1.

Scope of Irrigation science:

Extends from the watershed to the farm on the drainage channel. The
watershed yielding irrigation water, the stream conveying the water, the
arrangement and distribution of water and the drainage problems arising from
irrigation practices are all concern of irrigationist.

2. Methods of recharging ground-water reservoir:

a.) Systematic flooding of land surfaces overlaying or draining into underground
reservoirs.
b.) Increasing infiltration rate by using organic residues and grasses to
condition ground surfaces to prolonged periods of submergence.
c.) Use of shaft, pits, trenches or wells to convey water to the gravel and rock
materials underground.

3. General ground water equation:

AS = (Qi + Si + P) – (Qo + So + W + C)
Where:
AS = change in storage
Qi = surface inflow
Qo = surface outflow
Si = Sub-surface inflow
So = sub-surface outflow
P = precipitation
W = withdrawal
C = consumptive use

4. Approaches for groundwater investigations:

a.) Geological observations and investigations
b.) Physical aspect of existing groundwater such as pressure, movements and
temperature.
c.) Geophysical method.
d.) Logs of existing wells

5. Methods of drilling wells:

a.) Cable tool method – cutting tools is suspended from a cable and vertical
oscillation of the tool cuts and looser materials at the bottom of the holes.
b.) Hydraulic rotary – a bit is rotated rapidly on the bottom of the string of drill
pipe. A mud of clog and water, the consistency of which is varied with the
drilling condition is forced through the drill pipe and carries the cutting
around the outside of the pipe ti the ground surface.
c.) Reverse rotary – when drilling mud is forced down the outside of the drill
pipe and lower up outside the pipe carrying the drilling with it.

6. Requirement for slot opening of sewere for well:

The slot opening should pass about 70% of the surrounding materials. The
reduced velocity through the sewwere should be about 0.2 of a foot per second or
lower if feasible.

7. Purpose of developing a well:

1. to increase the water yield. This is accomplished by increasing the
permeability of the farmstead through which water moves toward the
well.
2. to determine the water supply available and the needed characteristic of
pump and power unit to be installed.
8. Methods for development of wells:
a) pumping
 b) surging – the pluger is moved up and down opposite the perforated
casing causing water to move alternately into and out of the well.
c) Used of compressed air
d) Chemical method

9. Water yield of wells:

a) Confined wells:

Q = 2.11kt (he – hw)

2.3 log10 (re/rw)

fig. 3.6 IPP Israelson

b) Unconfined wells:

Q = 11k (he2 – hw2)

2.3 log10 (re/rw)

fig. 3.7 IPP Israelson

c) Assumption in the above two equation:

(1) radial horizontal flow through uniform material perpendicular to

vertical cylindrical surface.
(2) Steady flow (no watershed with tree) is assumed.
(3) Laminar flow
(4) In the case of confined flow, the thickness of the acquifer is
constant.

10. Water horsepower – the theoretical horsepower needed to lift a given quantity of
water.

Whp = 69.4 Qh = Qh
550 8.8

where: Q = discharge in cfs

h = vertical lift in feet

11. Pump characteristic:

Characteristic performance curve – shows the characteristic of a pump
under different operating condition.

12. Specified speed – an index use regarding the operating characteristic of pumps. It
express the relationship between the speed in rpm, discharge in gpm and
head h, in feet.

hs = RPM x gpm
H3/4
13. Pump characteristic (Pump affinite laws)

Q = N_ = D = W
Q0 N0 D0 W 0

Where: Q = discharge
N = speed
D = width of impeller
 H = head
P = power
Subscript zero refer to equal condition.

