Product CB, PT, IT, DC

HV Circuit Breakers
Training Module
© ABB Ltd - 1
$%%
© ABB Ltd., India - 2
SA
BPI
Incoming line
CVT
DS
CB
CT
DS
Role of a Circuit Breaker
Ground wire
SA
Transformer
SA
DS
CB
CT
DS
CVT
SA
Outgoing line
Circuit Breaker
A mechanical device capable of making, carrying and

breaking currents under normal conditions as well as
under specified abnormal conditions such as those of
short circuit.
Role of Circuit Breaker
•Offer least resistance for normal load current

•Provide electrical isolation when open
•Must switch different types of current
•Must open & close fast and safe against short circuit
Fault Clearing
Fault Occurs
Relay
• Senses & Circuit Breaker
Relay Contact • Trip Coil Energises
Closes • Operating Mechanism Starts
• Contacts Separate
• Arcing between Contacts
• Arc Extinguishes
• Circuit Breaker Fully Opens Fault Cleared
Product Portfolio - Circuit Breakers
ELF SP
(Puffer,
50 kA
Pneumatic
Mechanism)
LTB D1/B
40 kA ELF SL
(Self Blast,
Spring (Puffer,
Mechanism) Pneumatic
Mechanism) ELF SL
LTB D1/B
31.5 kA EDF/EDI (Self Blast, LTBE1 (Puffer,
(Self Blast, Spring Pneumatic
(Auto Puffer, Mechanism)
Spring Mechanism)
Spring
Mechanism)
ELF SF mechanism
(Puffer, Mechanism)
Pneumatic
Mechanism)
36-72.5 kV 145 kV 245 kV 420 kV
Rating
Type ELF SL 6-2 ELF SL 4-1 LTBD1/B EDF SK 1-1
Rated 420 kV 245 kV 145 kV 36 - 72.5 kV

voltage
Normal 4000A 4000A 3150 A 2500 A

current
Breaking 40 kA 40 kA 40 kA 31.5 kA/ 25

current kA
Making 100 kAp 100 kAp 100 kAp 79 kAp/ 63

current kAp
Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz/ 60 Hz
Inside SF6 Arc Chamber - Puffer Interrupter
1 Fixed contact
2 Nozzle
3 Stationary arcing contact
4 Moving arcing contact
5 Stationary main contact
6 Moving main contact
9 Puffer/compression volume
10 Puffer cylinder
11 Refill valve
13 Stationary piston
14 Lower current path
SF6 Puffer Interrupter - Current Breaking Operation
Inside SF6 Arc Chamber - Self blast Interrupter
1 Upper current path
2 Nozzle
3 Stationary arcing contact
4 Moving arcing contact
5 Stationary main contact
6 Moving main contact
7 Self blast volume
8 Self blast valve
9 Puffer/compression volume
10 Puffer cylinder
11 Refill valve
12 Overpressure valve
13 Stationary piston
14 Lower current path
SF6 Self blast Interrupter - Fault Current Operation
SF6 Self blast Interrupter - Load Current Operation
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
Construction Voltage grading
capacitor
Double Arc
Chamber
Corona Rings
Support Insulator
Actuator (Drive)
Density Monitor
Support Structure
Air Receiver
Air Compressor
Switch Cubicle
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
Pole – EL(V)F SL 6-2
• Arc Chamber
Terminal
Closing Resistor
Fixed Contact (Closing Resistor Chamber)
Moving Contact (Closing Resistor Chamber)
Fixed Contact
Moving Contact
Branch Housing
Insulating Nozzle & Auxiliary Nozzle
•Earth Insulation
Operating rod
Support Insulator
•Actuator ( Drive )
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
Operating mechanism (Pneumatic actuator) Type PKA
Mechanical
closing
interlock
Protection ON - OFF
cover indicator
Hood
Magnet
ventile Drive
assembly
Copper
pipe Cable
Drive chamber
Operating mechanism - Opening operation
Operating
OFF rod
Coupling
piece
Piston of Piston
Magnet
ventile Driving
piston
Damping
piston
Opening
coils
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
Air Compressor Unit

Rated Pressure: 31.5 bar 3
Delievery Rate: 6m3/hr 2

4
Parts of the compressor air unit:
1- Connecting rod and crank shaft assembly
2- Piston assembly
3- Inter cooler 5
4- Cylinder and cylinder head 1
5- Crank case
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
EL(V)F SL 6-2: General Arrangement – IE Rule
Phase difference
Safety working clearance (6.4 m)
Maximum height
Cubicle
Insulation height (2.4 m)

dimension
Maximum width
Routine tests on Circuit Breaker
(Reference Standard : IEC 62271 - 100)
• Mechanical Test
• SF6 leakage ( Tightness )
• Contact resistance measurement
• Dielectric test ( Power frequency test )
• Dielectric test on auxiliary and control circuit ( 2kV test)
• Visual checks
Specified parameters
Parameter ELF SL 6-2 ELF SL 4-1 LTBD1/B EDF SK 1-1
(72.5 kV)
Closing 150 ms max 130 ms max 45 ms max 60 ms max
time
Opening 25 ms max 30 ms max 30 ms max 35 ms max
time
CO time 45 ms max 45 ms max 45 ms max 45 ms max
Closing 3.2-4.7 m/s 4-6 m/s 3.5-4.5 m/s 2.5-3 m/s

velocity
Opening 6.7-8.5 m/s 7.5-9.5 m/s 4.4-4.9 m/s 3-3.5 m/s

velocity
Contact 50 µΩ max 51 µΩ max 44 µΩ max 42 µΩ max
resistance
SF6 gas 600-700 kPa abs

pressure
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
Transport & Unloading at site
• Transportation units
• Unload packing case in upright position
• DO NOT ROLL CASES
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
EL(V)F SL 6-2 Outdoor Storage

Poles
Double arc chamber
Grading capacitor
Resistor stack
Structure
DAC
Pole
High Flood
Level
Equipment stored outdoors must be located at a

place with no possibility of water logging
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
EL(V)F SL 6-2 Indoor Storage
Pneumatic actuator (Drive)
Switch Cubicle
Compressor
Accessories
Terminal connector
Copper pipes Switch
Cables cubicle
Lifting fixture Lifting
Drive fixture
Anti-condensation heaters provided in the Operating

mechanism and switch cubicle should be connected to
supply during outdoor storage
ELF/EL(V)F SL 6-2
EL(V)F SL 6-2 Unpacking

•Pole column
•Open packing case
•Remove Pole column

General Scheme
Out of step protection
Compressor control schematic
Air pressure (bar)
30
30.5
23
24.5
31.5
30.2
23.2
24.7
34.65
Pressure scale:
SF6 gas (bar - absolute)

6
6.2
6.4
6.4
Check list - Erection
•Position of leveling nut below structure

•Verify direction of structure as per GA
•Leveling of structure done?
•All nuts tightened as specified?
•Insulators not damaged
•Verify positive pressure of SF6 gas
•Water presence in the drive – Overhauling required?
•Temperature compensation for SF6 gas
•Check for SF6 gas leakage after filling 2 bar absolute
•Gas monitoring system fixed as per GA drawing
•Heaters are working in drive/cubicle?

•Note operation counter reading
Contact Preparation (Aluminum)
•Clean contact surfaces

•Brush surfaces with clean
steel brush
•Apply grease on contact
surface immediately
•Fix connector pad and
tighten
•Wipe off grease squeezed
out of the joints
LTBD1/B: Pre-commissioning
•Check erection as per general arrangement drawing

•Fill SF6 gas to nominal pressure according to pressure -
temperature curve
•Check pressure after one hour and correct
•Check for leakage
•Check wiring according to schematic
•Trial mechanical operations
•Measure breaker operating timings
•Check antipumping feature
•Check for leakage

•Record all measurements

LTBD1/B : Construction (three column stand version)
•Poles
•Operating mechanism
•Tripping device
•Support structure
•Linkage (Protecting tubes,

pull rods)
•Gas supervision system
LTB D1/B : Operating mechanism
A Trip spring
1 Trip latch
2 Tripping arm
3 Closing arm
4 Closing latch
5 Main shaft
6 Closing spring
7 Worm,worm wheel
8 Universal motor
9 Limit switch
10 Charging handle
11 Dashpot
Operating mechanism - Operation
•A universal charging motor charges closing spring
•The limit switch disconnects power to motor after

the closing spring is charged.
•When the closing coil is energized the closing latch (catchgear)

releases energy of closing spring
•The opening spring is charged during this closing operation.
•When the trip coil is energized, the trip latch (catchgear) releases
energy of opening spring.
Blk.exe
LTB D1/B: Storage
•Indoor Storage
• Operating mechanism
• Marshalling box
• Accessories Box
•Outdoor Storage
•Poles with supports
above HFL
•Structure
HFL
LTBD1/B : Handling
Breaker pole
•Place a sling under the

top flange of the arc
chamber insulator and
prepare for lifting
•Do not remove the
sling till all bolts are
properly tightened
•Special care for gas
valve
LTBD1/B : Handling
Breaker pole
•Do not remove the

sling till all bolts are
properly tightened
•Special care for gas
valve
LTBD1/B : Handling
Operating Mechanism
•Ensure the weight of

mechanism is
supported by all the
four lifting hooks
LTB D1/B : Erection
•Prepare foundation
•Mount support structure
•Ensure distance between
structure
•Ensure alignment of
structure at top
•Mount poles one by one
•Check SF6 gas
•Mount mechanism on
structure
•Ensure drive is in open
position and there is no gap
between the flange and
mechanism housing
Alignment of support structure
Foundation bolt
Nut for alignment
Foundation
LTB D1/B : Erection
C B A
Pull rod connection
•Check that poles are open

•Insert pull rod in
protective tube and mount
the protective tube
•Ensure left hand thread of
pull rods are towards drive
•Make connections of
pull rods
•Match the holes on setting
disc and mechanism
housing in all three poles

