. lathes, milling, machine centres.
3. Contouring NC Mode. Cutting tool is move simultaneously in more than one axes. e.g. Milling
turning and grinding machines.
• CNC applications
○ Material removal process
○ Welding and cutting processes
○ Automatic drafting
○ Assembling of parts
○ Automatic riveting
○ Plastic molding processes
○ Tube bending
○ Cloth Cutting
○ Automating knitting
• Advantage of CNC
○ Reduces time
○ Close tolerance
Small, but frequency productions

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 ○ Small, but frequency productions
○ Less fixtures since geometry is control by NC
○ Flexible manufacturing
○ Less human factors
• Limitations of CNC
○ Initial cost is high
○ Maintenance is cost
○ NC required part programmers

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[Channakesava] 11. Numerical Control - Question Bank
sábado, 19 de agosto de 2017 02:23 p. m.

1. What is numerical control?

2. What are the basic elements of NC? Explain them
3. What are general characteristics to be considered for the implementation of NC
machine tools in the manufacturing industry
4. Explain the importance of a machine control unit in NC
5. Explain the importance of machine control unit in NC
6. Discuss NC positioning system
7. Discuss NC coordinate system
8. What are the different types of NC modes? Explain them schematically
9. What are the applications where NC is the most suitable?
10. Give the advantages and limitations of NC
11. Explain the designation of axes in an NC system

1. Is a method of programable automatization in which various functions of machines

tools are control by alphanumeric numbers.

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[Channakesava] 12. Advantage of CNC
sábado, 28 de octubre de 2017 04:33 p. m.

• Computer Numerical Control

○ Computer numerical control (CNC) is an NC system using a dedicated microcomputer as
the control unit (MCU).
○ In CNC the hole program is store in a computer memory. Control algorithms in a
computer covert instruction into actions of the machine tools.
• Generations
○ G0… G7
• Computer Numerical Control basic elements
1. Tape reader
2. NC program storage
3. Microcomputer
4. Computer hardware interface and servosystem
5. Machine tool
• Features of computer numerical control
○ Store more than one program
○ Use external elements of memory (flash drives)
○ Program editing (code and optimum cutting parameters at the machine tool site)
○ Program of sub-routines and store frequently program (Can store and execute
program previous store, via NC program or by machine tool site)
○ Interpolation
▪ Linear & circular are hardwire to CU (Control unit)
▪ Helical, parabolic, and cubic are store in program algorithm
○ Programming features for set-up. E.g. alignment and installing.
○ Cutting length compensation. Diameter and length of a tools are adjusted in the
computed tool part or, more recent, by sensors.
○ Diagnostic. Online diagnostic capability predicts an response for malfunctioning,
monitoring the MCU.
○ Communication interface. Standard communications interface to allow linked a
particular machine tool to another computers and computers driven devices.
• Mechanical design criterion of CNC machine tools
○ Structure of a CNC Machine tools
▪ Structure are cast-iron based to reduce vibration.
▪ A large relation Stiffness-weight ratio for dif. loading conditions allows a static
stiffness that reduce vibration that affects the surface finish.
▪ *****
• Sources of lost motion
○ Mechanical : Backlash gearings, wined-up of drive shafts, deflection of machine tools.
○ Bearings had a dynamic friction coefficient smaller than the static friction, so the force
required to sustain movement decreases, causing the table to advance beyond the
desired position.
• Types of computer numerical control
○ Hybrid CNC configuration
▪ Hard-wired logic circuits
□ Perform feed rate generation and circular interpolation
▪ Soft-wired computer,
□ Remaining control
○ Straight CNC configuration
▪ Hard-wired computer
□ Perform all the NC functions
• Machines centres
○ Introduction
▪ A machine center is a machine capable of performing different machining

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 ▪ A machine center is a machine capable of performing different machining
operations on a work part under program control.
▪ Machine centres can mill, drill, ream, tap, bore, face, and similar operations.
○ Types of machines centres
▪ Horizontal machines centres
□ Spin on a horizontal axis, and tool access is best achieved by the side
▪ Vertical machines centres
□ Spin on a vertical axis, and tool access is best achieved from the top
• Features of machines centres
○ Automatic tool-changing capability. Tool are store in a tool magazine or drum, and a
changing mechanism change the tool if is required.
○ Automatic work part positioning. Rotate the piece work with respect to the spindle
(usillo).
○ Pallet Shuttle. Machine centre has two or more pallets to present a cutting tool. This
help an operator to unload and fix while machining is working.
• Features of CNC turning centres
○ Tool torrent
▪ torrent hold 8-12 tools
○ Multiple axis turning centres
▪ Drilling three linear axis
▪ Milling three linear axis and rotations axis a-,b-,c-
▪ Turning z-, x-
▪ Turning and milling z-, x- and c-axes
▪ c-axes is the main spindle holding the piece
○ Multiple Spindle turning centers
▪ Operate in both faces of a work piece, a normal turning just work in one.
○ Vertical turning centres
▪ Workpieces with large diameter is convening to use a vertical spindle direction
• Advantage
1. Taps are just use once to enter the program to the memory
2. CNC can edit parameters and program at the site of machine tools
3. CNC is more compatible with CAD/CAM
4. Subroutines and frequently use programs can be store in memory
5. New options can be added easily
6. Conversions of inch to metric units in the program at the site of machine tools

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[Channakesava] 12. Computer Numerical Control -
Question Bank
sábado, 28 de octubre de 2017 04:33 p. m.

