Summary Lecture-1

th Economics
of 9 to
th
(अथशा )
12 class Overview
NCERT
 Kindly Note that
• I m gonna once again use HINGLISH
• I will be covered 9th to 12th class NEW NCERT
Economy summary for govt. exam 1+1+1+2→ total 5
books
• My focus more on concept clarity so u can Hit Correct
MCQ in prelims exam
• All most 40 video i hv to make to complete the
syllabus with in 75 Days
• And u will get free PDF
 Join us on YOUTUBE
we did not create any website
becz we believe in charity
mail id→
justupscexam@gmail.com
 Guys support to Miss Bajpai madam
• We will not charge anything .. And u will get
free video and PDF of this series
 Why Economic video
• Becz u cannot do ratta → wrong MCQ Hit →
less chance to crack IAS Exam
• So U hv to understand the topic at any cost
(like maths )
And off course we want to crack Prelims and
mains + interview exam → finally selection in
UPSC
 What is Economics
• Economics→ study of how people allocate their limited resources in an
attempt to satisfy their unlimited wants
• We hv unlimited wants
(Example – u r living in ORN ( karol bagh near IAS coaching hub
• → you want full furnished AC room with big hall with good food but cost
is too high+good libarary + weeking movie in PVR) etc.
• Resources are very less ( ur or ur dad income is limited)– so u canot take
tht room→ u hv to adjust with urself
• So u hv to give priority→ room rent→ food → coaching notes→ joining
Library -→after that movie-→etc
• To satisfy their unlimited wants that’s called economics
 Boss In simple term
• Micro means→( small)
• Suppose ur income is only
6000 per month( giving
tuition classes to landlord
son( individual) –that’s
called micro economic
• Macro means→ ( Large)
• Suppose ur all 3 friends
also teaching landlord
son ( individual)– so
where is macro ?
• 6000+6000+6000+6000
→ total 24000 that’s
called macro economic
Micro VS Macro
 History
• the history of indian economy can be broadly
divided into three phase
• pre-colonial-(पूव औप नवे शक)
• Colonial-(औप नवे शक)
• post colonial (औप नवे शक के बाद)
 Pre-colonial (पूव औप नवे शक)
• pre-colonial--> the economy history of india since INDUS
valley civilization to 1700 A.D. can be categorized under
this phase.
• during this phase indian economy was very well
developed.
• it has very good trade relation with other parts of world.
• before the advent of the east india company each village
in the india was a self sufficient entity and was
economically independent as all the economies needs
were fulfilled with in the village
 Colonial(औप नवे शक)
• Colonial→ the arrival of British company in india
caused a huge strain to the indian economy and
there was a two way depletion of resources.
• the British would buy raw materials from india at
cheaper rates and finished foods were sold
higher than normal price in indian market
 Post colonial-(औप नवे शक के बाद)
• Post colonial →after india got AZAADI from colonial
rule in 1947, the process of rebuilding started various
policies and schemes were formulated
• 5th year plan introduced
• indian economy is bound for slower growth. in recent
months , indian govt has introduced pro business
economic reforms and outlined plans to increase,
• spending on capital investment and large scale social
programs
Now back to the point
Summary Lecture-2
th Economics
of 9 (अथशा )
CLASS Chapters-1
&2
NCERT ENG+HINDI
 In last video
• We had discussed about
• What is economic (Basic definition)
• What is micro and macro economic ( Basic Part only)
• History of Indian Economic ( just overview)
• All these topic I will cover with Broad View in 11th
+12th class NCERT Summary
• Mail id→ justupscexam@gmail.com ( for any
feedback)
 th
9 class NCERT chapters
• Chapter-1→The story
of village palampur
• Chapter-2→People as
resource
• Chapter-3→Poverty
as a challenge
• Chapter -4→Food
security in india
Message to those aspirants who did not open
9th class NCERT
• Some aspirants may advice to u .. 9th class and
10th class NCERT not good
• But at least try to read at least 3 times before pre
exam
becz its really important –UPSC may ask indirectly
questions from this class
Even upsc ask questions for mains exam ? HOW
–watch this video till end
 Lets check Summary first
Chapter-1
Overview ( firstly:-we will see what NCERT Told
us in this chapter … after that we will see
some good points ..which will be important
from exam point of view.
 Palampur village
• Where is the palampur village in the india ?
• Example of this is given to imagine a type of
village in India so that we can understand the
topic easily.
• When u see the village ,,,u will be able to
co-relate the village told in the book to ur
real life.
 Conti…
• well in palampur main production activity in
the village is farming
• other such activities carried out on limited
scale like dairy, transport, small scale
manufacturing etc in same village
 th
Overview of chapter -1 ( 9 class)
• Palampur Story talks about Basic concepts :--
What are those??
1. Production:---
• land,
• labour, Deep analysis in
• capital and upcoming slide try to
• entrepreneurship wait for some
movements
 After that
• palampur has a well developed road system ,
electricity, irrigation, health centre, schools
and transport ( but what about Jharkhand or
Chhattisgarh state ?)( think Mains GS-paper
2+3)
• LAND and other requirements such as water,
minerals and forests use in the village
 FARMING IN PALAMPUR
• land is fixed
• --> 75% of the people in palampur are dependent
on farming. some are farmers and some are farm
labourers
• As all the land has already been used for
cultivation, there is no possibility of increasing
production by adding more land
 increasing production