•Match holes of A-pole, then B-
pole and then C-pole.
EDF SK 1-1
Construction of Circuit
Breaker:
•Poles
•Operating and control

Mechanism
•Support structure
•Supports and Linkage

EDF SK 1-1
EDF SK 1-1:
Operating mechanism - Construction
Closing Cam & Cam Follower
Prawl
Limit Whom wheel

switch
Locking
prawl
Closing Tripping
spring Spring
(CO Spring) (O Spring)
Auxiliary switch Motor for

charging the
closing spring
EDF SK 1-1
EDF SK 1-1: Transport

• One packing case containing poles, mechanism &
accessories
EDF SK 1-1
EDF SK 1-1: Transport

•Transportation units
•Unload packing case

in upright position
•DO NOT ROLL CASES
EDF SK 1-1
EDF SK 1-1: Unpacking

•Open Packing case
•Remove mechanism
•Remove accessories
box
EDF SK 1-1
EDF SK 1-1: Storage
•Indoor Storage
• Operating mechanism
• Accessories Box indoor
•Outdoor Storage
•Poles with supports
above HFL
HFL
Operation, ABB LIMITED
Maintenance, POWER
Trouble shooting & TRANSFORMERS
life extension of
Power Transformer
© ABB Ltd - 49
$%%
Transformers - Definition
IEC 60076-1
A static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by electromagnetic

induction, transforms a system of alternating voltage and current into another system
of voltage and current usually of different values and at the same frequency for the
purpose of transmitting electrical power.
IEEE C57.12.80-2002
A static device consisting of a winding, or two or more coupled windings with or without a
magnetic core for introducing mutual coupling between electrical circuits.
TRANSFORMER BASICS
Transformers - Application Areas & Standards
Application Areas:
Power stations (Thermal, Hydro, Nuclear, Wind farms)
Transmission Substations
Factory Substations
Railway Traction Supply
Aluminium Smelters / Arc Furnaces
Application Standards:
CBIP Technical Publication No.275 (1999). Manual on Transformers
(Sections A ~P)
IEC60076-8 (1997) Application guide / IS 10561: 1983
IS10028 (Part I) : 1981 Selection of Transformers
Transformers - Types & Applications
Generator Transformers : For stepping up the generator voltage to

transmission line voltage. Used in Generating
Stations only.
Power Station : Station transformer used for feeding the

Transformers substation/Power Station Auxiliaries.
Transmission & Auto : Transformers for bulk supply of power and to

Transformer interconnect separate EHV transmission systems.
HVDC Converter : Used for HVDC systems.

Transformer
Phase Shifting : To control the power flow in an

Transformer / interconnected network.
Quadrature Boosters
Transformers - Types & Applications
Interconnected Star : To provide a neutral point for connection to earth

Earthing Transformers on a system which would otherwise not have one.
Distribution : To step down the voltages to distribution

Transformers Levels
Rectifier Transformers : Step down transformer to feed rectifiers.
AC Arc Furnace Trafo. : Step down transformer to feed arc furnaces.
Traction Transformers : For use in Traction applications on

locomotives.
Generator neutral : Generally used to connect the generator stator

Earthing Transformers neutral to the earth to limit the short circuit current in
the event of a fault.
Power Transformer - Main Parts
Active Part : Core

Windings (HV, LV, Regulating, Tertiary)
Tap Changer(s) (On Load / Off Load)
Cleats & Leads
Tank : Tank body
Accessories : Radiators
Auxiliaries : Bushings
Buchholz Relay/Oil Surge Relay
Temperature Indicators
Oil Level Indicators
Pressure Relief Device
Marshalling Box/Control cubicle
Oil Preservation Systems : Conservators (gas sealed, Bellows/membrane

sealed)
Breathers
Thermo-siphon Filters
Power Transformer - Active Part
Core
Windings
Leads
Tap Changer
100MVA 220kV Power Transformer
Radiator Bank
Conservator
Prismatic Oil
Level Indicator
Bushings
Buchholz Relay
Fans
Tank
Marshalling Box
/Control cubicle
DISMANTLING & TRANSPORT
After test, oil is drained & external fittings & accessories (bushings, coolers,
conservators etc) are disassembled
TRANSPORT MODES
z Oil Filled
z Nitrogen Gas filled
z When oil filling would exceed the permissible or economical maximum transport weight or
if specifically demanded by the customer
z Filled with dry nitrogen at a positive pressure of 0.175 kg/sq cm( 2.5 psi) before dispatch.
CHECKS FOR TRANSPORTATION

z Prevent the transformer from sliding during transport.
z The positions of lifters, hauling to be used as anchoring points

HANDLING DURING LOADING, AND ON SITE LIFTING TRANSFORMERS

z Hydraulic hoists to be used at the jacking pads provided (see outline
drawing).
z Lifting to be carried out simultaneously and uniformly for at least two
adjoining jacking pads.
Note: Never use Pipe flanges and valves as lifting or support points.
SUSPENDING TRANSFORMERS
The transformer must be suspended from
points shown in the outline drawing.
The ropes must never form smaller angle than 60
degrees to the horizontal. Thus, dimension “L” must
be equal to or larger than dimension “M”
SHIPPING
z Large Power Transformers are normally shipped on special low bed
trailors.
z Accessories dispatched separately by road, oil drums by road.
z Regular check of tank pressure during shipping and storage times
necessary to ensure that there is no leakage.
Transformer shipping showing tie-rods and blocking

ARRESTING TRANSFORMER MOVEMENT ON TRAILOR BED

RECEIVING INSPECTION & ARRIVAL ON SITE
RECEIVING INSPECTION AND ARRIVAL ON SITE- CHECKS
Inspection to be carried out:

z Measurement of core insulation resistance to ground.
(Min. Acceptable value : 500KΩ when measured at 1000V DC, corrected to
20oC.)
z All tie rods must be undamaged and nuts and cables must be tight
z Is all blocking tight and in good condition?
z Any evidence of load shifting in transit
z Does the impact recorder indicate any impacts beyond the acceptance zones?
z Indications of external damage : broken glass on gauges, broken welds etc.
z Paint finish damage
z Whether attached fittings are still in place and undamaged (see the outline
drgs)
z Evidence of oil leakage around valves, fittings, flanges and tank seams
z Damages to Bushings : Porcelain chipping
z Bushing Oil level
z Delivery of all major components and accessory boxes as per packing list
z Do crates or boxes show evidence of damage or moisture ingress?
z Temporary shipping silica gel breather desiccant color
z Detached radiators, coolers and pumps must have openings closed with
blind flanges and plugs.
z Any pressure loss in gas filled transformer tanks must be included in the
acceptance report.
z Excess pressure of 0.05 bar should be maintained as minimum.
Pressure variation w.r.t. temperature

30
20
Pressure kPa
10
0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
Temperature OC
INTERNAL INSPECTION
z Necessary if transport damage is suspected.

z Avoid internal inspections to the extent possible. If necessary carry out
inspection only in the presence of transformer manufacturer.
z Before removing the tank cover or any other cover, ensure there is no
overpressure in the tank.
z Do not leave tools or other objects inside the tank, they can cause short-
circuits and failure of transformer.
UNLOADING, MOVING & STORING
UNLOADING
z Use suitable overhead crane.

z Raise transformer from the car bed with jacks and then skid or roll in to the
desired position. Jacking should be done at designated jacking pads only.
MOVING TRANSFORMERS
z Special Moving devices
z Skids
z Sliding surfaces (with the aid of lubricants) can be used.
z Armored rollers can be placed under the transformer
List of tools & Equipment needed for moving, available in the
instruction Manual
STORAGE
STORING INDOORS IN A DRY ROOM
z Insulating material such as paper, pressboard, Bakelite, wood, cottons tape
etc.
z Insulated items as paper insulated conductors, pressboard insulated
shielding body etc.
z Chemicals as solvents, glues, varnishes, hardners etc.
z Breathers and drying agents
z Terminal boxes, connection boxes, control cabinets
z Turrets with built in current transformers.
STORAGE
z Gas relays, oil-level indicators, thermometers, pressure valves etc.

z Pipes to oil conservator, pipes to radiators, pipes to turrets etc.
z Bushings
z Marshalling box, OLTC motor drive, fans, pumps, instruments and fittings
z Control cabinets
( If Heating elements provided, they shall be connected to supply)
STORAGE
STORING OUTDOORS
z Main transformer with mounted accessories.
z Oil conservator with blanking plates for all openings.
z Radiators and coolers with blanking plates for all openings.
z Structures, A frames, pipe supports, oil conservator supports, radiators,
control cabinets etc.
STORAGE
LONG DURATION STORAGE
TRANSFORMER DISASSEMBLED : WITH LOWERED OIL LEVEL

A transformer with lowered oil level (i.e. the entire insulation of the core and coil
assembly has to be completely covered with oil) must be provided with a
dehydrating breather during storage, in order to avoid the ingress of humid air in
the transformer tank.
In case heating elements are installed in the motor drive cabinet, and control
cabinet, they must be connected to a power supply system to prevent the
formation of condensation water. The heating elements shall be checked at
regular intervals.
STORAGE
The silica-gel content of the dehydrating breathers is to be checked every 2

weeks. When more than 2/3 of the blue silica gel filling have turned light, the
filling has to be exchanged. However, it can be reused after having been dried
at 120 °C (24 hrs.).
At the same time the tank has to be examined for oil traces. Should any leakage
be detected, they have to be sealed immediately. Before commissioning and
after a long storage the oil is to be checked for moisture content. Motor drive
cabinet and control cabinet have be checked for Condensation of water.
STORAGE
TRANSFORMER WITH DRY-GAS FILLING