14. Flow equation:

a) continuity equation:

Q = A1V1 = A2 V2
Where:
A = cross sectional area
V = velocity of flow

b) Bernoulli’s equation:

V12 + P1 + Y1 = V22 + P2 + Y2 + hL
2g W 1 2g W2

Where:
P = pressure intensity at any point
Y = elevation of the point above common point
W = weight of unit volume of water
h
L = head loss, energy loss per unit weight of fluid between point 1 and 2.
g = acceleration due to gravity

c) Head loss equation

h
L = f LV2
d2g
Where:
f = coefficient of friction
L = length between the two parts
D = diameter of the conduit

d) Relationship between head and pressure intensity

h=P
W
Where:
h = head
P = pressure
W = density

e) Hydraulic radius

R= A
P

Where:
A = cross sectional area
P = wetted perimeter of flow in contact with the channel

15. Earth canals:

a) maximum velocity is 5 ft/sec
b) best hydraulic cross section under favorable structural condition

b = 2d tan Ө
2
 Where:
b = bottom width
d = depth
Ө = angle between the side slope and horizontal

16. Devices for measuring flow:

a) Orifice

Q = CA 2gh ; C = 0.5 to 0.8

Advantages:
1. small loss of heads or difference in elevation of water surface and
downstream
2. accuracy
3. simplicity
4. durability

Disadvantage:
1. collecting of floating debris
2. collecting of sand and silt

b) Weir

Q = 3.33 LH3/2 – for rectangular without contraction

Q = 3.33 (L – 0.2) H3/4 – for rectangular with contraction
Q = 3.37 H3/2 – trapezoidal
Q = 2.49 H5/2 – triangular
Advantages:
1. Accuracy
2. simplicity and ease of contraction\
3. non-obstruction floating materials
4. durability

Disadvantage:
1. requirements of considerable fall
2. deposition of gravel, sand and silt above the weir

Rule for setting and operating weir:

1. fare of weir should be vertical
2. crest should be level
3. crest should be sharp, it upstream edge.
4. distance of crest above the bottom of face should be about three times
the depth of water flowing over crest.
5. depth over crest should be not more than one-third the length of the
crest
6. depth of water over crest should not be less than 2 inches
7. velocity of approach of not over 0.5 ft/sec

c) Parshall flume
1. Free flow – lower gage is less than 60% of that of the upper gage.
2. Submerge flow – when the gage of the lower gage is greater than
70% of that of the upper gage.

d) Cut throat flume – similar in operation to that of parshall flume. Throat

and flow is level.
e) Current meter
 Q = av
Velocity is measured
1. at about 0.6 of the depth from the surface when average depth is
not over 1.5 feet.
2. if over 1.5 ft. average of the represented by the average of the
velocity at 0.2 and 0.8 of the depth

f) Float method

Vs = S
t

v = Vsf where f ranges from 0.8 to 0.95

17. Soil Physical propee affecting storage and movement of water

a.) soil texture
b.) soil structure
c.) real specific gravity
d.) apparent specific gravity
e.) Porosity
f.) Infiltration or intake
g.) Permeability

18. Classes of soil water

a) gravitational
b) Capillary
c) Hygroscopic water

19. Soil moisture content

a) saturation point – tention = 0
b) Field capacity 1/10 – 1/3 atmosphere tention
c) Permanent wilting point – 15 atmosphere

20. Readily available water moisture (RAM)

75% of the available range is readily available

21. Methods of soil moisture measurement:

a) gravimetric
b) use of electrical properties such as
1. nylon cloth
2. fiber glass – low tention, high moisture
3. gypsum blocks – 1 to 15 atmosphere

c) Tensiometer – less than 1 atmosphere (0.8)

d) Use of thermal properties
e) Neutron method – fast neutron are entitled from a source into the
surrounding soil and the number of showed down neutron is registered in
the counter.

22. Leaching requirements – leaching requirements is defined as the fraction of the

irrigation water that must be lacked through the root zone to central solivity at any
specific level.

