Lean Six Sigma Black Belt - Introduction To Minitab

Lean Six Sigma
Black Belt Programme
Alex MacPhie
Facilitators UK
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programmes
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INTRODUCTION
TO MINITAB
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programmes
Minitab Training Agenda
• Worksheet Conventions and Menu Structures
• Minitab Interoperability
• Graphic Capabilities
• Pareto
• Histogram
• Box Plot
• Scatter Plot
• Statistical Capabilities
• Capability Analysis
• Hypothesis Test
• Contingency Tables
• ANOVA
• Design of Experiments (DOE)
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Worksheet Format and Structure
Menu Bar
Session Window
Tool Bar
Worksheet Data Window
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Data Window Column Conventions
Text Column C1‐T Date Column C2‐D
(Designated by ‐T) (Designated by ‐D)
Numeric Column C3
(No Additional Designation)
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Other Data Window Conventions
Data Entry Arrow
Column Names
(Type, Date, Count & Amount
Entered Data for Data Rows
1 through 4
Data Rows
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Menu Bar ‐ Menu Conventions
Hot Key Available (Ctrl‐S)
Submenu Available (… at the
end of selection)
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Menu Bar ‐ File Menu
Key Functions
•Worksheet File Management
¾Save
¾Print
¾Data Import
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Menu Bar ‐ Edit Menu
Key Functions
•Worksheet File Edits
¾Select
¾Delete
¾Copy
¾Paste
¾Dynamic Links
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Menu Bar ‐ Manip Menu
Key Functions
•Data Manipulation
¾Subset/Split
¾Sort
¾Rank
¾Row Data Manipulation
¾Column Data Manipulation
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Menu Bar ‐ Calc Menu
Key Functions
•Calculation Capabilities
¾Column Calculations
¾Column/Row Statistics
¾Data Standardization
¾Data Extraction
¾Data Generation
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Menu Bar ‐ Stat Menu
Key Functions
•Advanced Statistical Tools and Graphs
¾Hypothesis Tests
¾Regression
¾Design of Experiments
¾Control Charts
¾Reliability Testing
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Menu Bar ‐ Graph Menu
Key Functions
•Data Plotting Capabilities
¾Scatter Plot
¾Trend Plot
¾Box Plot
¾Contour/3 D plotting
¾Dot Plots
¾Probability Plots
¾Stem & Leaf Plots
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Menu Bar ‐ Data Window Editor Menu
Key Functions
•Advanced Edit and Display Options
¾Data Brushing
¾Column Settings
¾Column Insertion/Moves
¾Cell Insertion
¾Worksheet Settings
Note: The Editor Selection is Context