In case it is not possible to store the transformer completely mounted or with oil
filling, the trans-former is to be filled with dry gas in order to prevent the ingress of
moisture during storage.
After the transformer has been filled with dry gas/ air, one or several gas cylinder
attached to the tank has to be connected. In order to provide a constant positive
pressure in the transformer tank, the gas cylinders are connected via pressure
reducing and pressure relief valve. The valves have been adjusted to maintain a
positive pressure in the tank i.e. approx. 0.25 bar. The pressure is to be checked
every two weeks.
Caution:The pressure must not fall below 0.05 bar.
STORAGE
The condition of the silica gel content in the dehydrating breathers has to be
checked every 2 weeks. Should more than 2/3 of the blue silica gel filling have
turned light, the filling must be exchanged. However, it can be reused after
drying at 120 °C (24 hrs.). At the same time it is necessary to check the oil level
in the conservator, and to examine the tank for oil traces. Should any leakage
be detected, they have to be taken care of immediately. Before commissioning
and after long storage the oil is to be checked for humidity.
STORAGE
ACCESSORIES
The accessories shall be stored in compliance with the printed-on

storage instructions and the hints given in the brochures for the
individual accessory parts. In principle the accessories should be
stored in their respective transport packing in dry rooms. Possibly,
desiccant bags have to be enclosed in the crates.
All accessories shall be protected against damages.
STORAGE
CHECKLIST FOR PACKAGE
Time periods
SUBJECT CHECK YEAR MONTH REMARKS
Insulating oil Dielectric strength 1
Moisture content
Oil level Conservator 1
Oil tightness Tank 1 1
Conservator, piping, 1
Buchholz relay, Bushings 1
Earthing Tank 6
Fans Test run 3 1 Hr.
Control cabinet Heating 1
Oil circulation pumps Trial run 3 1 Hr.
Silica gel breathers Silica gel 1
TRANSFORMER INSTALATION INSTRUCTIONS
TRANSFORMER INSTALATION INSTRUCTIONS
EXTERNAL ASSEMBLY
z Check all factory assembled air/gas oil fitting joints for leaks and reseal.
z Use new gaskets supplied with transformer when installing radiators,

coolers or pumps
TRANSFORMER INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
INTERNAL ASSEMBLY
z To remove the nitrogen, it is advisable to pull vacuum to fully remove all
nitrogen and Break vacuum with oil.
z Bushings to be assembled as per the instructions of the bushing
manufacturer which is available in the instruction manual.
z Bushing CT - Check the CT ratios, lead continuity & polarity at the terminal
points in the control cabinet.
z An energized CT is dangerous if the secondary is open circuited. Death or
serious injury can result from contact with the terminals.
If transformer is to be stored after assembly;
z Seal it and pressurize with dry air or nitrogen to 20 kPa; [ 3 PSI (0.2 bar)].
z If the exposure time has been excessive or there are other factors that
suggest the transformer may have been exposed to excessive moisture
contamination then:
z Evacuate transformer to 2 Torr (.266 Pascal) or less and hold for 4
hours.
z Break the vacuum with dry air or nitrogen till the pressure reaches 20
kPa 3-PSI (.2 bar).
z Retain it under pressure for at least 12 hours until equilibrium is
reached, and then measure the dew point.
z For surface moisture less than 0.8%, proceed with the final vacuum
filling procedures.
z If the dew point is unacceptable, the transformer insulation must be

dried.
z It is advisable to take the dew point measurement in the early morning

hours prior to sunrise.
z If the dew point measurement is taken during periods of extreme ambient
temperature variation or during the afternoon hours, the insulation
temperature should be measured directly after the dew point is taken.
Surface
moisture
content -20º
% -10º 0º 10º
2
1.5 20º
Temperature inside transformer
1
30º
0.7
0.5 40º
0.4
0.3
0.2 Water vapor pressure inside

transformer
0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 mm Hg
-60º -50º -30º -20º

-40º
Dew- point of air inside the Trafo.

ELECTRICAL TESTS
1. Measure the power factor and capacitance of the bushings before

installing the bushings in the transformers. Refer to the appropriate
bushing instruction leaflet for the proper procedures. (Optional Test)
Measure the core resistance to ground.
2. The minimum acceptable value is 500 k Ohm when measured at 1000

volts.
3. Measure the core clamp resistance to ground.
The minimum acceptable value is 500 k-Ohm when measured at 1000

volts.
4. Measure the ratio of all bushing current transformers and verify proper
polarity.
5. Check the turns ratio of the transformer (TTR) at all tap positions. The
measured turns ratio should be + 0.5 % of the nameplate voltage ratio
OIL SPECIFICATION, TESTING, PURIFICATION & STORAGE
OIL SPECIFICATION, TESTING, PURIFICATION AND STORAGE
SPECIFICATION FOR INSULATING OIL (IS:335)
TESTING OF THE OIL – Recommended Tests

A. Dielectric dissipation factor
B. Neutralization value
C. Interfacial tension
D. Electric strength
E. Water content
F. Sludge content
G. Dissolved gas analysis
(Electrical Strength) Breakdown Voltage

Operating Voltage New Transformers prior Transformers having
to the first Energisation been in service
(kV) IEC 156 KV / 2.5 mm IEC 156 kV / 2.5 mm
> 170 ≥ 50 ≥50
70 - 170 ≥ 50 ≥40
< 70 ≥ 50 ≥30
FREQUENCY OF CHECKS
Years after initial OPERATING VOLTAGE (kV)

operation
≤ 73 73 - 170 > 170
(initial operation) Test (A to F) Test (A) to (F) Test (A) to (G)
1 (G)
2
3 (G) (G)
4
5 Test (A to F) Test (A) to (F) Test (A) to (F)
6 (G)
afterwards In 5 years In 3 year intervals (G) in In 2 year
intervals 5 year intervals: all tests intervals (G)
(A) to (F)
INTERPRETATION OF TESTS ON OIL
Criteria Operating Test Permissible Measures to be

Voltage Method limiting value taken if values are
not permissible
Breakdown > 170 kV IEC 156 > 50 kV Filtering
voltage 70 - 170 kV > 40 kV Drying
< 70 kV > 30 kV (Purification)
Water content > 170 kV ISO R760 < 20 mg / l Drying
< 170 kV < 30 mg / l (Purification)
Dielectric All voltages IEC 247 <0.2 (20%) at 90 Exchange of the oil
dissipation factor IEC 250 Deg.C
Neutralisation All voltages IEC 296 < 0.5 mg. KOH/g Exchange of the oil
value oil
Inerfacial tension IEC 296 > 15 mN/m Exchange of oil
OIL SAMPLING
z Take Samples only at the provided extraction points.(drain valves / oil
sampling valves as shown in the outline drawing).
z Before taking an oil sample clean the drain valve and slowly drain off at least
5 liters of oil.
z Use clean and dry sample containers only. Be sure to remove all residue of
cleaning fluids. Shape of the sampling container and sampling method shall
be in accordance with standard procedures and IS :9497
z Rinse it with the oil to be sampled. Protect the oil sample from light. The
following sampling containers are recommended:
o Tinted glass bottles with ground glass stopper
o Aluminum cans with screw-on caps (preferable for long transportation
distances
o Untinted glass bottles, wrapped in non-transparent foils for protection
against light
z Take at least 1 liter of oil for testing.
Care to be taken during sampling

The sample bottle shall be free from moisture, dirt, old oil residues, leakage
or breathing holes
Oil sample should not be allowed to come in contact with the atmospheric
air, during sampling or later
The sampling shall be carried out preferably in bright sun shine, at least not
in damp weather.
The sample bottle shall be marked, immediately on sampling, with the clear
identification of the equipment to which the sample belongs to.
The sample shall be deposited at the earliest at the Laboratory

Oil Sampling Methods
Following methods can be used for sampling:
Sampling by vacuum
Sampling by liquid displacement
Sample can be collected by following means:
1. Sampling by syringe
2. Sampling by Amber colored bottle

3. Sampling by tube or SS Bottle

Fig: EXAMPLE OIL SAMPING FOR TESTING (DGA & Moisture Content)
1. OIL DRAIN VALVE

2. ADAPTER FLANGE
3. SYNTHETIC RUBBER HOSE
4. HOSE CLIP
5. GLASS BOTTLE
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
z The average value of the six results is considered to be the dielectric
strength of the oil which must comply with the values of table one.
z If any one of the six breakdown voltages lies more than 15% below the
specified value the test must be repeated with a new sample:
z The dielectric strength of the oil can be improved by filtering and drying.
GAS ANALYSIS ON TRANSFORMER OIL

It is recommended that analysis of dissolved gases in transformer oil by
gas chromatographic equipment is made at the time of commissioning and
then at an interval of maximum six months.
Gas
1 Analysis:
Gases to be analyzed normally O2, N2 , H2,CO, CO2, CH4
2 Gases to estimate abnormality H2, CH4, C2H2,C2H4,C2H6

3 Gases to estimate deterioration CO, CO2, CH4
GAS CONTENT IN OIL BY FAULTS:
Sl. Type of faults Decomposable Gases In

No. Transformer Oil
1 Over heating of oil CH4,C2H4,H2,
(C2H6,C2H2,C3H6,C3H8)
2 Arcing in oil H2, C2H2, (CH4,C2H4)
3 Over heat of solid insulating material CO, CO2, ( H2, C2H4)
4 Over heat of solid insulating materials CH4, C2H4, CO, CO2,H2
and oil combination.
5 Arcing of oil and paper combination H2, C2H2,CO, ( C2 H4)
Gases in ( ) shows contents which appear rarely.

Permissible Concentrations of Dissolved Gases in the Oil of a Healthy
Transformer (In ppm)
Gas Less than 4 years 4 - 10 years in More than 10

in Service Service years in Service
Hydrogen H2 110- 150 200- 300 200- 300
Methane CH4 50- 70 100- 150 200- 300
Ethane C2H6 30- 50 100- 150 800- 1000
Ethylene C2H4 100- 150 150- 200 200- 400
Acetylene C2H2 20 - 30 30- 50 100- 150
Carbon 200- 300 400- 500 600- 700
Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide 3000 - 3500 4000- 5000 9000- 12000
Interpretation of DGA results in terms of ratios of dissolved gas quantities.

