Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Zool.

), 12(1): 87 – 91 (2016) © T he E gyptian S ociety of E xperimental B io lo gy

RESEARCH ART ICLE

J i m oh W . A d eyem i
A d er ol u Z . A d em ol a
O l ad el e - B uk ol a M. O l ak u nl e
A b d ul s al am i S . A d eol a
O k em ak i n F . Yi nk a

G R OWT H PER F ORM AN C E OF CL AR IAS G AR IEPIN U S F IN G ER L ING S F ED

G R AD ED L EVEL S OF D I ET AR Y C OOK ED JAT R O PH A CU R C AS SE ED M EAL -
B ASED D IET S

ABSTRACT:
The eff ect of diet ar y incl usion of Jatropha *Aderol u Z aid Adem ola
curcas on t he growth perf ormanc e of African **Olad ele-B uk ola Muti u Ol akunl e
Catfis h ( Clarias gariepinus) w as ev aluat ed. ***Abduls alami Somrat Adeol a
Juv eniles of Cl arias gari epi nus 225 i n
numbers w ere acclim atized f or a w eek , ****O KE MAK IN Francis Yink a
weighed and allott ed int o fiv e diet ar y *Departm ent of Marine Scienc e, Univ ers it y of
trea tments w here s oybean meal w as replaced Lagos.
by cook ed Jatropha curc as s eed m eal at 0, **Departm ent of Lives tock Improvem ent
25, 50, 75 and 100%. The diets ( 40% cr ude Programme, IAR&T , Moor Plant ation,
protein and 12% cr ude lipid) were Ib adan.
isonitr ogenous and isolipidic. Eac h treatm ent
***Fisheries and Aquac ultur e Unit ,
was r eplicat ed t hree times wit h fi fteen fish per
Department of Biol ogical Sci enc es,
replicate. Fis h wer e f ed 5% bod y weig ht on
Crescent Univ ersit y, Abeokut a, Og un
two equal proportions per day f or 56 days .
State.
Growt h data wer e c ollect ed on tw o -week
interv al basis . Gr owt h perf ormanc e w as ****Dep artment of Bi olog y. T he Pol ytec hnic,
eval uated usi ng w eight gain (g); sp ecific Ib ad an
growth rat e (%/d ay); f eed c onv ersion rati o
(FCR) and p rotein effici enc y r atio as indices .
The res ults from t he st udy indic ated t hat t her e
was signific ant diff erence (p>0. 05) in the
weight gain, p ercent age weight gai n, and
ot her growt h perf ormance p aram eters am ong
the fis h exp os ed to diff erent diet ar y
treatments. Grow th of Clarias gariepinus
reduced with i ncreasing incl usion of c ooked
Jatropha curc as.

ARTI CLE CODE: 11.01.16

KEY WORDS: I NTRODUCTI ON :

Jatropha c urcas, F eed Ingredients, Clari as
gariepinus, Pr ot ein Source
CORRESP ONDENCE:
Jimoh W asiu Adeyemi
Department of Fis heri es T ec hnolog y, Fed er al
College of Anim al Healt h and Pr oducti on
Technolog y, P MB 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria
E-mail: jawabus@gmail.com
ISSN: 2090 - 0511
W ide utilization and avail ability
chall enge of fis hmeal and other c onventi onal
protein s ource feed ingredients f or fis h f eed
calls for t he need t o look f or vi able
alter natives . Soyb ean products c ould replac e
a signific ant p ortion of fish meal i n fish f eed
without posing nutritional, environment al and
economic c halleng es. This is bec ause of its
high prot ein cont ent, high digestibilit y and
relativ el y w ell balanc ed ami no acid profile
(Stor ebakk en et al., 2000). H ow ever, the
sust ainability of soyb ean as fis hmeal replac er
is restrict ed bec ause of the various uses t o
which it is put b y hum an bei ng ( Azaza et al. ,
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88 Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Zool.), 12(1): 87 – 91 (2016)