• no lands is left idle. different crops are cultivated in different

seasons on the limited land . its is called multiple cropping
• growing different varieties of crops in one year is possible only
because of the developed system of irrigation
• electricity plays a vital role in the irrigation system. tube wells
run by electricity help in irrigating a large area of land quickly
and more effectively
• introduction of the green revolution
• High Yielding Variety of seeds in wheat and rice
• HYV are capable of producing more amount of grain on one
plant
• Will the land sustain?
• modern methods of cultivation with
excessive use of chemical fertilizers have
weakened the natural resource base
• its is difficult to restore it, thus better care of
the environment should be taken for the
development of agriculture in future
 distribution of land among farmers
• people without land, work for the people
with land for earning their livelihood
• people with small plots of land do not
cultivate enough for a decent income and
have no savings for the next season.
• the large farmers produce and earn enough
to save capital for the next season
 Land distribution( via NCERT)
• Small farmer
• Medium farmer
• Large farmer
• Labourer ( landless)
 Farming activities
• Modern methods • Multiple cropping
• HYV seeds, fertilizers, • In agriculture, multiple
pesticides, farm cropping is the practice
machinery
of growing two or more
crops in the same piece
• Irrigation
of land during a single
• Dams
growing season.
• Canals
• Pump sets
• LABOUR (people who will do the work)
• some activities require like educated and
highly skilled workers
• the other activities require workers who can
simply do the manual work
• Finally →manual and educated labours
 LABOUR
• labor is the next most important thing after land for production.
small farmers and their families farm themselves, while medium
and large farmers hire labourers.
• introduction of modern techniques of irrigation have lowered the
employment opportunities for labourers further, thus forcing
them to migrate to nearby villages for work
• landless labourers work on the land of medium and large farmers
and earn either in cash or in kind. they are hired on a daily basis,
early basis or on the basis of a particular activity
 capital needed in farming
• small farmers borrow money from large farmers
or money lenders for the capital required for
starting production.
• interest rate on these loans is very high
• medium and large farmers have their savings
• the profit made after selling off the surplus is
either used for personal purposes or saved as
capital for the next season
Capital requirements( Via NCERT)
• Save money • Borrow money
• Large and medium • Small farmers
farmer landless labourers
 non farm activities in villages
• diary
• small scale manufacturing
• shopkeepers - sell like toothpaste, IAS
materials etc
• Transport- rickshaws , trucks, tractors etc
• What we have learned from this chapter
• ( या सखा हम लोगो ने ?)
•Production- farming or non
farming
•Aim- to get the goods and
services
Meaning and Factors of Production
• Every entrepreneur (उ यमी) employs 4 factors of inputs
for the production of goods and services in the economy.
• The resources (input) used to produce final products
(output) are termed as factors of production
• The four factors of inputs are:
1. Land (भू म)
2. Capital (पूँजी)
3. Labour ( म)
4. Entrepreneurship (उ यमी)
 Kindly note that
• These four factors of input help the
entrepreneur to produce the goods and
services in the economy for the fulfillment of
needs, wants and desires of the consumers
and customers.
• The land, on which the business is set up, gets rent
(लगान) in return.
• The labour that is engaged in the physical production
of the goods and services gets wages in return for the
hard work
• The capital that the entrepreneur invests
gets interest.
• Entrepreneur gets profit in return for his business
idea
 It short means
Capital interest

