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WASTES: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities

4thInternational Conference
September 25th – 26th 2017

ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE COMPONENTS, RICE HUSK AND SUGARCANE


BAGASSE ASHES

R. S. Couto1, D. L. A. Miranda1, R. A. Pereira2 and S. R. Alcântara3


1 Faculty Estácio de Sá of Ourinhos, University Estácio de Sá, Ourinhos, São Paulo,
Brazil.renato.ccb@hotmail.com
2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba,
Brazil. ronnilldo@yahoo.com.br
3 Faculty Estácio de Sá of Ourinhos, University Estácio de Sá, Ourinhos, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:
siumaraalcantara@yahoo.com.br

ABSTRACT
Concrete is the most consumed material in civil construction due to its properties, however,
its manufacture generates serious environmental problems, besides having a high
economic cost. As a way to find a sustainable and cheap option, this work carried out
characterizations to obtain the properties of alternative components for concrete, such as
rice husk (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ashes (SBA). Making possible the rational dosage
elaboration and theirs application as partial replacement of cement. Thus, it was obtained
for the large aggregate: the real specific mass (RSM) of 2.429±0,014g/cm3, unit mass in
loose state of 1.467±0.056g/cm3 and compact unit mass of 1.685±0.006g/cm3. For the
small aggregate: RSM values was 2.377±0.005g/cm3 and unit mass in loose state was
1.763±0.021g/cm3. To the fineness modulus was 2.17±0.4% for the cement,
75.753±2.934% for the RHA and 46.71±1.58% for the SBA and the RSM of RHA was
2.316±0.038g/cm3 and for SBA was 2.637±0.019g/cm3. It is possible to use these materials
for the preparation of a concrete trace, as long as the dosage is analyzed the order of
placement and the time in the concrete mixer, due to the high fineness modulus of ashes
and the discordant results of the small aggregate.

Keywords: Agricultural waste; Aggregates; Cement.

INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most consumed building materials in the world, because it has excellent
properties, such as the possibility of molding it when fresh and high strength when in a hardened
state. These properties are mainly due to the water/cement ratio. In addition, other than steel and
wood, concrete presents less deterioration when exposed to the environment, together with its good
workability and resistance index [1].
However, its production causes great damages, because when producing a ton of cement, an
average of 4GJ of energy and 1.7 tons of raw materials (limestone and shale) is needed, in addition
to producing one ton of CO2 per ton of clinker, depending on the efficiency of the plant [2]. It is also
noticed that there is a gradual increase in the production of cement. In 2015, there was a 6.3%
increase in cement production in relation to 2014, totaling 4.6 billion tons, consuming in turn 7.82
billion tons of raw materials and 18.4 billion GJ of energy. Therefore, it is imperative to search for the
insertion of materials and/or residues substitute or complementary to the cement, to minimize costs
and aggression to the environment [3].
In this way, the objective of this work was to perform a series of characterizations in concrete
components and in the ash of rice husk (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse (SBA), in order to observe
the properties that will directly influence the concrete dosage, looking to the possibility of
incorporation of these agricultural residues into the rational dosage, lowering costs and removing
them from the environment.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The characterizations were carried out in the Engineering Research Laboratory (LAPEN) at Faculty
Estácio de Sá of Ourinhos (FAESO). Aggregates and cement were obtained from local commerce in
the city of Ourinhos - SP. SBA was obtained from Distillery Alondra LTDA., located in the city of Itaí-
SP, and the rice hulls were obtained from local commerce in the city of Carlópolis-PR and it was
incinerated in Laercio Coutinho Simões Fartura ME Ceramics, located in the city of Fartura-SP. All
characterizations were done in triplicate and, with the values, the mean and standard deviation
calculations were performed.
The RSM of the small aggregate was determined according to the standard of ABNT NBR 9776 [4].
For the determination of RSM in the large aggregate, a cylinder of 1000 cm³ was used, which was
filled with 400 cm³ of water, in which the water adhered to the walls of the container was expected to
flow to the bottom. Then, 1000 g of large aggregate, with a diameter greater than 4.75 mm, previously
oven dried at 105 ± 5°C for a period of 24 hours, was added. This aggregate was agitated for the
elimination of air bubbles and allowed to stand again so that the water adhered to the walls escorted
entirely to the bottom of the cylinder. Thus, the RSM was obtained by calculating the ratio between
the mass of the aggregate divided by the final (water + aggregate) and initial (400cm³) reading
volume, with the result expressed in g/cm³. To determine the loose state unitary mass of small and
large aggregates and compacted unit mass of large aggregate, it was used the ABNT NBR NM 45
standard [5].
According to ABNT NBR 11579 [6], the fineness modulus of the cement, RHA and SBA was
determined. Already to obtain the RSM of the cement, RHA and SBA, was made through the
standard ABNT NBR 6474 [7].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