2009). T hus, t he d evel opment of low -cos t Table 1. Gross composition of experimental diets
(g/100g dry matter) containing Jatropha
feed is imperative in order t o wit ness
curcas Seed meal fed to Clarias gariepinus
expansion and profitabilit y of aquac ultur e
enterprise in Nigeria and other dev eloping Feed D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
countries. Oils eed cak es are avail able in sub - Ingredients (0%) (25%) (50%) (75%) (100%)
saharan Africa on a large scal e and could be Fishmeal 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33
considered s uit able as alter native diet ar y
Yellow maize 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
protein s ources f or fis h f eed (Fagbenro et al. ,
2003). Full fat JSM - 12.36 24.72 37.08 49.44

Jatropha carc as s eed meal has nutrient Full fat SBM 50.00 37.50 25.00 12.50 -
densit y that is c omparable to any other Fish premix 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
protein s ources. It has a good amino acid Starch 1.67 1.81 1.95 2.09 2.23
profile with its essenti al amino acids lev el
(except l ysine) higher than s oybean meal Total 100 100 100 100 100
(Kumar et al., 2010 a & b). The us e of JSM- Jatropha curcas Seed meal
Jatropha carc as seedmeal in fis h diet s in fis h SBM- Soybean meal
feed is well doc um ent ed; Kum ar et al. (2009)
Each 1Kg Premix Contains:: Vitamin A ;4000000 IU,
used det oxified Jatropha curc as meal f or Vitamin D3;800000 IU, Vitamin E; 40000 IU,
rainbow tr out; K um ar et al. (2010 a & b) used Vitamin K3; 1600 mg, Vitamin B1; 4000 mg,
detoxifi ed Jatr opha curc as meal f or carp; Vitamin B2; 3000 mg, Vitamin B6; 3800 mg,
Fakunle et al. (2013) and Al atis e et al. (2014) Vitamin B12; 3 mcg, Nicotinic acid;18000 mg,
used boiled J atropha c urcas meal for Clari as Pantothenic acid; 8000 mg, Folic acid; 800 mg,
gariepinus. T his st ud y inv estigat es eff ect of Biotin; 100 mcg, Cholin chloride; 120000 mg,
dietar y i nclusi on of c ook ed J atropha curc as Iron; 8000mg, Copper; 800 mg, Manganese; 6000
seed m eals in the diet Clarias gariepinus. mg, Zinc; 8000 mg, Iodine; 400 mg, Selenium;
400 mcg, Vitamin C(coated); 40 mg, Inositol;
60000 mg, Cobalt; 10000 mg, Lysine; 150 mg,
M ATERI AL AND M ETHODS: Methioline; 10000 mg, Anti-oxidant; 25000 mg.
Sources and P rocessi ng of I ngredi ent s: Table 2. Proximate composition of feed ingredients
Sample of dried J atr opha c urcas s eeds Soybean Corn
Parameters Fish meal *JSM
Meal Meal
(1 kg) were obt ained in Os ogbo, Os un st ate.
The J atropha curc as seeds w ere de-k ernelled, Moisture 9.75 10.70 3.90 10.48
rinsed wit h wat er and boiled f or 15 minut es Crude protein 72.4 38.74 30.34 9.87
aft er whic h they w ere s undried (29 - 31 0 C) for Crude Lipid 10.45 16.68 45.89 4.28
three days and then ground in a hamm er mill
Crude Fiber - 5.10 8.41 5.78
to produc e a m eal . T he m eal w as thereaft er
anal ys ed for its proxim at e comp osition Ash 8.32 4.48 4.42 6.73
(AOAC , 1990). Fis h m eal, soyb ean m eal and NFE - 24.30 7.04 62.35
ot her feedst uffs obtained from comm ercial
*Jatropha seed meal
sourc es in Nigeria w ere s epar at ely milled and
screened to fi ne particles size. Samples wer e Exp eri m ental Fi sh and De si gn:
tak en in tripli cat es and anal ysed for t heir The experiment w as conduc ted at the
proximate comp osition (A OAC , 1990). Nutrition Unit of t he D epartm ent of Fis heri es
Exp eri m ental Di ets: Technolog y, Fed eral C ollege of Anim al Healt h
The experiment al diet s w ere f ormul ated and Produc tion Technol og y, Moor Plantation
Ib adan. Cl arias gariepinus fingerlings (2. 61 ±
(Table 1) using t he nutrient c ompositi on of the
0. 02 g) 225 i n numb er w ere obt ai ned fr om a
feedstuf fs s how n i n t able 2. T he experiment al
reputabl e fis h f arm in Ib adan, O yo s tate and
diets cont ained full -fat soyb ean meal whic h
transp orted live t o t he projec t site i n an
was replac ed by c ook ed Jatr opha curc as s eed
aer ated bag. T he Clari as gariepinus
meal at t he r ate of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% .
fingerlings w ere acclimated f or 7 days prior t o
The diets wer e isolipidic and isonitr ogenous
the f eeding trial w hile bei ng f ed on a
contai ning 40% crude prot ein and 12% lipid
commerci al pelleted diet. 15 finge rlings wer e
with fis h meal, full f at s oybean meal, fish oil,
allott ed int o eac h of the fif teen 25 litre
vitamin premi x and st ar ch s erving as
rectangul ar t anks c ontai ning 20 litres of
ingredients . S tarc h s erves the purpos e of
wat er. E xp erimental di ets w ere assig ned
binder and filler. T he f eedst uf fs w ere ground
randoml y t o t he tanks wit h t hree r eplicat es
and w at er was added t o aid binding aft er
per treatm ent. Fish in eac h tank w ere fed 5%
which it w as introduc ed into a mi xing and
body w eight p er day i n tw o equ al prop ortions
pelleting m ac hine t o obt ain a hom ogenous
between 9.00 –10. 00 am and 5. 00 – 6.00 pm
mass and t hen pass ed thr ough a mi ncer t o
for 56 d ays.
produce 2 mm siz e pellet w hich w as
immediatel y sundried at 30 - 32°C. Aft er Grow th P erform ance Eval uati on:
drying f or thr ee days , t he diets w ere k ept i n a Growt h perf ormanc e of fis h w as
cool place. determined foll owing t he m et hod of Jimoh et
al. ( 2014) fr om data c ollect ed from tw o -weeks
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Adeyemi et al., Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings Fed Graded Levels of Jatropha curcas Seed Meal-Based Diets 89

