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Society children from

the lower class are taught
 The people who interact in a
to conform.
defined territory and share culture
Understanding how we become
who we are: Key Contributors
Processes of socialization
Personality – Sigmund Freud
 a person’s fairly consistent (Personality)
patterns of acting, thinking and – Erik Erikson (Stages of
feeling, is shaped by both biology Psychosocial
(nature) and social experience Development)
(nurture) – Jean Piaget (Cognitive
Development)
 Nature – Lawrence Kohlberg (Moral
o Instincts – inherited Development)
behavior patterns Sociological Theories: Forming
o (ex. the maternal instinct) our self concept
– Charles Horton Cooley
(Looking-Glass Self)
 Nurture – George Herbert Mead
o To raise, bring up, train or (Social Behavior)
educate
o American psychologist
John B. Watson believed Resocialization: Total
o that all behavior could be Institutions
learned (nurture) o A total institution refers to a
setting in which people are
Examples of Factors Influencing isolated from the rest of society
Personality Development and manipulated by an
 Parents administrative staff
o Child’s first attachment is o All spheres of daily life are
to mother observed by staff
o Later, both parents serve o Environment is highly
as role models and standardized (food, uniforms,
shape perception of sex activities)
roles and family o Formal rules and daily schedules
membership dictate activities
 Culture o Involves 2+ million Americans,
o A society’s cultural who are confined
environment may against their will in prison or
determine which mental hospitals
personality traits are
emphasized Social interaction
o For example, in the
 Status is a social position that an
Philippines, children
individual occupies.
from the higher class are
taught creativity but
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 A status set consists of all the
statuses a person holds at a given
time.
 Ascribed and achieved statuses.
 An ascribed status is a social
position that someone receives
at birth or involuntarily assumes
later in life.
 An achieved status is a social
position that someone assumes
voluntarily and that reflects
personal ability and effort.
 A master status is a status that
has special importance for social
identity, often shaping a person’s
entire life.
 A role consists of behavior
expected of someone who holds
a particular status.
 Role set refers to a number of
roles attached to a single status.
 Role conflict refers to conflict
among roles corresponding to
two or more different statuses. It
can be reduced by
“compartmentalizing” our lives.
 Role strain refers to
incompatibility among roles
corresponding to a single status.
 Role exit is the process by which
people disengage from
Sexual revolution
important social roles.
Gender
• human sexual behavior is
learned, the result of a
socialization process within a
socio-cultural context; without
learning anything about sex,
humans would not know how to
make love
• only animals are born with a sex
instinct while humans only have a
sex drive – a potential for, rather
than a determinant of, sexual
desire or action
Sexual orientation
• Sexual dimorphism - refers to
differences in male and female
biology besides the contrast in
breast and genitals
• Refers to the cultural construction
of male and female
characteristics
• Gender roles – tasks and activities
a culture assigns to the sexes
• Gender roles are highly
subjective
Gender Sterotypes
• oversimplified but strongly
held ideas about the
characteristics of males and
females
Gender stratification
• unequal distribution of
rewards (especially valued
resources like power, prestige,
human rights and personal
freedom) between men and
women, reflecting their
different positions in a social
hierarchy.
 it has encouraged tolerance for
various forms of sexual behavior,
i.e. homosexuality
 it has weakened the double
standard that allows men to have
premarital sex but condemns
women for doing so
 it also resulted in the upsurge of
premarital pregnancies among
teenage girls who are
emotionally unready for
intercourse
 it brought a fundamental
change in the perceived
purpose of sex for married
couples
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• Refers to a person’s habitual
sexual attraction to, and sexual
activities with, persons of the
opposite sex (heterosexuality),
the same sex (homosexuality), or
both sexes(bisexuality).
• Asexuality is the indifference
toward or lack or attraction to
either sex.
Deviance
♥ defined as the recognized
violation of cultural norms. What
deviant actions or attitudes have
in common is some element of
difference that causes us to
regard another person as an
“outsider.”
♥ Deviance calls forth social
control, attempts by society to
regulate people’s thoughts and
behavior.
♥ The criminal justice system is a
formal response to an individual’s
alleged violations of law from
police, courts, and prison officials.
The social foundations of
deviance
♥ Deviance varies according to
cultural norms.
♥ People become deviant as
others define them that way.
♥ Both norms and the way people
define rule-breaking involve
social power.
The Functions of Deviance:
Structural-Functional
Analysis
♥ Emile Durkheim: The functions of
deviance:
♥ 1. Deviance affirms cultural
values and norms.
♥ 2. Responding to deviance
clarifies moral boundaries.
♥ 3. Responding to deviance
promotes social unity.
♥ 4. Deviance encourages social
change.
Mertons strain theory
♥ The “strain” between our
culture’s emphasis on wealth and
the limited opportunity to get rich
gives rise, especially among the
poor, to theft, the sale of drugs,
or other street crime.
Mertons four types of
deviance responses to
failure:
♥ Innovation.
♥ Ritualism.
♥ Retreatism.
♥ Rebellion.
Labeling Deviance:
Symbolic-Interaction
Analysis
♥ Labeling theory is the idea that
deviance and conformity result,
not so much from what people
do, but from how others respond.
♥ Primary deviance refers to
passing episodes of norm
violation; and secondary
deviance is when an individual
repeatedly violates a norm and
begins to take on a deviant
identity.
♥ A stigma is a powerfully negative
social label that radically
changes a person’s self-concept
and social identity, operating as
a master status.
♥ Stigmas are deepened by
retrospective labeling, the
interpretation of someone’s past
consistent with present deviance.
Hirschis control theory.
♥ Control theory states that social
control depends on imagining
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the consequences of one’s

behavior.
♥ Hirschi asserts that conformity
arises from four types of social
controls:
– Attachment.
– Commitment.
– Involvement.
– Belief.
Deviance and Inequality:
Social-Conflict Analysis
Principles of deviance and power:
♥ The norms of any society
generally reflect the interests of
the rich and powerful.
♥ The powerful have the resources
to resist deviant labeling.
♥ The laws may be inherently unfair.

Types of Crimes
♥ White-collar crime consists of
crimes committed by persons of
high social position in the course
of their occupations.
♥ It is usually controlled by
civil rather than criminal law.
♥ Most white-collar criminals
are treated leniently.
♥ Corporate crime refers to the
illegal actions of a corporation or
people acting on its behalf.
♥ Organized crime is a business
supplying illegal goods or
services.
♥ Hate crimes are criminal acts
carried out against a person or a
person’s property by an offender
motivated by racial or other bias.
♥ Victimless crimes are violations of
law in which there are no readily
apparent victims.