Key Ratio Ratio Value Indication
1 C2H2 Electric discharge
>1
C2H6
2 H2 Partial discharge
>10
C2H4
3 C2H4 Thermal fault
>1
C2H6
4 CO2 >10 Cellulose degradation due to overheating
CO <3 Cellulose degradation due to electrical fault
5 C2H2 Un-tight tap changer
>2
C2H6
OIL PURIFICATION – STAGES

z Drying removal of free and dissolved water
z De-gassing removal of dissolved gasses
z Filtering removal of all floating solids above a size to be defined.
Employ only those purification plants which employ vacuum processing.
FIG. FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TRANSFORMER OIL PROCESSING
1. Oil tank (preferably vacuum tight)

2. Oil purification plant
3. Connection to vacuum pump or silica gel breather
STORAGE
z Stored oil in clean containers specially designated for its storage
z Mixing with other type of oil such as used oil, cable oil, lubricating oil, fuel oil
and contamination with solids must be strictly avoided.
z The containers must be protected against penetration of moisture during
storage.
z Oil in drums should be stored in a closed room.
SAFE HANDLING
z Avoid inhalation of any mist, fumes or vapour generated during use.
z Avoid contact with the skin.
z Avoid contact with the eyes.
z Wash hands carefully before eating and drinking.
z Change heavily contaminated clothing.
FIRST AID
z First Aid due to inhalation is unlikely to be needed under normal use
z For skin contact, the first aid is to wash " with soap and water”.
z For eye contact, wash out eyes thoroughly with water.
z Better consult a doctor if there is risk of swallowing
ERECTION AND ASSEMBLY

Erection and assembly:

z To be carried out by trained staff, familiar with the relevant safety
regulations.
z Assembly preferably on a dry day.
z All openings to be re-closed as soon as possible to prevent dust &
moisture entry.
z Accessories to be assembled as per the relevant instructions
z After assembling locking strip/card /pin shall be removed for correct
functioning of Oil Flow Indicator
z ABB supplied gaskets or gaskets of similar quality must be used.
z Ensure sealing surfaces are not damaged & they are free from rust, paint,
oil, and grease
z Tightening of screws to be done with applicable torque as per table given in
the instruction manual.
z Complete connection of all cables as per the relevant cable connection
diagram
z Repair damaged paint coatings. The paint supplied by ABB or equivalent
must be used for this purpose.
z Complete the assembly of :

z Conservator and Brackets
z Cooling Equipment
z Fans (specific Attention to be paid to the direction of rotation)
z Bushings
z Pipes & Fittings
z Other Accessories as detailed in the outline drawing
OLTC DRIVE MOTOR MECHANISM
NORMALLY MOUNTED ON THE

TRANSFORMER TANK DURING
TRANSPORT.
SHOULD BE RIGIDLY MOUNTED

ON TANK SO THAT THE
STRUCTURE DO NOT VIBRATE
DURING TAP CHANGE
OPERATION.
ALIGNMENT OF DRIVE SHAFT

SHOULD BE CAREFULLY DONE
& REALIGNED.
ON LOAD TAP CHANGER
OLTC IS MOUNTED IN
TRANSFORMER TANK.
ALWAYS REFER TO
TRANSFORMER
MANUFACTURER FOR ANY
PROBLEM IN TAP CHANGER.
FOR MAINTENANCE REFER TO
DETAILED MAINTENANCE
SCHEDULE FROM OLTC
MANUFACTURER.
CONSERVATOR ASSEMBLY
CONSERVATOR
ASSEMBLY
SHALL BE
MOUNTED AT
SITE AS PER
GENERAL
ARRANGEMENT
DRAWING.
ALL OTHER
ACCESSORIES
SHALL ALSO BE
MOUNTED AS
PER GA
DRAWNG.
CONSERVATOR ASSEMBLY
OIL FILLING
c o m po und g a uge
va c u u m g a u g e
tra nspa rent hose fo r le vel
m o ni tori ng
Buchholz
rela y
va c u um
va c u u m filter p um p
stora g e
ta nk
c o m p o u n d g a u g e ri g ht
b e f o re fill va lve
Oil filling from lower filter valve

OIL FILLING
ARRANGEMENT FOR OIL FILLING - SCHEMATIC PICTURE

1 Transformer
2 Vacuum Treatment Plant
3 Vacuum hose
4 Oil hose
5 Oil filling connection
6 Gate valve for oil
treatment plant
7 Air vent valve
8 Manometer
9 Lower shut-off gate valve
10 Vac. Flange with sight glass
11 Connection for vacuum Gauge
12 Oil inlet slide valve
13 Inlet pump
14 Filter
15 Heater
16 Degassing chamber
17 Discharge pump
18 Oil outlet gate valve
19 Vacuum pump
20 Gas ballast valve
21 Vacuum valve
22 Vacuum gauge
ERECTION & ASSEMBLY
OIL FILLING FOR TRANSFORMERS WITH AIR CELL CONSERVATORS
OIL FILLING PROCEDURE WITHOUT VACUUM IN THE COSERVATOR(AIR CELL)

Place the separator inside the conservator
Inflate the same to 0.1 bar (Max.) leaving vent hole open on the
conservator. Adjust the pressure 6 hours later.
Watch for a possible loss of pressure 24 hours later at appx. same
temperature.
If there is no loss of pressure, then the separator and its fittings on
conservator are considered perfectly tight.
Push oil slowly by the lower part of conservator till oil overflow by the vent
holes in the upper part.
Close the vent hole and keep introducing oil by the lower part, while leaving
the separator progressively deflate.
Stop oil filling at the level selected for the filling temperature.
OIL FILLING PROCEDURE WITH VACUUM IN THE COSERVATOR(AIR CELL)

Conservator, with its separator as above is connected to its oil filling
reserve in its lower part.
Create a vacuum in the separator.
With the same source of vacuum, create vacuum in the conservator.
Open the oil filing valve on the lower part.
Because of vacuum in the conservator the oil rises automatically.
Stop the filling once the required oil volume enters into the conservator.
Release vacuum inside separator by ambient air or nitrogen. Then the
separator inflates itself to take all the free space.
During the operation oil shall rise to the top of the conservator.
Inflate the separator to a max. pressure of 0.1 bar (Max.)
Allow oil to overflow from vent holes, then close vent holes.
ERECTION & ASSEMBLY (AIR CELL FAMILIARIZATION)
Air cell supported from top of the

conservator (top left.)
Complete picture of air cell
supported from top(Top Right).
Seating structure for air cell inside
conservator(Bot. Left).
Opening for oil entry/exit into
conservator protected from
seating structure(Bot. Right).
ACCEPTANCE TEST & ENERGISATION
STANDING TIMES
Highest operating voltage (kV) Standing time (days)

≤ 72.5 1
> 72.5 - 123 3
> 123 - 170 3
> 170- 245 5
> 245- 420 7
> 420 7
Recommended Electrical Tests

z A functional test has to be performed on all protective devices of the
transformer.
z Measure Winding resistances and converted to the same reference (say
75° C) operating temperature and compared with the test certificate values.
z Insulation Resistance Measurement
Between windings & between each winding to Ground with a 5 kV Megger-
Tester.
Core to ground and Secondary wiring to ground with a Megger-Tester of 1
kV only.
OIL SAMPLES
Sample has to be taken and the dielectric strength must be tested. If the results
of test do not comply with the requirements, the oil must be dried and de-gassed
by circulating through an oil purifying plant.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENERGISING
A transformer should always be connected to the main power supply on the HV

side. If the HV-winding is provided with an on-load tap-changer, the latter should
be adjusted to the tap position with the maximum number of windings (TAP 1).
z When energizing 3-phase-transformers, the synchronism of the circuit

breakers has proved to be important with respect to formation of switching
surges. Measurements have shown that the smaller the time delays
between the third pole and the second one, the smaller the over voltage
level. Therefore, an examination of the synchronism of the circuit breakers
should be made during the first commissioning of transformers with a
voltage rating 245 kV and above. If necessary adjustment of the
synchronism must be performed.
z Lightning arrestors are the best protection against switching surges for all
terminals, which are not grounded. To prevent capacity transmitted voltage
peaks, the low voltage terminals of generator transformers and the tertiary
terminals of system interconnecting transformers should be connected to
capacitors installed between terminal and ground. Protection with capacitors
is not necessary if the capacity to the ground of the connected bus bars or
cables is approximately 0.05 µF/phase.
z Before energising an unloaded transformer ensure that all short-circuit

connections are removed from the secondary terminals. If there is a short-
circuit, it must be eliminated before energising the transformer.
Recommendations for over-voltage protection for energising unloaded

transformers with regard to the voltage ratio.
REQUIREMENTS OF INSTRUMENTS USED FOR PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS
Sl Test Measuring Instrument Required Least Count

No. Instrument Range Accuracy
1 Ratio, polarity and Voltmeter 0-500 V +/- 2% 5V
phase relationship
2 Resistance Bridge 0-100 ohms +/- 2% 1x10-6 ohms
3 Insulation Megger 0-50,000 +/- 5% 5M-ohms at the
resistance M-ohms lowest scale
4 Excitation Current Ammeter 0-200 mA +/-5% 1 mA