interv al peri odic weighi ng. Fi na l Individual
W eight, Specific Gr owth Rate (SGR %/ d ay),
Feed Conv ersion Ratio, (FCR) and Protei n
Efficienc y R ati o (PER) s erved as the indic es
of growt h resp ons es. The param et ers wer e
calcul at ed as
dissolved oxygen (mg/l) w as m easur ed using
Dissolved O xygen (DO) m et er.
Stati sti cs:
Dat a obt ained from t he experiment w as
express ed in mean ± SE and it was s ubjec ted
to one-w ay Anal ysis of Varianc e (AN OV A)
using SP SS 16. 0 v ersion. W her e t he AN OV A
reveals significant diff erenc e (P < 0.05)
Dunc an multiple range t est w as used t o
compare diff erences among i ndividual
treatment m eans.

RESULTS AND DI SCUSSI ON :

Table 3 shows the proximat e
compositi on of experiment al diets c ontai ning
Water Qual i ty M oni tori ng: graded levels of J atr opha c arcas s s eed meal.
W ater qualit y w as monitor ed ev er y week The res ults s how ed t hat the diets wer e
throughout t he feeding trials. W ater isonit ogenous and isolipidic as there was no
temperatur e (°C) and pH w ere meas ured dail y significant differ enc e (p > 0. 05) in the cr ude
with a c ombined digital pen m et er, w hile protein of the different diet ar y treatments .
Table 3. Proximate Composition (g/100g dry matter) of The Experimental diets con taining boiled Jatropha
curcas seed meal fed to Clari as gariepinus
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

Moisture 9.76 ± 0.26 9.88 ± 0.62 9.70 ± 0.47 9.99 ± 0.72 9.61 ± 1.39

Crude protein 40.20 ± 0.20 40.18 ± 0.19 40.23 ± 0.34 40.13 ± 0.19 40.10 ± 0.13

Crude lipid 12.03 ± 0.05 12.04 ± 0.07 12.02 ± 0.09 12.12 ± 0.18 12.19 ± 0.13
c bc b a
Crude fiber 5.06 ± 0.08 5.10 ± 0.09 5.43 ± 0.29 5.83 ± 0.11 5.99 ± 0.24a