23. Consumptive use of water (evapotranspiration)

A) Direct measurement of consumptive use
a) tank and lysimeter
b) field experimental plot
 c) Soil moisture studied
d) Integration method
e) Inflow-outflow method

B) Indirect method
1) Use of climatic factors
a. Penman method – wind speed, temperature, solar radiation
and humidity
b. Blanney-Criddle – temperature, day time, and hours.
c. Thornwaite method – temperature

2) Evaporation
a. evaporimeter
b. piche

24. Factors affecting consumptive use

a) soil factor – texture, color and moisture content
b) Climatic factors – partially all
c) Plant factor – foliage characteristic and root development
d) Management practices

25. Three major consideration that influence the time of irrigation and how much to
apply:
a) water needs of the crops
b) availability of water with which to irrigate.
c) Capacity of the root zone soil to absorb water.

26. Root Extraction Pattern

% of depth % of water extraction

0-25 40
25-50 30
50-75 20
75-100 10

27. Irrigation efficiencies

a) water conveyance = Wf x 100
Wr
b) Application efficiencies = Wf stored x 100
Wr
c) Water-use efficiency = Wu x 100
Wd
d) Storage efficiency = water stored at one root zone
Water needed at the root zone
e) distribution efficiency = ( 1 – y/a) 100

f) Consumptive use efficiency = Wu x 100

Wd
Definition of terms:

1. watershed – area of land contributing to the flow of stream or the area where
the water impounded by the reservoir is coming from.

2. Confined well – when the flow is restricted by impervious layer above the flow.

3. Seepage face – the difference in level of water inside the well and the water
table immediately outside the well.

4. Pumping plant efficiency – rate of power output to power input.

5. Draw-down – is the difference in elevation between the ground water table and
the water surface at the well when pumping.

6. water harvesting – collection of rainfall by means of serve of ponds.

7. water hammer – the phenomenon that happens due to sudden closing of gate
valve of a close conduit.

8. Owning water – water is considered as other natural reservoir which may be

expanded in the interest of current development.

28. Criteria to be satisfied in water application:

a) uniform distribution
b) maximum erosion in damage to the land
c) maximum efficiency in the use of water
d) practical and economic performance from the standpoint of crop.

29. For surface irrigation (empirical equations)

Q = 10/s ; where Q = maximum size of stream, gpm
s = slope of land in percent

L= 1000____ ; where: L = length of run, cm

(I – A) WS I = rainfall intensity
A = absorption or infiltration rate of soil, iph
W = furrow spacing, ft.
S = slope of furrow, percent

30. Requirement for application of irrigation water for surface irrigation:

a) length of run must be based on the slope and soil-intake rate
b) The allowable stream size is run down the row and the reduced to
the soil-intake rate after the water reaches the end of furrow.
c) Water should be applied only as necessary to fill the soil to the
depth of root zone.

31. Condition favoring sprinkler irrigation:

a) soil too porous for good distribution by surface methods
b) shallow soils the topography of which prevents the proper leveling
for surface irrigation purposes.
c) Land having steep slopes and easily erodable soils
d) Irrigation stream too small to distribute water efficiently by surface
irrigation
e) Undulating land too costly to level sufficiently for good surface
irrigation
 f) Land needs to be brought into top production quickly. Sprinkler
system can be designed and installed quickly.

32. Other points to consider when comparing sprinkler and surface method of
irrigation:
a) Water measurement is easier with sprinkler than with surface
method.
b) Sprinkler systems can be designed so that less interference with
cultivation and other farming operations occurs less land is taken
out of production than with surface method.
c) Higher water-application efficiency can be attained by sprinkler
irrigation.
d) When water is already being pumped to the point of use, the
pressure needed for sprinkling can be obtained with a minimum of
additional investment.
e) When domestic and irrigation water comes from the same source, a
common distribution line can frequently be used.
f) For areas requiring infrequent irrigation, sprinkler irrigation can be
provided at a lower capital investment per acre of land.
g) Whenever water can be delivered to field under gravity pressure,
sprinkler irrigation is particularly attractive.
h) Frequent and small applications of water can be applied readily by
sprinkler irrigation.

33. Other uses of sprinkler system:

a.) Frost protection
b.) Fertilizer application

34. Types of sprinkler systems:

a) solid set – main and lateral lines remain fixed, during the season
b) portable set – put in place only during irrigation period.