5 Oil BDV BDV meter 0-100 kV +/-2% kV GO-
2.5mm 2.5mm +/- 0.1 mm NO-GO
gauge
6 Moisture in Oil Moisture 0-100 PPM 1 PPM 1 PPM
meter
OVERLOAD PROTECTION FOR ENERGISING UNLOADED TRANSFORMER
Voltage ratio of the Putting in Lightning Protection Examination of the

transformer circuit on arrestors on capacitors synchronism of the
HV/LV or the HV- all not on circuit breakers in
HV/LV/TV side earthed the LV-or case of a 3-phase
terminals TV-side transformer
kV >30kV
110/30 X
110/6,3...30 X X
110/6,3...30/10 X X
110...245/15...27 X X X
245/110...132/10 X X X X
345...525/15...27 X X X X
345...525/110...24 X X X X
5/10..20
750/15...27 X X X X
750/245...525/30 X X X X
X = is recommended
PRE-COMMISSIONING CHECKS
Following pre-commissioning checks need to be carried out:

z Oil leakage from Gasketted joints
z Bushing Damages
z Condensor Bushing
z Oil Level
z Tightness of top cap
z Release trapped air through air release plugs and valves fitted for
the purpose on various fittings like headers, radiators, and oil
communicating bushings, buchholz petcock etc.
DEMAGNETIZING OF CORE
z Select battery with sufficient voltage to saturate the core.(12 V)

z Select HV or LV for the process (HV is better).
z Select R1 so that V/R1 > saturation current.
z Select R2 so that R2<4xR1
z Select positive polarity.
z Close switch & current
starts to flow thru trafo.
z Wait for current to be
stable. Note the time.
Define is as Ts.
DEMAGNETIZING OF CORE
Open the voltage across R2. It should be negative. Allow it to reach zero.
Now reverse the polarity on battery and close the switch again.
Keep it closed for 90% of Ts.
Open the switch, wait until voltage across is zero.
Reverse polarity and repeat the procedure, reducing time in steps of 10%
until Ts reaches 10% of its value.
Do it one more time at 5% of Ts.
Now the core should be reasonable demagnetized.
z Alarm and trip contacts of
o Buchholz relay
o WTIs
o Dial type thermometer
o Magnetic oil level gauge
o Oil flow indicator, pressure relief device etc.
z Oil level in conservator.
z Earthing of neutral bushings
z Earthing of Tank and cooler bank at two pints
z Direction of rotation of fan blades to ensure right blast towards radiators.
Direction of rotation of pumps.
z
z Breather – Ensure Silica gel is active, color is blue and oil in the breather cup
is present.
z Check that the thermometer pockets on tank cover, header etc. is filled with
oil.
z CTs secondary terminals must be shorted and earthed if not in use.
z Check that the proper terminals in the marshalling box are connected to WTI
CT terminals
z Check for tightness of all external electrical connections
z Check for the arcing horn gap on bushings if provided.
z Clear off extraneous materials like tools, Earthing rods, rags, waste etc
z Lock the rollers for accidental movement on rails.

PRE COMMISSIONING CHECKS
z Never open the transformer during periods of inclement weather or when

condensation is forming on the internal surfaces of the transformer.
z Never enter a transformer with dirty or wet clothing. Clean cloth overshoes
or nitrile rubber overshoes should be worn.
z The transformer shall be moved into position on the substation pad and the
base should be leveled. Install shims under the base for leveling if necessary.
z The transformer base shall be supported on the foundation pad or rails as

appropriate.
z The transformer foundation should be prepared so that the transformer

shall have adequate air circulation necessary to cool the transformer.

DO’s & DON’T’s

DO‘S AND DON‘TS
DO‘S AND DON‘TS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
DO‘S FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
1 Check and thoroughly investigate the transformer whenever any alarm or
protection is operated.
2 Check air cell in conservator
3 Attend the Leakages if any on bushings immediately.
4 Examine the bushings for dirt deposits and coats and clean them periodically
5 Check the oil in transformer and OLTC for di-electric strength and moisture
content and take suitable action for restoring the quality.
6 Check the oil level in oil cup and ensure air passages are free in the breather.
If oil is less make up the oil.
7 Check the oil for acidity and sludge as per IS 1866
8 If the inspection covers are opened or any gasket joint is to be tightened, then
tighten the bolts evenly to avoid uneven pressure.
9 Check and clean the relay and alarm contacts
10 Check the protection circuits periodically
11 Check the pointers of all gauges for their free movement
12 Clean the oil conservator thoroughly before erecting
13 Check the Buchholz relay and readjust the floats and switches etc.
14 Inspect the painting and if necessary retouching should be done.

15 Check the OTI and WTI pockets and replenish the oil if required
DO‘S AND DON‘TS
16 Remove the air through the vent plug of the diverter switch before you
energise the transformer
17 Check the oil level in the divertor switch and if found less top up with fresh oil
conforming to specifications.
18 Check the gear box oil level
19 Examine and replace the burnt or worn out contacts as per maintenance
schedule
20 Check all bearings and operating mechanism and lubricate them as per
schedule
21 Open the equalizing valve between tank and OLTC wherever provided at the
time of filling the oil in the tank.
22 Connect gas cylinder appropriately if transformer is to be stored for long, in
order to maintain positive pressure.
23 Fill the oil in the transformer at the earliest opportunity at site and follow
storage instructions
24 Check the door seals of marshalling box. Change the rubber lining if
required.
25 Do make sure that internal pressure in the transformer is zero gauge before
opening the manhole cover.
DO‘S AND DON‘TS
26 Insulating oil and insulation material for windings and connections are
inflammable. Watch for fire hazards.
27 Make sure that nothing is kept inside the pockets before authorised person
enters inside the main unit. Also remove wrist watches and footwear.
28 There must be protective guard for lamp to be taken inside
29 Keep inspection covers open for supply of fresh air when working inside
30 When one person is working inside, second person must be outside for
emergency.
31 Use fix spanners and tie them to the wrist of the person or somewhere
outside the tank
32 Be careful during connections where bolted joints (jumper connections) are
provided, so that nuts, washers etc. are not dropped inside the tank.
33 If it is necessary to weld some lugs or brackets etc., those should be
welded to tank stiffeners and strictly under the supervision of Transformer
manufacturer’s representatives.
34 De-energise the unit by circuit breakers and line switches while working on
energized unit. Ground the line terminals.
35 Attach the caution tags „DO NOT OPERATE THE SWITCHES“ while
working on energized unit.
DO‘S AND DON‘TS
36 Make sure that the fire-fighting equipments are available at the oil
treatment equipment as well as work place and adjacent to the
transformer.
37 Transformer tank, control cabinets etc. as well as oil treatment equipment
shall be connected with permanent earthing system of the station
38 Check oil level in condensor bushing; ensure proper tightness of top
terminal cap of condenser bushings to avoid rainwater entry.
39 Transport transformers only in upright position
40 Use tools with working surfaces hardened so that they will not peel or
chip.
41 Oil drums at site shall be stored in horizontal position with openings
horizontal
DO‘S AND DON‘TS
DONT’S FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
1 DO-NOT energise without thorough investigation of the transformer whenever
any alarm of protection has operated.
2 DO-NOT re-energise the transformer unless the Buchholz gas is analyzed.
3 DO-NOT re-energise the transformer without conducting all pre-commissioning
checks. The results must be comparable with the results at works.
4 DO-NOT handle the off circuit tap switch (if any) when the transformer is
energized.
5 DO-NOT energise the transformer unless the off circuit (if any) tap switch handle
is in locked position.
6 DO-NOT leave off circuit tap switch handle unlocked.
7 DO-NOT leave tertiary terminals (if any) unprotected outside the tank, connect
them to tertiary lightning arrestors protection scheme when connected to load.
8 DO-NOT allow WTI/OTI temperature to exceed 65 deg. C during dry out of
transformers and filter machine temperature beyond 70 deg C
9 DO-NOT parallel transformer which DO-NOT fulfill required conditions.
DO‘S AND DON‘TS
10 DO-NOT use low capacity lifting jacks on transformer for jacking
11 DO-NOT move the transformer with bushings mounted
12 DO-NOT overload the transformer other than the specified limits as per IS 6600
13 DO-NOT change the settings of WTI and OTI alarm and trip frequently. The
settings should be done as per the site condition.
14 DO-NOT leave red pointer behind the black pointer in WTI and OTI
15 DO-NOT leave any connections loose.
16 DO-NOT meddle with the protection circuits.
17 DO-NOT allow conservator oil level to fall below 1 / 4 level
18 DO-NOT allow oil level fall in the bushings, they must immediately be topped up
19 DO-NOT switch off the heater in the marshalling box except to be periodically
cleaned.
20 DO-NOT leave marshalling box doors open, they must be locked
21 DO-NOT allow dirt and deposits on bushings, they should be periodically
cleaned.
22 DO-NOT allow unauthorized entry near the transformer.
DO‘S AND DON‘TS
23 DO-NOT leave ladder unlocked
24 DO-NOT change the sequence of valve opening for taking stand- by pump and
motor into circuit
25 DO-NOT switch on water pump(if any) unless oil pump is switched on in case of
OFWF cooling
26 DO-NOT allow water pressure more than oil pressure in differential pressure gauge
(in case of OFWF cooling)
27 DO-NOT mix two transformer oils, unless both conform to the same specification
28 DO-NOT allow inferior oil to continue in transformer. The oil should immediately be
processed and to be used only when BDV/PPM and other properties conform fully
to IS 1866 and oil specification.
29 DO-NOT continue with pink/white silica gel, this should immediately be changed or
regenerated.
30 DO-NOT store the transformer for long after reaching site. It must be erected and
commissioned immediately. Otherwise follow special precautions.
31 DO-NOT leave secondary terminals of unloaded CT open
32 DO-NOT keep the transformer gas filled at site for a longer period.
DO‘S AND DON‘TS
33 DO-NOT take any fibrous material as cotton waste inside while repairing
34 Do not stand on cleats and leads
35 DO-NOT weld/braze/solder inside tank
36 DO-NOT weld any thing to tank wall from outside
37 DO-NOT weld anything to conservator vessel with flxi separator rubber bag
38 DO-NOT smoke on or near transformer.
39 DO-NOT use fibrous cleaning material as it can deteriorate oil when mixed
with it.
40 DO-NOT use pipe flanges and valves as lifting or supporting points
41 DO-NOT drop crates containing porcelain parts
42 DO-NOT open the transformer during periods of inclement weather or when
condensation is forming on the internal surfaces of the transformer.
43 Never enter a transformer with dirty or wet clothing
44 DO-NOT filter oil of energized transformer
CVT CT
CVT CT
Instrument
Transformers
Product Training
METER
Rb
A/D conversion
O/P
Computer
O/P
© ABB Ltd - 148
$%%
Protection System Analogy
Brain - Relay
Eyes,Ears,Nose & Skin -