Sensitive. Menu selections will vary for:
•Data Window
•Graph
•Session Window
Depending on which is selected.
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Menu Bar ‐ Session Window Editor Menu
Key Functions
¾Font
¾Connectivity Settings
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Menu Bar ‐ Graph Window Editor Menu
Key Functions
¾Brushing
¾Graph Manipulation
¾Colors
¾Orientation
¾Font
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Menu Bar ‐ Window Menu
Key Functions
•Advanced Window Display Options
¾Window Management/Display
¾Toolbar Manipulation/Display
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Menu Bar ‐ Help Menu
Key Functions
•Help and Tutorials
¾Subject Searches
¾Statguide
¾Multiple Tutorials
¾Minitab on the Web
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MINITAB INTEROPERABILITY
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Minitab Interoperability
Minitab
Excel PowerPoint
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Starting with Excel...
Load file “Sample 1” in
Excel….
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The data is now loaded into
Excel….
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Highlight and Copy the
Data….
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Move to Minitab...
Open Minitab and
select the column you
want to paste the data
into….
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Move to Minitab...
Select Paste from the menu and the data
will be inserted into the Minitab
Worksheet….
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Use Minitab to do the Analysis...
Lets say that we would like to test
correlation between the Predicted
Workload and the actual workload….
•Select Stat… Regression…. Fitted Line
Plot…..
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Minitab is now asking for us
to identify the columns with
the appropriate date….
•Click in the box for
“Response (Y): Note that our
options now appear in this
box.
•This will enter the “Actual •Select “Actual Workload”
Workload” data in the Response (Y) and hit the select button…..
data field...
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•Now click in the Predictor
(X): box…. Then click on
“Predicted Workload” and
hit the select button… This
will fill in the “Predictor
(X):” data field...
•Both data fields should
now be filled….
•Select OK...
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•Minitab now does the
analysis and presents the
results...
•Note that in this case there is
a graph and an analysis
summary in the Session
Window…
•Let’s say we want to use both
in our PowerPoint
presentation….
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Transferring the Analysis...
•Let’s take care of the graph first….
•Go to Edit…. Copy Graph...
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•Open PowerPoint and select a
blank slide….
•Go to Edit…. Paste Special...
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•Select “Picture (Enhanced
Metafile)… This will give you the
best graphics with the least
amount of trouble.
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•Our Minitab graph is now
pasted into the powerpoint
presentation…. We can now
size and position it
accordingly….
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•Now we can copy the analysis
from the Session window…..
•Highlight the text you want to
copy….
•Select Edit….. Copy…..
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•Now go back to your
powerpoint presentation…..
•Select Edit….. Paste…..
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•Well we got our data, but it is a
bit large…..
•Reduce the font to 12 and we
should be ok…..
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Presenting the results....
•Now all we need to do is
tune the presentation…..
•Here we position the
graph and summary and put
in the appropriate
takeaway...
•Then we are ready to
present….
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Graphic Capabilities
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Pareto Chart....
•Let’s generate a Pareto Chart
from a set of data….
•Go to File… Open Project….
Load the file Pareto.mpj….
•Now let’s generate the Pareto
Chart...
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Pareto Chart....
•Go to:
•Stat…
•Quality Tools…
•Pareto Chart….
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Pareto Chart....
Fill out the screen as follows:
•Our data is already
summarized so we will use
the Chart Defects table...
•Labels in “Category”…
•Frequencies in “Quantity”….
•Add title and hit OK..
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Pareto Chart....
Minitab now completes
our pareto for us ready
to be copied and pasted
into your PowerPoint
presentation….
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Histogram....
•Let’s generate a Histogram from
a set of data….
•Go to File… Open Project….
Load the file 2_Correlation.mpj….
•Now let’s generate the
Histogram of the GPA results...
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Histogram....
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Histogram…
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Histogram....
Fill out the screen as
follows:
•Select GPA for our X value
Graph Variable
•Hit OK…..
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Histogram....
Minitab now completes our histogram
for us ready to be copied and pasted
into your PowerPoint presentation….
This data does not look like it is very
normal….
Let’s use Minitab to test this
distribution for normality…...
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Histogram
•Go to:
•Stat…
•Basic Statistics…
•Display Descriptive
Statistics….
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Histogram
follows:
•Select GPA for our
Variable….
•Select Graphs…..
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Histogram....
•Select Graphical
Summary….
•Select OK…..
•Select OK again on the
next screen...
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Histogram....
Note that now we not only have
our Histogram but a number of
other descriptive statistics as
well….
This is a great summary slide...
As for the normality question, note
that our P value of .038 rejects the
null hypothesis (P<.05). So, we
conclude with 95% confidence that
the data is not normal…..
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Histogram....
•Let’s look at another
“Histogram” tool we can use
to evaluate and present
data….
•Go to File… Open
Project…. Load the file
overfill.mpj….
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Histogram....
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Marginal Plot…
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Histogram....
follows:
•Select filler 1 for the Y
Variable….
•Select head for the X
Variable
•Select OK…..
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Histogram....
Note that now we not only have
our Histogram but a dot plot of
each head data as well...
Note that head number 6 seems
to be the source of the high
readings…..
This type of Histogram is called a
“Marginal Plot”..
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Boxplot....
•Let’s look at the same data using a
Boxplot….
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Boxplot....
•Go to:
•Stat…
•Display Descriptive
Statistics...
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Boxplot....
Fill out the screen as follows:
•Select “filler 1” for our
Variable….
•Select Graphs…..
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Boxplot....
•Select Boxplot of data….
•Select OK…..
•Select OK again on the
next screen...
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Boxplot....
We now have our Boxplot
of the data...
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Boxplot....
•There is another way we can
use Boxplots to view the data...
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Boxplot...
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programmes
Boxplot....
follows:
•Select “filler 1” for our Y
Variable….
•Select “head” for our X
Variable….
•Select OK…..
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Boxplot....
Note that now we now have
a box plot broken out by
each of the various heads..
Note that head number 6
again seems to be the source
of the high readings…..
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Scatter plot....
•Let’s look at data using a Scatterplot….
•Go to File… Open Project…. Load the file
2_Correlation.mpj….
•Now let’s generate the Scatterplot of the
GPA results against our Math and Verbal
scores...
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Scatter plot....
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Plot...
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programmes
Scatter Plot....
follows:
•Select GPA for our Y
Variable….
•Select Math and Verbal for
our X Variables…..
•Select OK when done...
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Scatter plot....
We now have two Scatter
plots of the data stacked on
top of each other…
We can display this better by
tiling the graphs….
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Scatter plot....
To do this:
•Go to Window…
•Tile...
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Scatter plot....
Now we can see both
Scatter plots of the
data…
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Scatter plot....
•There is another way we can
generate these scatter plots….
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Matrix Plot...
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Scatter Plot....
follows:
•Click in the “Graph
variables” block
•Highlight all three
available data sets…
•Click on the “Select”
button...
•Select OK when done...
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programmes
Scatter plot....
We now have a series of
Scatter plots, each one
corresponding to a
combination of the data
sets available…
Note that there appears to
be a strong correlation
between Verbal and both
Math and GPA data….
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Minitab Statistical Tools
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PROCESS CAPABILITY ANALYSIS
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Let’s do a process capability study….
Open Minitab and load the file