35. Parts of sprinkler system:

a) sprinkler head or nozzle
b) riser
c) lateral line
d) main or submain lines
e) pumping plant

36. Factors to be checked to determine the adequacy of design and operation of

sprinkler system:
a) application rate- water should not be applied at a rate faster than
the soil will absorb
b) depth of application – not to exceed field capacity
c) system capacity – must have sufficient capacity to apply the
needed water.
d) Uniformity of application – not lower than 80%
e) Water losses – not to exceed 10 – 15%
f) Economical pipe size
g) Crop damage – minimal

37. Designing the sprinkler layout:

a) system must have capacity to supply enough laterals
b) lateral length should be short enough so that practical size will
result to pressure variation not to exceed 20%
c) laterals should be placed across the slope.
 d) Changes in pipe size necessary for pressure control should be
made on main line wherever possible.
e) Lateral pipe should be only one size or two sizes at the most.
f) Whenever possible the source of water should be located in the
field center for the most economical size of pipe.
g) Split operation should be used whenever possible.

38. Design Procedure:

Not only should the sprinkler system to be properly designed hydraulically
and economically in cost, but also the design should be adapted to the availability
of labor for moving the sprinklers and the pipe.
The three basic facts to be established before the design of sprinkler
irrigation system is initiated are the following:
a) rate of application
b) irrigation period
c) depth of application
Rates of application of one half the infiltration rate of the soil combined with
nozzle pressures which provide a fine spray have resulted in improved
maintenance of soil structure and minimization of soil compaction. Recommended
pressures are 40 psi for nozzle sizes up to 1/8”, 45 psi for 9/64 in. through 3/16. in.
nozzles, and an additional 5 psi for each added 1/32” of nozzle size.
Irrigation period is the time required to cover an area with one application.
Irrigation must be started soon enough to enable the field to be covered before
plant in the last portion to be irrigated suffer moisture deficiency.
It is suggested that irrigation should be done when the moisture level of the
field reaches 55% of the available moisture capacity of the soil typical moisture
holding capacities are as follows:
Sandy loam – 1.5 inch per foot
Silt loam – 1.8 inch per foot
Clay – 2.0 inch per foot
Example:
Areas – 40 Acres
Soil type: silt loam
Water holding capacity = 1.8”/ft
Limiting application rate = 0.5”/hr
Crop: Corn
Rooting depth = 3 ft
Peak use rate = 0.30 iph
Application efficiency = 70%
Solution:
Total water holding capacity of the soil = 1.8”/ft. x 3 ft.
= 5.4”
= 2.4”
Net depth of application = 45% of 5.4
Depth of water to be pumped at 70% efficiency = 2.4”/ .70 = 3.34”
Irrigation period (internal) = 2.4/peak use rate
= 2.4/0.30 = 8 days
Area to be irrigated per day = 40/8 = 5 acres/day
Application rate assuming 10 hours operation per day.
= 3.43/10 = .34”/hr
System capacity = 3.43 x 453 = x 1 = 19.42 gpm/acre
8 x 10

39. Arrangement of Main and Laterals:

The arrangements selected should allow a minimal investment in irrigation
pipe, have a low water requirement and provide for an application of water over the
 total area in the required period of time. The most suitable layout can be
determined only after a careful study of the condition to be encountered. In many
systems, the laterals are moved 60 feet at each setting and the sprinkler are
spaced every 40 feet of each lateral.

40. Capacity of the sprinkler system:

Q = Da where:
t Q = dfs
d = inches
a = acres
t = hours (total)

41. Sprinkler capacity:

q = (Sl) (Sm) (r) /96.3

q = discharge of each sprinkler
q = 29.85 Cdn2p1/2

where:
Sl = sprinkler spacing along the lateral, feet
Sm = sprinkler spacing between lines or along the main, ft
r = rate of application, iph
q = nozzle discharge, rpm
c = coefficient of discharge
dn = diameter of the nozzle on fire, inches
P = pressure at the nozzle, psi

The coefficient of discharge for well-designed, small nozzles varies from

about 0.95 to 0.98. Normally the larger the nozzle, the lower is the coefficient.
Where the sprinkler has two nozzles, the total discharge is the combined
capacity of both.