The results of the characterizations carried out on the materials are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The real specific mass (RSM), loose state unitary mass, compacted unit mass and fineness
modulus of materials
Large Small Cement RHA SBA
aggregate aggregate
RSM [g/cm³] 2.429 ± 0.014 2.377 ± 0.005 - 2.316 ± 0.038 2.637 ± 0.019
Loose state unitary 1.467 ± 0.056 1.763 ± 0.021 - - -
mass [g/cm³]
Compacted unit 1.685 ± 0.006 - - - -
mass [g/cm³]
Fineness modulus - - 2.17 ± 0.4 75.753 ± 2.934 46.71 ± 1.58
[%]

The large aggregate showed divergence in its RSM, since the value of 2.429 g/cm³ was below that
found in the literature, being it values were between 2.61 to 2.71 g/cm³ [8][9]. One of the causes for
this divergence may be related to the chemical composition of the aggregate, which may have a
lower density than the standard.
The small aggregate showed a divergence in the results, because in the literature its RSM is around
2.62 g/cm³ [10], and the unit mass in the loose state is between 1.46 and 1.65 g/cm³ [9] 10]. This
divergence is due to the poor quality of the aggregate, because it had altered staining compared to
the normal. In addition, it was possible to observe particles of mixed impurities, evidencing
contamination.
The cement presented satisfactory results. With respect to RHA and SBA, they obtained adequate
RSM, since the values presented are around 1.47 g/cm³, corresponding to the density of a micro
silica and 3.33 g/cm³ referring to cement [11]. However, its fineness modulus was higher, since in
the literature this value corresponds to 1.26% for SBA [9], and 0.28% for RHA [12]. It is worth
mentioning that the RHA and SBA did not undergo any previous sieving or grinding process. The
values for the fineness modulus could be corrected if the ash is promoted with the aggregates in the
concrete mixer for a period of time equal to 15 minutes [13], so that the particles of the ashes can be
fragmented, allowing their use.

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CONCLUSION
It is concluded, therefore, that the quality of the alternative material authorizes the confection of the
concrete. In relation to the properties of the analyzed aggregates, they can directly influence the
dosage of the concrete. However, the materials herein are suitable for use in the manufacture of the
concrete, with the application of alternative residues to the cement. However, attention is needed in
the order of placement and mixing time of the concrete mixer, due to the fineness modulus of the
ashes being raised, as well as impurities in the small aggregate, which may compromise the concrete
mix and properties.

References
[1] V. R. B. S. Araújo, S. B. B. Uchôa, P. B. B. Silva, T. G. L. Araújo, E. A. P. G. Florentino, Estudo
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problems using rice-husk ash in concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 30, 2012, p.
360-365.
[3] Information on http://www.cembureau.eu/sites/default/files/AR2015.pdf
[4] ABNT. NBR 9776: Agregados: determinação da massa especifica de agregados miúdos por
meio de frasco de Chapman. Rio de Janeiro, 1987.
[5] ABNT. NBR NM 45: Agregados: Determinação da massa unitária e do volume de vazios. Rio
de Janeiro, 2006.
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[12] C. C. D. Santos, Análise da resistência em concretos com substituição parcial de cimento por
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fundição, 2016.
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