Capability.mpj….
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SETTING UP THE TEST….
Go to Stat… Quality
Tools…. Capability
Analysis (Weibull)….
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SETTING UP THE TEST….
Select “Torque” for
our single data
column...
Enter a lower spec of

10 and an upper
spec of 30. Then
select “OK”….
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programmes
INTERPRETING THE DATA….
Note that the data does not

fit the normal curve very
well...
Note that the Long Term

capability (Ppk) is 0.43.
This equates to a Z value of
3*0.43=1.29 standard
deviations or sigma values.
This equates to an expected

defect rate PPM of 147,055.
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING
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Setting up the test in Minitab
•Load the file

normality.mpj…..
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Checking the Data for Normality….
•It’s important that we

check for normality of
data samples.
•Let’s see how this
works….
•Go to STAT…. Basic
Statistics... Normality
Test….
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Set up the Test
•We will test the

“Before” column of
data….
•Check Anderson-
Darling
•Click OK
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Analyzing the Results
•Since the P value is

greater than .05 we can
assume the “Before” data
is normal
•Now repeat the test for
the “After” Data (this is left
to the student as a
learning exercise..)
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Checking for equal variance..
•We now want to see if we
have equal variances in our
samples.
•To perform this test, our
data must be “stacked”.
•To accomplish this go to
Manip… Stack… Stack
Columns….
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•Select both of the
available columns
(Before and After) to
stack....
•Type in the location
where you want the
stacked data…. In this
example we will use
C4….
•Type in the location
where you want the
subscripts stored… In
this example we will use
C3….
•Select OK….
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•Now that we have our
data stacked, we are ready
to test for equal
variances.…
•Go to Stat… ANOVA….
Test for equal Variances...
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Setting up the test….
•Our response will be the

actual receipt performance
for the two weeks we are
comparing. In this case we
had put the stacked data in
•Our factors is the label column C4….
column we created when we
stacked the data (C3).. •We set our Confidence
Level for the test (95%).
•Then select “OK”.
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Analyzing the data….
•Note that we get a •Here, we see the 95% •The F test results are
graphical summary of confidence intervals for the shown here. We can
both sets of data as two populations. Since they see from the P-Value of
well as the relevant overlap, we know that we will .263 that again we
statistics…. fail to reject the null would fail to reject the
hypothesis. null hypothesis. Note
that the F test assumes
normality
•Levene’s test also

compares the variance
of the two samples and
is robust to nonnormal
data. Again, the P-
Value of .229 indicates
•Here we have box plot that we would fail to
representations of both reject the null
populations. hypothesis.
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Lets test the data with a 2 Sample t Test
•Under Stat… Basic