42. Distribution pattern of sprinkler depends on the following:

a) nozzle pressure
b) wind velocity
c) speed rotation

43. Sprinkler selection and spacing:

The actual selection of sprinkler is based largely upon design information
furnish by the manufacturers of the equipment. It depends primarily upon the
diameter of coverage, pressure available and capacity of the sprinkler.

Maximum Spacing for Low and Medium Pressure Sprinklers

Lateral spacing in % of the diameter of coverage in ft.

Wind Velocity, wph SI, along the lateral Sm, along the main
0 50 65
4 or less 45 60
4-8 40 50
8 or more 30 30
* for laterals normal to wind direction

44. Size of laterals and mains:

ASAE recommends that the total pressure variation in the lateral, when
practical should not be more than 20 percent of the higher pressure.
 Scobey’s equation : Hf = KsLQ1.9 x (1.45 x 10-8)

For sprinkler lateral the friction loss obtained from the above equation
should be multiplied by a factor F as adjustment for conduit with multiple outlet as
shown in the following table.

CORRECTION FACTOR FOR FRICTION LOSSES IN ALUMINUM PIPES

WITH MULTIPLE OUTLETS

Correction Factor F
st
1 sprinkler one, one 1st sprinkler
sprinkler Interval from Main one-half sprinkler
No. of Sprinkler Interval from Main
1 1.000 1.000
2 .625 .500
4 .469 .393
6 .421 .369
8 .398 .358
10 .385 .353
12 .376 .349
14 .370 .347
16 .365 .345
18 .361 .343
20 .359 .342
25 .354 .340
30 .350 .339
35 .347 .338
40 .345 .338
50 .343 .337
100 .338 .335

Q of lateral = q x no. of sprinkler per lateral

The position of the lateral that gives the highest friction loss in the main should be used
for design purposes. The average operating in pressure is used in design.

Average pressure (Ha):

If Hf is with in 20% of average pressure
Ha = Ho + ¼ Hf where Ho is pressure at the farthest end if lateral is nearly
level land.

Hn = Ho + Hf where Hn = Head at the main

Hn = Ha + ¾ Hf +- ¾ He + Hr
Where He = Maximum difference in elevation between the 1st and last
sprinkler.
Hr = the riser height

45. Pump and Power unit

Ht = Hn + Hj + Hs + Hm

Where Ht = total design head against which the pump is working

Hn = maximum head required at the main to operate the sprinkler on
the lateral at the required average pressure.
Hm = maximum friction loss in the main and in the suction line.
Hj = elevation difference between the pump and the function of the lateral and the
main.
 Hs = elevation difference between the pump and the water supply after draw down.

46. Features to be considered in the selection of pumps.

a) brake horsepower required
b) Initial cost
c) Availability and cost of energy
d) Depreciation
e) Dependability of unit
f) Portability of unit
g) Maintenance and convenience
h) Labor availability and quality

47. Power requirement

Whp = Q (gpm) x TDH

3960

Where: whp = water horsepower

Q = discharge in gallons per minute
TDH = Total dynamic head in feet

48. Total Dynamic Head (TDH) is the sum total of the static head (Ht) pressure head
(Hp), friction head (Hf) and velocity head (Hv).
TDH = Ht + Hf + Hv

49. Static head (Ht) – it is the vertical distance that the pump must raise water. It is the
total of the static suction head (Hs) plus static discharge (Hd).