Ash 4.24 ± 0.25 4.19 ± 0.57 4.21 ± 0.21 4.12 ± 0.07 4.22 ± 0.19

NFE 28.72 ± 0.26 26 ± 0.77 26.41 ± 0.74 27.80 ± 0.82 27.89 ± 1.14

Mean on the same row without superscript are not significantly different (p>0.05) from each other .
The growt h perf ormanc e of Cl arias Jatropha carc ass s eed meal. Figure 1 depicts
gariepinus f ed diets c ontai ning Jatropha the growt h curv e of fis h exposed to diff erent
curcas s eed meal is as pres ent ed in t able 4. dietar y treatm ents of J atr opha carc ass s eed
The initi al weight of the fish at t he beginning meal. The av erage v alues of all t he recorded
of the f eeding trial w as not signific antl y wat er qualit y param et ers w ere not
different (p > 0.05) from each ot her. How e v er, significantl y differ ent (P > 0. 05) fr om one
significant v ariati on (p < 0. 05) exist ed i n the anot her across t he differ ent diet ar y
weight gain, perc entag e w eight gai n and other treatments and were withi n a s uitable range
growth perf ormance par ameters among the for t he norm al growt h of Cl arias gariepinus
fish exp os ed to diff erent diet ar y treatm ents of (Boyd, 1990).
Table 4. Table Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus fed diets contain ing Jatropha curcas seed meal
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

Initial weight 2.62 ± 0.01 2.60 ± 0.02 2.62 ± 0.03 2.61 ± 0.03 2.60 ± 0.02

Final weight 12.36 ± 0.13a 10.83 ± 0.11b 9.25 ± 0.53c 6.92 ± 0.05d 5.12 ± 0.17e

Weight gain 9.74 ± 0.13a 8.32 ± 0.09b 6.63 ± 0.51c 4.33 ± 0.32d 2.52 ± 0.15e

%WG 371.75 ± 4.63a 316.54 ± 1.95b 252.94 ± 16.9c 166.25 ± 1.73d 96.90 ± 5.10e

SGR 2.77 ± 0.02a 2.55 ± 0.01b 2.25 ± 0.09c 1.75 ± 0.10d 1.21 ± 0.05e

Feed fed 11.46 ± 0.20a 10.42 ± 0.03b 8.69 ± 0.74c 6.14 ± 0.18d 3.87 ± 0.30e

FCR 1.18 ± 0.03e 1.27 ± 0.02d 1.31 ± 0.02c 1.42 ± 0.03b 1.53 ± 0.07a

PER 2.12 ± 0.05a 1.97 ± 0.03b 1.91 ± 0.03b 1.76 ± 0.04c 1.63 ± 0.08d

Mean on the same row with different superscript are significantly difference from each other (p < 0.05).

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90
Fig. 1. Growth Curve of Cl arias gariep inus fed diets containing varying levels of cooked Jatropha curcas
meal.
The perf ormanc e variation rec orded at
the end of t he exp eriment among t he diff erent
dietar y tr eatm ents w as due t o t he ef fec t of
inclusi on of diet ar y J S M on feeding behaviour,
growth perf ormanc e w as signi ficantl y aff ec ted
by dietar y incl usion of JS M t o t he diet of
Clarias gariepinus.
A reducti on in growt h perf ormance of
Clarias gariepi nus wit h incr easi ng l evel of
inclusi on of J S M w as also report ed b y
W orkagegn et al . ( 2013) f or Nil e Til apia
juveniles fed the s am e w hen r eplacing
soybean m eal. Kum ar et al. (2010a) rep orted
inclusi on of cook ed jatr opha s eed m eal in the
diet of c arp was uns uit able at inclusion lev els
of 50%. V arious f act ors r esponsible f or poor
growth w as explained as i ncluding presenc e
of anti-nutriti onal fac tors, p oor digestibility of
protein and ener gy whic h limit the
bioavail ability of nutrients (Doming ues et al. ,
2003; Gl encross et al., 2007; Makk ar et al. ,
2008). Higher c oncentr ation of t he anti -
nutritional f act ors red uces t he digestibilit y of
protein in the diets K um ar et al. ( 2009) and
the high crude fibre w hich hind ers t he protei n
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Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Zool.), 12(1): 87 – 91 (2016)
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