1. What are the developments of MCU technology?

2. What are the basic elements of CNC? Explain.
3. What are the salient features of the CNC system? Explain.
4. What design criteria should be used while designing CNC machine tools?
5. What are the requirements of structure in the case of CNC machine tools?
6. What are the sources of lost motion?
7. What is the influence of friction of CNC machine slides?
8. What are the different types of CNC systems? Explain them schematically.
9. What are the salient features of CNC machining centres?
10. What are the salient features of CNC turning centres?
11. What are the advantages of CNC systems?

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming
domingo, 29 de octubre de 2017 11:48 a. m.

• Manual Part Programming

○ Program consist of a sequence of instructions to be performed in NC/CNC machine
• Part Programming Fundamentals
1. Prepared the process plan
a) Sequence of operations
b) Machines tools to be use
c) Jigs, tool size and type
d) Cut parameters
e) Machine parameters (e.g. coolant)
Oper. No Description Tool
10 Drill 1hole, dia 5 mm HSS end mill, dia 10mm
2. Machine Tool Selection
a) Positional (i.e., point to point) e.g., Drilling, boring, punching, spot welder, pipe
bending.
b) Paraxial (i.e., Straight line) e.g., lathes, milling, machining centres.
c) Continuous path, e.g., lathes, milling, routers, grinding, machining centres, flame
cutting equipment, inspection machines.
3. Drive axes selection
a) Remembered that movements are going to be along the axes: The number of axes
in the machine tool are specified under the heading ‘P’, ‘C’ or ‘L’.
4. Cutting Tool selection
a) The cutter determined if the operation is feasible
b) Tool diameter compensation is executed by MCU
c) Tool length compensation may be MCU or manual
5. Machine parameters Planning
a) Maximum mechanical characteristics in less time.
1) Cutting speed
2) Feed rate
3) Depth of cut
4) Machine initial set-up
5) Machine time for changing cutting tool
b) Tool Path Planning
1) The cutter follow a path, that takes into account the diameter of the cutter,
and the movements of the slides.
6. Job and Tool Set-up Planning
a) Work space configuration and tool set-up
7. Write part programming
a) Manual
b) Computer aided part programming
8. Test Part Program
a) A trial run. With or without a piece. Run block by block and check for possible
collisions
b) Acid test. Check in the machine, pie may be of foam or plastic. Is not run block by
block
c) Simulation. Work piece and tool, and motion of cutting removal.
9. Documentation
a) Part drawing
b) Process planning sheets
c) Programming sheets

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming
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• Methods of manual part programming

1. Fixed Sequential format. The block length is invariant, all values must
appear in a specific order. e.g., n g xyzabc f s t m eob
2. Block Address tape format. The sequence indicates which values are
to be change relative to the preceding block. This avoid repetition
3. Tap Sequential Tape Format. Use the tap to separate values in a
block. If a tap is presented the respective value is null. e.g., 001 tab
1.0 tab 4.0 tab 5.00 tab 5.92 tab 13 eob.
4. Word Address tape format. Use and alphanumeric data specification.
Hence, redundant information is omitted. And order is not required.
e.g.,
N001 G90 G00 X 50.0 Y 45.0 Z 40.0
N002 G01 X 90 Y90.0 Z 70.0 F350
Letters meaning are defined in ISO 2539

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming
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• Basic CNC input Data

○ Sequence Number (N Code) e.g., N000 -> N010 -> N020
○ Coordinate function. Coordinate are identified by
X,Y,Z,U,V,W,I,J,K,etc. e.g., X 100.0 Y-25.00 Z-5.65
○ Feed Function. Express in mm/min. F125.
○ Speed Function. Spindle speed is express in rev/min. S1000
○ Tool Function. Select a tool in the pocket and a miscellaneous
function for tool change. T05 M06
○ Preparatory functions. Two digits number prefixed by the letter G.
This command the machine to perform a function. G90 specified
absolute input dimensions.
○ Miscellaneous Functions. Designate a particular mode of operation
for a CNC. e.g. cooling.

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming
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• There are lineal, circular, cubic, and parabolic interpolation.

• Linear Interpolation. Is a method that develops intermediate coordinate
points on a straight line between the given star and finish points. The
input is discrete information in form of absolute or incremental
movements.

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming
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• Canned cycles.
○ Rapid approach to workpiece
○ Drill at a feed rate
○ Rapid return to initial position

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming
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• Cutter radius compensation. It becomes necessary to compute and offset of the

counter equal to the cutter radios.

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming
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• Types of media
○ Punched Cards
○ Punched tape
○ Magnetic tape
○ Magnetic disk
CD ROMs
○ Computer transmitted NC data
▪ Store the program in memory and then executed them

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[Channakesava] 13 Manual Part Programming - Question
Bank
domingo, 29 de octubre de 2017 11:48 a. m.

1. What are the steps involved in the development of a part

program? Explain.
2. What are the different methods of manual part
programming? Explain.
3. What is a preparatory function?
4. What is a miscellaneous function?
5. What are the various methods of interpolation in part
programming?
6. .What is a canned cycle? Give examples.
7. What is tool length compensation?
8. What is cutter radius compensation?
9. What are the various methods of NC media?
10. Write a manual part programming to cut the profile as shown
in Figure 13.22 with the cutter is 6.5 mm dia, cutting speed of
900 rpm and feed rate of 7.5 mm/min.
11. Write a manual part program to cut the profile as shown in
Figure 13.23 with a cutting speed of 2000 rpm and 200 m/min
feed rate using a cutter of 10 mm dia.
12. Write a manual part program to cut the profile as shown in
Figure 13.24 with a cutting speed of 1500 rpm and 100 m/min
feed rate using a cuttre of 5 mm dia.

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