50. Pressure head (Hp) – the pressure that water is to be discharge expressed in
terms of height of water.
Pressure (psi) x 2.31 = head (ht)

51. Friction head (Hf) – the amount of friction also expressed in terms of head of water
between the pipe and the fluid.

52. Velocity head (Hv): Hv = V2

2g

53. Suction lift Determination

Refer to figure 1

54. Theoretical suction lift is 34.

Factors to consider:
1. Friction loss in suction pipe
2. vapor pressure of liquid at pumping temperature
90.5 ft at 60°F; 0.84 ft at 70°F; 1.17 ft at 80°F
1.62 ft at 90°F; 2.21 ft at 100°F)
3. Net positive suction head (NPSH)
4. safety factor

Friction loss: (see table 1)

Scobey’s Hf = KsLQ1.9 x (1.5 x 10-8)

D4.9
Where:
Hf = total friction loss on line in ft.
Ks = Scobey’s coef. Of retardation
 L = length of pipe in ft.
Q = total discharge in gpm
D = inside diameter of pipe in ft.

Ks value: 0.32 for new transite pipe

0.40 for steel pipe and portable aluminum
0.42 for portable galvanized steel pipe and couplers.

54.2 Net positive Suction Head (NPSH) – is defined as the head that causes liquid to
flow through the suction piping and finally enter the eye of the impeller. This head
causes flow from either the pressure of the atmosphere or from static head plus
atmosphere.

Required NPSH – is a function of pump design. It varies between different make

of pumps as well as pumps of the same make and varies with the capacity and
speed of any one pump. This must be supplies by the manufacturer.

NPSH – is a function of a system in which the pump operates. It can br

calculated for every installation. Any installation, to operate successfully must
have an available NPSH equal to or greater than the required NPSH at one
desired pump conditions, otherwise cavitation will result.

Cavitation – a term used to describe a rather complex phenomenon that may

exist in a pumping installation. In centrifugal pump this maybe explained as
follows: when a liquid flow through the suction line and enters the eye of the
pump impeller an increase in velocity takes place. This increase in velocity is of
course accompanied by a reduction in pressure. If the pressure falls below the
vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the liquid, the liquid will
vaporize and the flowing stream will consist of liquid plus pockets of vapor.

For centrifugal pumps avoid as much as possible the following conditions:

1. Head much lower than head at peak efficiency of pump.
2. Capacity much higher than capacity of peak efficiency of pump.
3. Friction lift higher or positive head lower than recommended by manufacturer.
4. Liquid temperature higher than that for which was originally designed.
5. Speed higher than manufacture’s recommendation.

Safety Factor: Usually an allowance of 2 ft is used as a safety factor.

54.3 Suction Lift NPSH

A suction characteristics of irrigation pump are very important, the NPSH at
increased engine speeds must be checked to be certain pump will operate at the
capacity required without cavitations. NPSH is usually assumed to bay as the square
of the speed ratio.

Example: The NPSH at 310 gpm at 1750 RPM is 3.4 ft.

What will be the gpm if the RPM is increased to 2800 RPM? What is
the corresponding NPSH?
Speed ratio = 2800/1750 = 1.6
The capacity will increase directly as this ratio therefore,

Q = 310 x 1.6 = 495 gpm

NPSH – (1.6) (1.6) x 3.4 = 8.7 ft

55. Parallel and Series Operation

When the pumping requirements are available, it may be more desirable to
install several pumps in parallel rather than use a single one. When the
 demand drops, one or more smaller pumps maybe shut down, thus allowing
the remainder to operate at or near peak efficiency. Moreover, when smaller
units are used opportunity is provided during slack demand periods for
repairing and maintaining each pump in turn thus avoiding plant shut-downs
which would be necessary with single units. Similarly, multiple pumps in
series maybe used when liquid must be delivered at high heads.

56. Trouble Check List for Centrifugal Pumps

1. No water delivered
a) Pressing – casing and suction pipe not completely filled with water.
b) Speed too low
c) Discharge head too high – check vertical head (particularly friction loss)
d) Impeller suction pipe or opening completely plugged up.
e) Suction lift too high (suction pipe may be too small or long, causing
excessive friction loss). Check with gauge.
f) Wrong direction of rotation
g) Air pocket in suction line.
h) Stuffing box packing worm or water seal plugged – allowing leakage of
air into pump casing.
i) Air leak in line.