CTs, CVTs, VTs
Hands & Legs -

Circuit Breakers
Fault in the Power System
Protection System Analogy
Sensed by Instrument
Transformers &
communicated to Relay
Relay Issues Trip

Command To Breaker
Breaker Trips
& Clears Fault

Definitions
What do Instrument Transformers do?
Instrument transformers measure current and voltage in high voltage
transmission lines and switchgears during normal and fault
conditions
Insulate control circuits from the network
Transform current and voltage to standardized levels for control
equipment as relays and meters
A
V
Interfacing Equipment / System
Meters / Transducers
Protective Relays
Synchronizers (for CVTs) Energy Meters
PLCC (CVTs & CCs)
kWh
kVAR Tomorrow
Numerical
Energy calculation
CVT CT
Today
kWh
kVAR Electronic
Analog Integrator
Yesterday
kWh
kVAR
Mechanical
Ancient
Integrator
Meter Rb
A/D conversion Energy O/P
Computer
Current Transformer
Product Range
Theory & Application
Construction and Manufacturing
Routine, Type and Special Tests
Packing and Transportation
Unloading, Unpacking and Storage
Checks before Installation & Commissioning
Care and Troubleshooting
Product Range
Current Transformer Type IMB
Voltage: 66, 145 & 245 kV
Current: 50 A to 2000 A with
Aluminium conductor.
: 2000 A and upto 3000 A with
Copper conductor
IMB 420 will be rolled out shortly
Principle of Construction: Dead tank
with Hair pin type primary
Population: > 14000 CTs in India
and abroad
CT – Theory & Application
What is a CT used for? I1
Measurement of Current
Measurement of Power
Isolation between High voltage and Low Voltage I2
Inputs to Relays & Protection Systems
Ip Np Ip = Ns
Is = Np
Is Ns
I1 x N1 = I2 x N2 = Ampere turns (always in balance)

Equivalent circuit CT
Is = Np X Ip
Ns
Is Is - Ie
Ie
Burden
Ideally But Exciting impedance
Ip x Np = Is x Ns - Ie x Ns
Introduces Error in CT
Io
IP
ISKT Vector Diagram
Io
β IW
α
IM Ø
IP- PRIMARY CURRENT
IS- SECONDARY CURRENT
θ KT- TURNS RATIO NS/NP
Io- EXCITATION CURRENT
IS IW- CORE LOSS COMPONENT
ES IM- MAGNETISATION COMPONENT
ES- VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS
SECONDARY
Ø-FLUX DEVELOPED
β- PHASE ANGLE ERROR
Θ-BURDEN ANGLE
α-ANGLE BETWEEN FLUX AND
EXCITATION CURRENT
RATIO ERROR: KT+IOSIN(θ+α)/IS
PHASE ANGLE
ERROR: IOCOS(θ+α)/KTIS
Metering
Types of Cores
Metering Core
VA Burden, Accuracy, ISF
Protection
e.g. 15 VA, 0.5 Cl., ISF < 10
Protection Core
VA Burden, Accuracy, ALF
e.g. 15 VA, 5P20
PS Core
Vk, Io, Rct
e.g. Vk > 400 V, Io < 50 mA at Vk/2, Rct < 5 Ohms

Design Criteria for Metering Core:
How much can we offer?
Without Mumetal
Voltage Rating Possible Ratios Burden/Accuracy
66 & 132 1000/1 30VA, 0.5Cl.

66 & 132 500/1 15VA, 0.5Cl.
220 1000/1 20VA, 0.5Cl.
220 500/1 10VA, 0.5Cl.
When ratio is low or Burden is high or Accuracy is stringent than indicated
above, Mumetal is foreseen. Cost increases to 15times.
0.2Cl. always requires Mumetal
400kV CT always requires Mumetal

B – H Characteristics
E/B E = 4.44BmAfN2 Volts

2 Tesla ÝSaturated CRGO Working Flux Density
Eknee Ý1.5
Metering Core:
Bs
CRGO – 0.4 to 0.8 T
0.8 Tesla ÝSaturated Mumetal μmetal – 0.3 to 0.35 T
Protection Core:
x Bn
Bnx CRGO – 1.5 to 1.6 T
I0 /H
Current error (%)
+ 1.5 Accuracy Curves

Class 0.5
1.0
Class 0.2 Phase displacement (min)
0.75 25% of rated burden 90
0.5
+ 0.2 Class 0.5

60
- 0.2 Class 0.2
0.5
30
0.75
1.0 100% of rated burden 10
- 1.5
5 20 50 100 120 5 20 50 100 120
Rated primary current (%)

Example:
Plotted curves for class 0.5
IMB CT – Construction
P1
Nitrogen Gas
Oil Level Ind. Expan. Tank
Conn. Head Pri. Terminal
Pri. Insulation
Pri. Conductor
Insulator
P2
Terminal Box
Bottom Tank
Sec. Cores
Manufacturing Cycle – IMB CT
Primary Insulation
Assembled
Primary Drying
Secondary Winding
Tanking &
Secondary Assembly.
Expansion Quartz Insulator & Connection

Tank Assly Filling Head Assembly
Evacuation, Oil Packing

Testing
& Gas Filling & Despatch

CT – Construction
Why Drying??
To remove moisture from the insulating paper.
Paper, being Hygroscopic in nature, has the tendency to
absorb moisture from the atmosphere.
This moisture can deteriorate the Dielectric Strength of the
primary insulation.
Hence this moisture has to be removed.
Why Evacuation??
It is nothing but applying vaccuum to the assembled CT to
remove atmospheric gases which are trapped during
assembly.
CT – Construction
Why Oil filling and pressing??
Pressing of oil is done after filling to ensure that oil is
absorbed into the innermost part of insulation imparting the
desired Dielectric Strength of the primary insulation. This
process is called Impregnation.
Why Waiting and Soaking??

This is an extended impregnation without applying oil
pressure to ensure that no pockets of insulation are left
without oil.
CT – Construction
Why Evacuation??
It is nothing but applying vaccuum to the assembled CT to
remove atmospheric gases which are trapped during
assembly.
CT – Construction
Primary Conductor
Carries current through the CT
Made of Aluminium; Copper when high current densities
are involved
Primary Insulation
Provides isolation between High Voltage and Low Voltage
Electrical Grade Insulation paper.
Insulation in a special room with strict control over
humidity, temperature and dust levels
Drying by special process combining high temperature and
high vaccuum
Impregnation in vaccuum to avoid formation of
air pockets in the insulation
CT – Manufacturing
IMB Primary Winding

Secondary Winding
Pri+Sec Oven Loading

Insulator Assembly Oil + Nitrogen

+ Sec Wiring Filling
CT – Construction
Quartz in IMB CT
Reduces the quantity of oil
Provides mechanical strength for the conductors
Improves the quality of oil by absorbing moisture
Being a bad conductor of heat, it allows slow heating /
cooling of the CT. Hence it eliminates the possibility of
gas generation due to rapid cooling of CT
During CT in service, the diffusion of moisture through Oil-
Quartz layers becomes slow over years
Received from vendor in treated form and free from
Magnetic particles
Treated at Works for removing moisture before filling

Filled into the CT at a temperature of 80 oC
CT – Construction
Oil Cushioning
Compensates Volumetric changes in Oil
due to Temperature Variations
IMB CT uses Nitrogen Gas
Top Sealing
All Gaskets are under/ below Oil level
giving positive indication for leakage
Enhances life of gaskets
Manufacturing Highlights
Quality Control
Raw Material
Primary Insulation / Secondary Winding
Drying & Impregnation
Assembly
Oil Filling
Final CT
CT – Routine Tests
Tests as per IEC: 60044-1 and IS: 2705
Verification of Terminal Markings and Polarity
Power Frequency Withstand Test on Primary and
Secondary
Partial Discharge Measurement
Inter-turn Over Voltage Test
Determination of Errors
CT – Type Tests
Tests as per IEC: 60044-1 and IS: 2705
Short Time Current Test
Temperature Rise Test
Lightning Impulse Test
Switching Impulse Test
Radio Interference Voltage Test
Determination of Errors
Facilities for conducting all Type Tests on CTs except Short
Time current Test (ERDA / CPRI) and Seismic test (IIT
Chennai / University of Roorkee) are available at our works.
CT – Special Tests
Tests as per IEC: 60044-1/ IS: 2705
Chopped Lightning Impulse Test
Measurement of Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation
Factor
Multiple Chopped Impulse Test on Primary
Special tests as prescribed in CIGRE have also been
conducted
CT – Packing and Transportation
Generally all CTs are packed in Steel Cases

Vertical Trans. – IMB 73, IMB 145
Hor. Transportation – IMB 73, IMB 145,
IMB 245, IMB 420
CT – Unloading, Unpacking & Storage
Unloading of CTs should be carried out

using a crane of requisite capacity
(Details in Instruction Manual)
When received at site, the CT is to be
first inspected for any damages or
leakages
They are to be unpacked and stored
on a hard, even and raised ground
(platform) in Vertical direction only
Checks Before Installation
Visual
Check for any sign of Leaks or breakage
Check Oil level
Mechanical
Check that the ’D3’ terminal meant for Tan Delta measurement
is properly earthed
Check that Earthing of tank is done by Copper or suitable strips
and properly tightened with M10 bolts of 4.8 Quality Fine Thread
with a Tightening Torque of 30 Nm minimum
Check levelling of Structure by Spirit level
Ensure fixing of CT on Structure with M16 bolts of 8.8 Quality
Fine Thread with a Tightening Torque of 250 Nm minimum
Checks Before Installation
Electrical
Ensure that in case of idle cores, the terminals meant for highest
ratio are shorted, if possible preferably by connecting resistor
equivalent to the rated burden to restrict short time current
Ensure that the cores which are in use should have their balance
terminals left open
Ensure contact surfaces of CT Primary Terminations thoroughly
cleaned and apply good quality contact grease like Servogen and
brush contact surfaces with wire mesh. Apply thin layer of
contact grease before making Primary Connections
Ensure the fixing of CT Primary terminations with Terminal
Connectors by M12 bolts of 4.8 Quality Fine Thread with a
Tightening Torque of 55 Nm minimum