land rent
labour wages
Entrepreneurship profit
 Lets have deep look into it (Factor of
production )
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
 What is Land (भू म)
• in gernal sense→ land is regarded as soil. ( wht d
hell boss I know this)
• However, in economics, land, a factor of
production, has a much wider scope
• Land refers to a natural resource that can be
utilized to produce income. It is a useful factor of
production, but is available in limited quantity.
 Land
• Features-→
• Free Gift of Nature
• Fixed Quantity
• Land is Permanent
• Land is a Primary Factor of Production ( what about
online shop ?)
• Land is Immovable
• Land Differs in Fertility
 Factor of production
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
 What is labor ( म)
• Labor constitutes one of the important factors of
production.
• This factor involves human services and efforts for the
production of goods or services.
• Labor is commonly thought of a group of unskilled labor
working in factories.
• However, in economic terms, a work, physical or mental,
carried out for monetary purpose is called labor
• Among all the factors of production, labor is the only
factor that is living
 Labour
• Features-→
• Labourer is a Human being and not a Machine
• A Labourer sells his Labour and not Himself
• Labour is Perishable
• Labor is considered as the weakest commodity in
terms of bargaining power
Summary Lecture-3
th Economics
of 9 (अथशा )
CLASS Chapters-1
&2
NCERT ENG+HINDI
 Factor of production
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
 Capital (पूँजी)
• Features of capital
• Capital is a manmade factor
• Capital is a productive factor
• Capital is durable
• Capital is a wealth
3 Capital (पूंजी)

Physical capital (भौ तक पूंजी)

fixed Working
Use for many years→ Raw material and
like tools , machine , money → used up in
building process
 Physical capital –(भौ तक पूंजी)

• Can be touched
• Physical capital" refers to fixed capital
• any human-made resource that is used to create
other goods and services( like tractors,
machinery, building, factories, tools,etc)
• Physical" is used to distinguish physical capital
from human capital
 Factor of production
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
 Entrepreneurship
• An entrepreneur is a person, who undertakes
risks, mobilizes resources, and generates
employment by establishing and running an
enterprise.
 Entrepreneurship
Features
• Creativity
• Innovation
• Risk Taking and Decision Making Ability
• Self-Motivation
• Self-Confidence
• Time Management, etc
4
Human capital

• knowledge and enterprise is

required for holding
together land, labor and
physical capital
• Human capital → any skills or knowledge gained
by a worker through education and experience(
like college degrees, vocational training ,etc)
• More the educated population of a
country→more will be the Human capital that’s
why our PM is more focusing on Indias skill
development .( GS Mains –paper-2+3)
 Green revolution
• Achievement of large scale production
of crops in developing countries by
use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides
and hybrid seeds is referred to as the
Green Revolution.
• Father of Green Revolution is Norman
Borlaug.(Nobel price winner)
• Father of Green Revolution in India is
M.S. Swaminathan.
 Methods used in green revolution
• Double/multiple cropping system
• Seeds with superior genetics
• Proper irrigation system
• High yielding variety of seeds
• Use of pesticides and fertilizers
• Use of modern machinery like tractor, thrasher etc
• Expansion of farming areas
Pros and cons of green revolution
• Pros
• Yields increased 3 times
• Multiple cropping
• Surplus to sell in cities
creating a profit improving
the standard of living
• Allows purchase of
fertilizers, machinery etc.
• India becomes self
sufficient in food grains
• Cons
• Not 100% success
• Only punjab and haryana
states showed best results of
green revolution
• Pollution
• New organic fertilizer,
pesticides and chemicals are
ruining the soli
• Lead to unemployment and
rural-urban immigration
Chapter -2