2. Not enough water delivered

(same as above plus the following):
a) Foot value too small
b) Mechanical defects:
Wearing ringworms
Impeller damaged
Shaft packing defective
3. Not enough pressure
a) Speed too low
b) Air in water
c) Wrong impeller (diameter)
d) Mechanical defects as mentioned in No. 2.
e) Wrong direction of rotation
f) Be sure pressure gauge is in correct place not on top of pump case.

4. Pump works for a while and then quits

a) Looking suction line
b) Stuffing box packing worm or water seal plugged – allowing leakage of
air into pump casing.
c) Air pocket in suction line.
d) Not enough suction head
e) Air or gasses on liquid
f) Suction lift too high

5. Pump takes too much power

a) speed too high
b) head lower than racing, pump too much water
c) mechanical defects
1. shaft bent
2. rotating element bends
3. pump and driving unit misaligned
4. wrong direction of rotation

6. Pump leaks excessively at stuffing box.

a) packing worm or not properly lubricated
b) packing incorrectly inserted or not properly run in
 c) packing not right kind of liquid handled.
d) Shaft scored

7. Pump is noisy
a) hydraulic noise – cavitations, suction lift too high, check with gauge.
b) Mechanical defects:
1. shaft bent
2. rotating parts bind, , loose or broken
3. bearing worn out
4. pump and driving unit misaligned
Problems:
1. A 100 hectare farm in Central Luzon was surveyed and the following data were
gathered
Soil – clay loam, with hard pan
Crop to be raised – lowland rice
Source of water – river with unlimited capacity
Allowance fro drawdown – 2 ft.
Duty of water – 60 inches at 100 pumping days
Slope of centerline of the probable diversion ditch was recorded as flows:
Sta. BS HI FS Elev. Remarks
0 + 00 4.00 104.00 - 100.00* River
1 + 00 4.50 99.50
2 + 00 5.00 99.00
3 + 00 3.00 101.00 6.00 98.00
4 + 00 4.00 97.00
5 + 00 4.28 96.76
Stations are measured in meters and rod readings in feet.
*assumed

Find:
a) capacity of pump needed in gpm
b) velocity head if pump diameter is 10 inches
c) friction head if total length of pipe used including strainer is 60 ft. (f = 0.02)
d) TDH assuming that the point of discharge is on the level of the ground.
e) Bhp of the power unit at 60% efficiency
f) Design of a rectangular weir needed
g) Slope of center line canal
h) Cross sectional dimension of the canal if n = 0.02; and side slope = 1:1.

2. Calculate the water requirement of lowland rise with full irrigation.

Use the following data (per ha. Basis)
Evaporation – 0.2 cm/day db – 1.3
Seepage - 0.1 cm/day ds – 1 ft
Percolation – 0.1 cm/day Pfc – 40%
Evapotranspiration – 0.7 cm/day

3. Design a sprinkler irrigation system for a square 40-acre field to irrigate the entire
field within a 12-day period. Not more than 16 hours per day are available for
moving pipe and sprinkling. Two inches of water are required at each application to
be applied at a rate not to exceed 0.35 iph. A 75 ft well located in the center of the
field will provide the following discharge-drawdown relationship; 200 gpm – 40 ft;
250 gpm – 50 ft.; 300 gpm – 65 ft.; design for an average pressure of 40 psi at the
sprinkler nozzle. Highest point in the field is 4 feet above the well site and 3 feet
risers are needed for the sprinkler. Assuming a pump efficiency of 60% ans
assuming the engine will furnish 70% of its rated output for continuous operation,
determine the rated output for an internal combustion engine.

4. Determine the required capacity of a sprinkler system to apply water at a rate of

0.5 iph. Two 620-ft sprinkler lines are required. Sixteen sprinklers are spaced at 40
ft interval on each line and the spacing between lines is 60 feet.