Checks Before Commissioning
Continuity Test/ To ensure internal connections of Pri.
or Rough Ratio and Sec. are intact
Measurement
Tan Delta at To ensure that ‘D3’ connections from
5 or 10 kV inside Tank are intact
For comparison with future measurement during
Maintenance
Values should be < 0.5%
Sec. Resistance Values should match with Rating or Test
Measurement Certificate
Measure with Resistance meter and avoid DC
Source
Refer Instruction Manual 1HYN520002 for IMB

for complete details

Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Product Range
Theory & Application
Construction and Manufacturing
Routine, Type and Special Tests
Packing and Transportation
Unloading, Unpacking and Storage
Checks before Installation & Commissioning
Care and Troubleshooting
Product Range
Capacitor Voltage Transformers
Type WN 36 / WN 73 / WN 145 / WP 245 / WS 420N2
This is the mixed di-electric
design of CVTs
The insulation consists of a
combination of paper and
Polypropylene film (Mixed Dielectric)
This design has been indigenously
developed
Metal Bellow used to compensate
for oil expansion
Product Range
Coupling Capacitors
Type KN 36 / KN 73 / KN 145 / KP 245N2
This is the mixed di-electric design
of CCs
The insulation consists of a combination of
Paper and Polypropylene film
(Mixed Dielectric)
This design has been indigenously
developed
Uses metal bellow to compensate for
oil expansion
CVT – Theory & Application
What is a CVT used for ?

Measurement of Voltage
Isolation between High Voltage & Low Voltage.
Inputs to Relay/Protection systems
PLCC (Power line Carrier Communication)
Main Parts of a CVT

Capacitor Part - Capacitor Stack, Insulator
EMU - PT, HV Choke, FR circuit
Design Principles
V e.g. V = 132 kV, C= 4400 pF
V1/V2 = C2/C1 = 1199
V/V2 = C2/C = 1200
Therefore, C2 = 52.8 lakh pF (This is 180 times larger Cap.)
C1 V1=131.9 kV
LIMITATIONS:
1) To tap 110 V from C2 is therefore a problem as effective
burden fed by this is only 0.22 VA
2) Any attempt to load this system results into uneven voltage
distribution between C1 and C2 and inaccurate output
C2
V2=110 V
Design Principles
V HOW TO OVERCOME?
Tap the voltage at suitable medium voltage I.e. 20 kV, adequate
to handle from insulation point of view by intermediate PT
This will fetch effective burden e.g. 200 VA and above
C1 V1=131.9 kV The charging current will be very low giving accurate output
e.g. V = 132 kV, C= 4400 pF

V1/V2 = C2/C1 = 5.6
V/V2 = C2/C = 6.6
Therefore, C2 = 29.04 thousand pF
C2
V2=20 kV
C1 RT
LT
IP
C2
VP=20kV/√3 VS=110/ √3
BURDEN
ISXCE
VP
VS
β Ø ISRT ISXLT
IS
CE=C1+C2
β-BURDEN ANGLE
HV Choke adjusted to give Zero Phase Ø-PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN VP & VS
Angle Error at 50Hz IS-BURDEN/VS
e.g. 300/110/√3=4.72 A
IP= 4.72/PT VOLTAGE RATIO

= 4.72/20000/110=4.72/181.8
= 30mA
Ratio error %
Class 0.5
Accuracy Curves
80% of Rated Voltage
+0,5
Example: Error curves
+0,2 for class 0.5
0
-0,2
-0,5
25 100%
Class 0.2 Rated burden
120% of Rated Voltage
Phase angle error
+20’
+10’
0
-10’
-20’
25 100%
CVT is a tuned device and hence the errors are prone to

variations with frequency.
The errors are guaranteed from 25 % to 100% of the rated
burden and for a frequency range of 49.5 to 50.5 Hz.
CVT – Construction
Pri. Terminal
Metal Bellow
Insulator
Cap. Stack
HF Bushing 20 kV Bushing
Terminal Box Spark Gap

Epoxy PT EMU
CVT – Construction – Cap. Stack
Top Lead
Mtg. Stand
Cap. Elements
Bottom Lead
Insulation Split Pin

CVT – Construction – EMU
Bottom Tank
PT
Resistor
FR Circuit
Capacitor
FR Choke
HV Choke
CVT - Schematic
FR Ckt
Characteristic
V1
I
m
C1 p 50
Freq
Step Down PT
V2
Vs
HV Choke
C2
FR Ckt
Spark Gap
Resistor
Sealed Unit
Protects the EMU
from overvoltages
Manufacturing Cycle – CVT
Coil Winding Stack Assembly Pressing & Soldering
EMU EMU
Assembly Testing Drying &
Impregnation
CVT Capacitor Stack Calibration

Finishing & Testing
Testing Part Assly.
Packing
Oil Filling
& Despatch
CVT – Manufacturing
Capacitor Coil Winding Coil Stacking

Stack Soldering
CVT – Manufacturing
EMU
Assembly
CVT
Assembly
Insulator Assly
On Stack
CVT – Advantages over PT
CVT PT
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
EASY TO TRANSPORT SINGLE AND BULKY UNIT
EASY TO HANDLE
EASY TO ERECT
UNIFORM ELECTRICAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION NON UNIFORM ELECTRICAL STRESS

THUS MORE RELIABLE DESIGN DISTRIBUTION DUE TO INTER-TURN
& INTER-LAYER CAPACITANCE
CAN BE USED AS COUPLING CAPACITOR NO SUCH APPLICATION POSSIBLE

FOR PLCC
OUTPUT: 200 - 300 VA OUTPUT: 500 VA

IN PRESENT CONTEXT, BURDEN REQTS. HAVE
DRASTICALLY REDUCED TO 50 VA (ref. PGCIL)
ON ACCOUNT OF DIGITAL METERS AND RELAYS
ALL CVTs ARE PROVIDED WITH INTENTIONAL SIMILAR FR DAMPING CKTs ARE NOT
FR SUPPRESSION CKTs HENCE WELL PROVIDED. HENCE PTs ARE SUSCEPTIBLE
PROTECTED AGAINST FR OSCILLATIONS TO FAILURES (NEXT TO LA)

CVT – Advantages over PT
CVT PT
SUCH PROBLEMS ARE UNRELEVANT PTs COME INTO RESONANCE WITH

AND UNKNOWN FOR CVTs GRADING CAPACITORS PROVIDED
WITH CBs WHICH CREATE
TRANSIENT/PERMANENT
OVERVOLTAGE LEADING TO
FAILURE (ref. BBMB)
CVTs USE CAPACITOR COILS IN SERIES FOR PTs ARE INDUCTIVE DEVICES. VOLTAGE
STEPPING DOWN VOLTAGE. DURING IMPULSE STRESS AT START OR END ARE HIGH.
TEST, VOLTAGE DIST. IS UNIFORM ACROSS HENCE THEY ARE INSULATED MORE.
EACH COIL. THIS DECREASES INTER TURN CAP. AND
IMPULSE WAVE SHOWS PRESENCE OF HIGH FREQ COILS GET FURTHER STRESSED. HENCE
WHEN ANALYSED WITH FOURIER SERIES. SO DESIGN BECOMES DIFFICULT AND ONLY
CAPACITOR PART OF CVT OFFERS LOW OPTIMUM IS POSSIBLE. PROBLEM IS MORE
IMPEDANCE RESULTING INTO UNIFORM DIST. APPARENT FOR HIGHER VOLTAGES.
CVTs ARE EVEN PREFERRED WHERE PLCC IS NOT IN USE.

CVT – Packing & Transportation
Generally all CVTs are packed in Steel Cases

All CVTs are transported Vertically
Ensure that CVTs are not made
Horizontal during emergency
transshipment
CVT – Unloading and Unpacking
Unloading of CVTs should be

carried out using a crane of requisite
capacity (Details in Instruction Manual)
When received at Site, the CVT is to be
first inspected for any damages or
leakages
They are to be unpacked and stored
on a hard, even and raised ground
(platform) in Vertical direction only
Checks before Installation
Visual
Check for any sign of leaks or breakage
Check Oil level
Mechanical
Check that the ’HF’ terminal meant for C & Tan Delta
measurement is properly earthed
In case of use with PLCC, ensure the earthing of ’HF’ terminal
through PLCC device
Check that Earthing of tank is done by Copper or suitable strips
and properly tightened with M10 bolts of 4.8 Quality Fine Thread
with a Tightening Torque of 30 Nm minimum
Check levelling of Structure by Spirit level

Ensure fixing of CVT on Structure with M18 bolts of 8.8 Quality
Fine Thread with a Tightening Torque of 350 Nm min.
Checks Before Commissioning
Continuity Test/ To ensure internal connections of Capacitor Part
or Rough Ratio and EMU are intact
Measurement
C & Tan Delta at To ensure that Divider connections from
5 or 10 kV inside are intact
For comparison with future measurement during
Maintenance
Tan Delta should be < 0.5%
For ‘C’ – refer Manual
Refer Instruction Manual 1HYN525002 for complete details