Statistics…. We see - -
several of the hypothesis
tests which we discussed
in class. In this example
we will be using a 2
Sample t Test….
•Go to Stat…. Basic
Statistics.. 2 Sample t…..
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•Since we already
have our data
stacked, we will load
C4 for our samples
and C3 for our
subscripts.
•Since we have
already tested for
equal variances, we
can check off this
box…
•Now select
Graphs….
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•We see that we have

two options for our
graphical output. For
this small a sample,
Boxplots will not be of
much value so we
select “Dotplots of
data” and hit “OK”. Hit
OK again on the next
screen….
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Interpreting the results….
•In the session window we have
each population’s statistics •Note that here we have a P
calculated for us.. value of .922. We therefore
find that the data does not
support the conclusion that
there is a significant difference
between the means of the two
populations...
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Interpreting the results….
•The dotplot shows how close

the datapoints in the two
populations fall to each other.
The close values of the two
population means (indicated
by the red bar) also shows
little chance that this
hypothesis could be rejected
by a larger sample
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Paired Comparisons
• In paired comparisons we are trying to “pair”
observations or treatments. An example would be to
test automatic blood pressure cuffs and a nurse
measuring the blood pressure on the same patient
using a manual instrument.
• It can also be used in measurement system studies to
determine if operators are getting the same mean
value across the same set of samples.
• Let’s look at an example:
2_Hypothesis_Testing_Shoe_wear.mpj
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2_Hypothesis_Testing_Shoe_wear.mpj
• In this example we are trying to determine if
shoe material “A” wear rate is different from
shoe material “B”.
• Our data has been collected using ten boys,
whom were asked to wear one shoe made
H : Material “A” wear rate = Material “B” wear rate
o
H : Material “A” wear rate ≠ Material “B” wear rate
from each material.
a
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Paired Comparison
•Go to Stat….
• Paired t…..
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Paired Comparison
•Select the samples…

•Go to Graphs….
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Paired Comparison
•Select the
Boxplot for our
graphical output..
•Then select OK..
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Paired Comparison
We see how the 95%
confidence interval of
the mean relates to the
value we are testing. In
this case, the value falls
outside the 95%
confidence interval of
the data mean. This
gives us confirmation
that the shoe materials
are significantly
different.
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CONTINGENCY TABLES
(CHI SQUARE)
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Entering the data….
•Enter the data in a table
format. For this example,
load the file Contingency
Table.mpj...
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Let’s set up a contingency table….
•Contingency tables are

found under Stat….
Tables… Chi Square
Test….
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•Select the columns

which contain the
table. Then select
“OK”
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Performing the Analysis….
Note that you will have the critical •Minitab builds the table for you.
population and test statistics Note that our original data is
displayed in the session window. presented and directly below, Minitab
calculates the expected values.
•Here, Minitab calculates the Chi

Square statistic for each data point
and totals the result. The calculated
Chi Square statistic for this problem
is 30.846.
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ANalysis Of VAriance
ANOVA
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Let’s set up the analysis
•Load the file Anova

example.mpj…
•Stack the data in C4 and
place the subscripts in C5
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Set up the analysis….
•Select Stat…
•ANOVA…
•One way…
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•Select
• C4 Responses
• C5 Factors
•Then select Graphs….
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•Choose boxplots
of data...
•Then OK
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Analyzing the results….
Note that the P value is less than

.05
that means that we reject the null
hypothesis
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Let’s Look At Main Effects….
•Choose Stat
•ANOVA
•Main Effects Plot….
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Main Effects
Select
•C4 Response
•C5 Factors
•OK
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Analyzing Main Effects..
Main Effects Plot - Data Means for Liters Per H
22
21
Liters Per H
20
19
18
Liters/Hr 1 Liters/Hr 2 Liters/Hr 3