Lets start it and hit the hard

 Chapter -2

• Chapter-1→The story
of village palampur
• Chapter-2→People as
resource
• Chapter-3→Poverty
as a challenge
• Chapter -4→Food
security in india
 We will
cover only
 Overview or summary
• sectors under economic activities--->
✓ primary sector,
✓ secondary sector,
✓ tertiary sector
• two parts of economic activities ---> market activities,
non market activities
• quality of population---> education, health,
unemployment
 1-primary sector ( ाथ मक े )
sectors under economic activities
1-primary sector ( ाथ मक े ) -- also called agriculture
sector.
• its considers directly using of natural resources.
✓ eg--> agriculture,
✓ fishing ,
✓ mining ,
✓ animal husbandry etc.
2 Secondary sector (मा य मक े
2 Secondary sector (मा य मक े ) --->
also called manufacturing sector ...
its considers with manufacturing of goods
Eg
• Machine
• cars
 3-tertiary sector (सेवा े )
• 3-tertiary sector (सेवा े )→called services .
eg transport , banking , education , health ,
tourism , insurance etc
 two parts of economic activities
• market activities • non market
(बाजार ग त व ध) --> – activities (गैर बाजार
means production ग त व ध )--> means
of goods or services production of goods
including govt or services for self-
service for salary consumption
• their is difference between men and women work
• women doing cooking of food , washing of clothes etc
• men are paid for their work in the field but women
are not paid for their work in the home
• men work count in national income
• women domestic work not count in national income
 Quality of population
• thanks to indian people we are going to beat china soon
• literate and healthy populations are assets for a country
• education--its a imp input for growth of a person
• educated person can earn more income compared than an
uneducated person becz of their skill ---hence national
income of a country can increase
• it will increase governance efficiency through learning
process
 Health ( वा य)
• an unhealthy person is burden for a country in
terms of economics. a healthy mind create
healthy environment
• in india , states like bihar are UP hv less medical
colleges , and hv poor health conditions
• karnataka andhara T.N. maharashtra hv majority
in number of medical colleges
 Basic terms(health)
• crude birth rates - is the
• infant mortality rate ( शशु मृ यु दर)
number of living births
• The infant mortality rate (IMR) is
occurring in a given the number of
geographical area per 1000 deaths of infants under one year
• त 1000 ब चो पर दए गए old per 1,000 live births. This rate is
भौगो लक े म रहने वाले often used as an indicator of the
जी वत ज म क सं या है level of health in a country.
( शशु मृ यु दर त 1000 जी वत ज मे
शशुओं मे से एक वष या इससे कम उ
मे मर गये शशुओं क सं या है )
• Unemployment (बेरोजगार )
• means --a person want to do work but
unable to find work
• unemployment is liability to the nation. it
leads to wastage of manpower resources
• two types of unemployment found in rural areas
• seasonal unemployment (मौसमी बेरोजगार )--> means people are not
able to find jobs during some months of the year
• eg agriculture sector -> some seasonal food grains are produced. so,
the farmers are employed only in that season
• Disguised (Hidden)unemployment ( छ न बेरोजगार )--> it happens
when people appear to be employed
• for eg--> in a field it requires only six people and nine people are
worked in the same field then , 3 people are come under the
category of disguised unemployed .
• production will not decrease when three people
are removed
• urban areas unemployment
• mostly educated unemployment are seen
• number of graduated and post graduated
unemployed has increased faster than among
high school pass out unemployed
What we have grab for our exam ?
• primary sector ( ाथ मक े )
• secondary sector (मा य मक े )
• tertiary sector सेवा े -- called services
• women domestic work not count in national
income
• literate and healthy populations are assets for a
country
• educated person can earn more income
compared than an uneducated person becz of
their skill ---hence national income of a country
can increase
• an unhealthy person is burden for a country in
terms of economics. a healthy mind create
healthy environment
•
• Unemployment (बेरोजगार )
• seasonal unemployment (मौसमी बेरोजगार )-->
means people are not able to find jobs during
some months of the year
• Disguised (Hidden)unemployment ( छ न
बेरोजगार )--> it happens when people appear to
be employed
• urban areas unemployment
• mostly educated unemployment are seen
Summary
th
9
गर बी
of CLASS
NCERT
Economics
(अथशा )
Lecture-4
Chapters-3
Poverty
 th
9 class NCERT chapters
• Chapter-1→The story of village palampur
• Chapter-2→People as resource
• Chapter-3→Poverty as a challenge
• Chapter -4→Food security in india
 What we are going to cover in this
video
• Summary of chapter 3
• Poverty –(chota pack ) – small view
• Poverty – ( bada pack )- Vast view
• Types of poverty → focus more on concepts
• Causes of poverty
• Issues related to poverty
• Poverty line
• Global Poverty Scenario
• Anti-Poverty Measures
• Problem in schemes
• What we learned from this chapter for prelims and mains (imp)
 Essay Practice
•गर बी का कोई समाजवाद नह
होता (नेह जी)
 Poverty (गर बी)
Poverty →Poverty is the lack of basic human needs
such as Nutrition, health care education, clothing
and shelter, because of the inability to afford
them