Care for CTs and CVTs
Carry out regular Visual Inspection of Oil Level

Clean the insulator periodically, Hot Line Washing can be used
No Oil Change or Oil Filteration is required as the CTs and
CVTs are hermetically sealed
During Annual Inspection, on de-energized CT, the tightening
of Primary and Ground Connections shall be checked with
recommended Tightening Torques. Measure the Primary
contact resistance: IMB – 200 μOhms max
If possible, carry out online checks for any Hot Spot at Primary
Connections by ThermoVision Camera
Tan Delta should be measured every year and recorded.
Acceptable values are: IMB 145 – 2 %, IMB 245 – 1 %

: IMB 420 – 0.8 %
: CVTs – 0.5 %
Tan Delta values found beyond the Acceptable Limits in CTs

call for further investigation by Oil Sampling for DGA and
check of moisture content
Abrupt changes in Tan Delta are alarming than its absolute
values higher but constant
In case of Fuse Failures in CVTs, the reason for fault shall be
investigated and rectified before fuses of 16 A rating are
replaced
Higher rating of fuse than required will not protect the CVT and
lower rating will add burden and affect accuracy
Incase of saturation of CT core during fault, they are

required to be Demagnetized in order to let them perform
accurately after the fault is cleared. The following method
may be adopted
Gradually excite the core upto its Output Voltage and
reduce it to zero.
Repeat it 3 – 4 times. This will make the core free of
Residual flux and it is now ready to function as desired.
~
Trouble Shooting for CTs and CVTs
Minor Leakage from Sealing Joints

In case of leakage from any part like Insulator and Tank Cover,
carry out tightening of nuts successfully by about 1/6th of a turn
until uniformly tightened
If leakage still persists, the joint may require replacement. The
factory or nearest Regional office should be contacted
Major Irregularities/ Damage/ Faults
Inform the factory or nearest Regional office with atleast the
following details alongwith Site and Commissioning history:
Problem observed with background of earlier Care records
alongwith details given in the Name Plate
Disturbance Recorder, Relay operation sequence

Logbook record of voltage and frequency before
fault
DISCONNECTOR
Training
© ABB Ltd - 209
$%%
What is disconnector?
Definition - A mechanical switching device which provides, in the open position, an

isolating distance in accordance with the specified requirements - IEC 50(441-14-
05)
Appropriate for switching small currents, between the terminals, when no

significant change in voltage occurs
Equipped with either one, two or no earth switches
Available for rated voltage from 72.5 kV to 420 kV and for rated current up to 2500
A
Designed according to the IEC 129 -1984 and 694 -1980

Switchyard
SGF
Earth Switch
Disconnector parts
Current Products
Products currently marketed
CENTRE-BREAK DISCONNECTOR (ISOLATOR) TYPE SGF
Their application areas
Disconnectors are used to isolate a part or complete network for

maintenance or long shutdown. They are also used for switching small
currents during transfer/changeover in the system.
For maintenance and operational safety it is also used for earthing the
system through earth switch.
Current Products
Specifications (including GTPs) and their Significance

Type : SGF (centre-break)
Current : 1600A or 2500A
Voltage : 36kV to 420kV
Op. Mech. : Motor or manual
S.T.C : 40kA/3sec.
Earth switch : none, one or two
Control voltage : 110/125/220/250 Vdc /1ph,50Hz,240VAC
Motor voltage : 110/125/220/250 Vdc /1ph,50Hz,240VAC No. Of auxiliary
: 12 NO + 12 NC maximum
Switch Contacts
Type of interlock : mechanical & electrical
Service temperature : -40 to +50 ºc
Applicable standard : IEC 60227-102 / IS:9921

DISCONNECTOR TYPE SGF (FEATURE)
CONVENTIONAL APPROACH ABB PHILOSOPHY / FEATURES

ARMS OVER TRAVEL PREVENTION
In case motor continue to run even In such case, position of disconnector
after the end position, excessive force does not get affected due to self
will be exerted on the stopper and releasing feature in the drive.
contact position may get disturbed.
CLICK HERE
DEAD CENTRE CROSSING

The total rotation is 90 degree therefore As the rotation is greater than 180 degree,
transmission link will always exert power there will be automatically self dead-center
to disturb internal setting of drive
inter lock.
consequently to the disconnector.

SPRINGLESS CONTACTS
Make-Break contacts are spring No external spring used
loaded with open execution which
is subjected to intense environmental Cu, Cr, Zr
effects.
.
Cu
OPERATION AT UNIFORM SPEED
In Motor drive, induction or universal Compound DC motor having superior
motor is used. Inferior speed-torque characteristics achieves more uniform
characteristics of such motor leads to speed of operation.
non-uniform speed of operation.
Torque Torque
Speed
Speed
FLEXIBILITY IN AUXILIARY SWITCH
Option to change contact configuration at site by

--Changing contact condition(NO NC)
--Altering setting angle with respect to MAIN ARM
Rupturing capacity is independent of SPEED of

switching(operation) of motor/hand drive
Also most suitable for most modern protection

scheme like SCADA or SPACOM where switching
angle should be accurate & repeatable
PAINTING OF DRIVE BOXES
Drive housing of painted steel sheet Drive housing of Aluminum sheet with
calls for routine touch-up in long run Polyester Powder Coating. High aesthetic
to avoid rusting. value.
INSULATOR VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
Extreme variation in insulator as per IEC, Complete flexibility for right alignment.
cause major problem in alignment as no
adjustment possible.
CONVENTIONAL APPROACH ABB PHILOSOPHY/FEATURE
CURRENT TRANSFER IN ARMS

Bolted joint between rotary head and Main arm welded with rotary head.
main arm.
SPHERICAL BUSH FOR LINKAGE
For inter-pole connections normally Inter-pole rods are having corrosion free
metallic bush bearings are used which end type bearing with self alignment
requires accurate alignment and capability of 30 degree. Bearing has Teflon
lining(non-corrosive, smooth, long life).
frequent maintenance.
SEALED BOTTOM THRUST BEARING

Normally exposed bush bearing is Totally protected and sealed-for-life.
used at bottom of rotary system Double ball bearings are used to achieve
which calls for frequent maintenance. trouble-free operation.
CURRENT TRANSFER IN CONNECTION HEAD

Rotary head has limited freedom of Rotary head can rotate through 360 degree
rotation endangering accuracy at initial and no undue stress as tulip contacts are
location and also exerts tortional moment provided for current transfer.
on the terminal due to laminated strip
conductor.
Interfacing Equipment/System
How the product is placed in the system
The product is invariably needed in any generating/switching station.
This equipment is used mainly for isolation of a part or complete network for maintenance or
long shutdown.
Present trend is that customer demand package order in which disconnector is a part.
Other Equipment/System with which the product is interfaced and that

can affect the Product Performance
Normally performance of this product is not influenced by other outdoor products except over-
voltages
that can affect the Product Performance
Drives - Manual and Motorised
HCB Disconnector Type SGF
Vertical Mounting
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT
Series Arrangement
Tandem Arrangement

Product CB, PT, IT, DC

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HV Circuit Breakers

A mechanical device capable of making, carrying and

•Offer least resistance for normal load current

Type ELF SL 6-2 ELF SL 4-1 LTBD1/B EDF SK 1-1

Rated 420 kV 245 kV 145 kV 36 - 72.5 kV

Normal 4000A 4000A 3150 A 2500 A

Breaking 40 kA 40 kA 40 kA 31.5 kA/ 25

Making 100 kAp 100 kAp 100 kAp 79 kAp/ 63

Air Compressor Unit

 Delievery Rate: 6m3/hr 2

Safety working clearance (6.4 m)

Insulation height (2.4 m)

Closing 3.2-4.7 m/s 4-6 m/s 3.5-4.5 m/s 2.5-3 m/s

Opening 6.7-8.5 m/s 7.5-9.5 m/s 4.4-4.9 m/s 3-3.5 m/s

SF6 gas 600-700 kPa abs

EL(V)F SL 6-2 Outdoor Storage

Equipment stored outdoors must be located at a

Anti-condensation heaters provided in the Operating

EL(V)F SL 6-2 Unpacking

•Remove Pole column

Air pressure (bar)

SF6 gas (bar - absolute)

•Position of leveling nut below structure

•Heaters are working in drive/cubicle?

•Clean contact surfaces

•Check erection as per general arrangement drawing

•Check for leakage

•Record all measurements

•Linkage (Protecting tubes,

•A universal charging motor charges closing spring

•The limit switch disconnects power to motor after

•When the closing coil is energized the closing latch (catchgear)

•The opening spring is charged during this closing operation.

•Place a sling under the

•Do not remove the

•Ensure the weight of

Nut for alignment

•Check that poles are open

housing in all three poles

•Operating and control

•Supports and Linkage

Limit Whom wheel

(CO Spring) (O Spring)

Auxiliary switch Motor for

EDF SK 1-1: Transport

EDF SK 1-1: Transport

•Unload packing case

EDF SK 1-1: Unpacking

A static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by electromagnetic

Generator Transformers : For stepping up the generator voltage to

Power Station : Station transformer used for feeding the

Transmission & Auto : Transformers for bulk supply of power and to

HVDC Converter : Used for HVDC systems.

Phase Shifting : To control the power flow in an

Interconnected Star : To provide a neutral point for connection to earth

Distribution : To step down the voltages to distribution

Rectifier Transformers : Step down transformer to feed rectifiers.

AC Arc Furnace Trafo. : Step down transformer to feed arc furnaces.

Traction Transformers : For use in Traction applications on

Generator neutral : Generally used to connect the generator stator

Active Part : Core

Oil Preservation Systems : Conservators (gas sealed, Bellows/membrane

Delievery Rate: 6m3/hr 2

The sample shall be deposited at the earliest at the Laboratory

Oil Sampling Methods

Following methods can be used for sampling:

Sampling by liquid displacement

Sample can be collected by following means:

2. Sampling by Amber colored bottle

3. Sampling by tube or SS Bottle

Interpretation of DGA results in terms of ratios of dissolved gas quantities.

Air cell supported from top of the