Formulation
Formulation 1 Has Lowest Fuel Consumption
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DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE)
FUNDAMENTALS
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First Create an Experimental Design...
Go to
•Stat…
•DOE…
•Factorial...
•Create Factorial
Design...
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First Create an Experimental Design...
Select 2 Level
Factorial design with
3 factors
Then go to Display
Available Designs….
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Bowling Example (continued)
We can now see the
available experimental
designs…. We will be
using the Full (Factorial)
for 3 factors and we can
see that it will require 8
runs…
Now, select OK and go
back to the main screen.
Once at the main screen
select Designs...
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Select your design….
We will be using the Full
(Factorial) and again we
can see that it will
require 8 runs…
select Factors...
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Fill in the names for
your factors….
Then fill in the actual
conditions for low (-) or
high (+)
select Options...
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Remove the option to

Randomize Runs….
select OK...
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Minitab has now

designed our
experiment for us….
Now, type your Data
from each of your
experimental
treatments into C8.
We are now ready to
analyze the results…
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Go to
•Stat….
•DOE…
•Factorial...
•Analyze Factorial
Design...
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Highlight your Data

column and use
Select to place it in
the Responses box.
Then, select the
Terms Option.
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Note that Selected

Terms has all of the
available choices
already selected. We
need do nothing further.
Select OK.
Then, at the main screen
select Graphs
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Select your Effects

Plots and reset your
Alpha to .05.
Select OK to return to
the main screen and
then select OK again.
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Note that only one effect

has a significance
greater than 95%.
All the remaining factors
and interactions are not
statistically significant.
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•Another way we can
look at the data is to
look at the Factorial
Plots of the resulting
data.
•Go to
•DOE….
•Factorial…
•Factorial
Plots….
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•Select Main Effects
Plot and then Setup…
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•Select C8 as your
response
•Select
“Wristband”, “Ball”
and “Lane” as
your factors.
•Then select “OK”
and OK again on
the main screen.
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•The magnitude of the vertical displacement indicates the strength of the
main effect for that factor. Here we see that the wristband has
dramatically more effect than any other factor. We know from our earlier
plots that the wristband is the only statistically significant effect @ 95%
confidence.
•This plot also shows you the direction of the main effects. We clearly
see that the “with” condition is related to the higher level of performance.
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•Now lets look at the
interactions....
•Go to
•DOE….
•Factorial…
•Factorial
Plots…
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•Select InteractionPlot
and then Setup…..
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programmes
•Select C8 as your
response variable.
•Select
“Wristband”, “Ball”
and “Lane” as
your factors.
•Then select “OK”
and OK again on
the next screen….
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•We know from our earlier analysis that none of these interactions were
statistically significant for this experiment…..
•The more the

lines diverge from
being parallel, the
more the
interaction.
•We see that the strongest interaction (still not
significant) is between the lane and the ball.
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programmes
Bowling Example (Session Window)
•This is where Minitab shows us
the Main Effects and Interaction
Effects..
•Note that Wristband has the
strongest effect followed by the
interaction between the Wristband
and the Lane...
•You can also see

that there is zero
error
•This is because
only 1 run was
performed with no
replications
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Lean Six Sigma Black Belt - Introduction To Minitab

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Lean Six Sigma Black Belt - Introduction To Minitab

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Lean Six Sigma

Note: The Editor Selection is Context

Open Minitab and load the file

Enter a lower spec of

Note that the data does not

Note that the Long Term

This equates to an expected

•Load the file

•It’s important that we

•We will test the

•Since the P value is

•Our response will be the

•Then select “OK”.

•Levene’s test also

•Under Stat… Basic

•We see that we have

•The dotplot shows how close

•Select the samples…

•Contingency tables are

•Select the columns

•Here, Minitab calculates the Chi

•Load the file Anova

Note that the P value is less than

Liters/Hr 1 Liters/Hr 2 Liters/Hr 3

Formulation 1 Has Lowest Fuel Consumption

Remove the option to

Minitab has now

Highlight your Data

Note that Selected

Select your Effects

Note that only one effect

•The more the

•You can also see

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