In simple word→Poverty can be understood simply

as a lack of money or more broadly in terms of
barriers to everyday human life
 World bank view
• Work bank→ poverty is hunger. Poverty is
lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not
being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not
having access to school and not knowing how
to read. Poverty is not having a job , is fear
for the future, living one day at a time ( it
also given this type of view in NCERT)
 Some important facts
• Every 4th person in India is poor.
• 26 crores people in India are poor
• India has the largest poor in the world
• rate of success for poverty reduction is different
from state to state, thus causing inter-state
disparities.
• (Fodder for mains and essay)
 Relative poverty vs Absolute poverty
Relative poverty (तुलना मक गर बी) (bakwas google translation)
• When households/people are comparatively poorer to others
• Increases as distribution of income gets wider
• Like USA Poor (those doesnot having car they called as a poor)vs India
poor ( those … CAR ?)

Absolute poverty (संपूण गर बी)

• When an individual or households income is insufficient for them to
afford basic shelter, food , clothing
• Apne ander dekho boss
• Basic needs – roti , kapda ,makan , mobile , internet data etc
 Inter-state disparities
•• Poor • Bestare the
Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar
poorest states of India. • Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh and Jammu
and Kashmir are the
best states when
poverty is
concerned.
 Causes of poverty
• british rule
• rural economy
• income inequality
• heavy pressure on population
• unemployment and underemployment
• lack of industrialization
• indian economic policy
• neo liberal policies and effects
• less job opportunities
• unequal distribution of assets
• lack of land resources, etc.. ( Fodder for mains )
 Issues related to poverty
• landlessness
• unemployment
• size of families
• illiteracy
• poor health
• child labor
• helplessness
• hunger
• lack of shelter
• lack of resource to spend on education and health
• lack of sanitation
 Poverty Line
• POVERTY LINE” -→common method → measure poverty based on
→income or consumption levels.
• A person is considered poor if his or her consumption level is below a
given level set by each country.
• Different yardsticks are used in different countries to measure the
poverty line.
• Via→ World Bank →person→ living on less than →1$ per day below the
poverty line.
• figure raised to 1.25 $ per day. ( latest one .. After some year may be
figure will be go up by 2 dollars per day)
• World Bank report (2010)→ 32.7% of India’s population was living below
the poverty line.
 Poverty line
Calorie funda
• Rural area → 2400
• Urban area→ 2100
• If they consume less they will be fell in poverty line

Analysis
• % of poor living below poverty line -→ Declined,
• But absolute number has increased.
• Vulnerability to poverty is the extent to which a
community, person, society , country etc. can be
affected by the impact of the poverty.
• Women’s, less paid workers + beggars + people living
in less developed area, or in slums
• farm + laborers + ST + SC group→ vulnerable to
poverty.
• women, children and elderly are the worst sufferers
because of poverty ( fodder for mains exam)
Let analysis data wch is given in NCERT
book

26
• Poverty Level Across India
• Kerala has the least poverty →15%
• Out of 22 crore households in India, 15.6%
earn less than Rs. 45,000 per annum.
 Global Poverty Scenario
• % of people living from
• 28% in 1991
• 21% in 2001; in the developing countries.
• Poverty declined substantially in China and some
South Asian countries because of rapid economic
development.
• On the other hand, reduction was not as sharp in
countries; like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.
(fodder for essay + mains exam)
 Global Poverty Scenario
developing countries
• below poverty line has
fallen
• Poverty declined in China
+ some South Asian
1991 2001
countries → due to rapid
eco growth
• On the other hand,
reduction was not as
sharp in countries; like
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri 28% poor 21% poor
Lanka, etc
 Global Poverty Scenario
• In Sub Saharan Africa, poverty increased from 41% in 1981 to
48% in 2001.
• The poverty level has remained the same in Latin America.
• Poverty has resurfaced in Russia and some of the former
communist countries.
• The Millennium Development Goal of the United Nations has
targeted to reduce the poverty level to half of the 1990 level by
2015
• ( important fodder for GS mains and Essay)
 Anti –poverty measures
Govt strategy based on two planks
• 1- promotion of economic growth
• 2- targeted anti-poverty programmes
 Anti-Poverty Measures
• MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme):
• programme was originally started in 2005 as NREGA.
• Under this programme, one member of each rural household
shall be given 100 days employment in a year.
• The person should be willing to work for unskilled job.
• If the government fails to provide employment to a person
within 15 days, he would be getting unemployment allowance in
lieu of that.
• National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) has also been
merged with MNREGA.
 Anti-Poverty Measures
• Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna was launched in 1993.
• Rural Employment Generation Scheme was launched in 1995.
• Swarnajayanti Gram Rojgar Yojna was launched in 1999.
• All the previous employment programmes have now been replaced with
MNREGA.
• The results of these programmes have been mixed. However, MNREGA
has helped in arresting the tide of migration from rural areas. It has also
helped in improving the wages in rural areas

• Q- why date boss ?... Upsc prelims pattern now has been changed little
bit .. Shocked by this year prelims ☺
 Problem in schemes
Political instability
Lack of implementation of laws
Caste system
No patriotism among the people
No interest for the rich to feed the poor
Less subsidy provided by the government
Poor are not being employed
What we learnt for prelims
Relative poverty
• When households/people are comparatively poorer to others
• Increases as distribution of income gets wider
• Like USA Poor (those doesnot having car they called as a poor)vs
India poor ( those … CAR ?)

Absolute poverty
• When an individual or households income is insufficient for them
to afford basic shelter, food , clothing
• Apne ander dekho boss
 Absolute poverty
concept
• There is a class of 100 IAS aspirants students. Majority of
the students were not good at studies. The teacher hence
decides a criteria that out of a paper of 100 marks, the
student must score a minimum of 35 marks to pass the
exam. Anyone scoring below 35 would be considered as
fail.
• If a student fails an exam then the professor would focus
more on him and motivate him to pass the exam.
• Here,
• The teacher is akin to Government.
• The minimum marks required to pass is akin to Poverty line.
• The students failing are akin to poor population.
• This is what happens in case of Absolute Poverty which is used
in underdeveloped and developing nations like India.
• India uses Absolute Poverty to measure Poverty.
• In India, there is a concept of Poverty line which decides the amount of
money a person must earn for not being considered as poor.
• As per Poverty line a person is not considered as poor if he is earning
Rs.32 in a village and Rs.47 in a city. ( I will give vast view in 11th class
NCERT)
 Relative poverty
concept
• Continuing the above analogy,
• If the class of 100 students have majority of the students who
are doing extremely well academically then the approach of a
teacher towards the students would change.
• Say if 95 students out of 100 score above 90 marks and only 5
students score above 80 marks. Then the teacher would
motivate these 5 students to work hard so as to be in the same
league as other 95 students.
• This analogy applies in case of developed nations where
everyone is having enough money for satisfying their basic
needs.
• In a hypothetical situation in a developed country if
80 out of 100 are having a car then the remaining 20
would be considered as poor (not because they are
actually not having money for basic needs but just
because they are not enjoying the same standard of
living).
• This method requires the use of Gini coefficient
which is used to measure the income inequality.
• USA and other developed nations use this method.
 What is Gini coefficient?

• The value of Gini coefficient lies between 0–1.

• 0 would mean there is no inequality. In other
words every citizen would earn the same.
• 1 would mean there would be severe inequality.
In other words only one person would be having
all the income and rest of the population would
have no income
 Poverty line
Calorie funda
• Rural area → 2400
• Urban area→ 2100
• If they consume less they will be fell in poverty line

Analysis
• % of poor living below poverty line -→ Declined,
• But absolute number has increased.
Let analysis data wch is given in NCERT
book

26
• Kerala has the least poverty →15%
 th
with 9 Class
• Chapter-4
Summary
• Food security in
india th FREE PDF
Of 9 CLASS
Economics
(अथशा )
Chapters-4
 Today Topics
• What is food security (NCERT view + Board View)
• But why we Need for Food Security
• What is Buffer Stock
• What is MSP
• Public Distribution System (PDS)+ benefits and
problems
• One Mains Question also
 Food security
Availability Accessibility Affordability
of food of food of food

Means food
production within means food is implies that
the country + Food individual has
within reach of
imports + previous enough money to
years stock in govt. every person. buy sufficient food
store
Apart from
NCERT
 But why we Need for Food Security
• For the poor sections of the society like BPL
family
• Natural disasters -→ earthquake, drought, flood,
tsunami happen
• Shortage of Food → Price UP→ affordability
DOWN→ starvation UP
• Famine-→ Deaths by starvation and Epidemics
by contaminated (दू षत )water
 Famines and Starvation Deaths in
India
1. Kalahandi and Kashipur in Orissa
2. Baran district of Rajasthan,
3. Palamau district of Jharkhand and many
other remote areas during the recent years.
Food insecure groups →worst affected
groups
• landless people
• traditional artisans
• traditional services providers
• petty self-employed workers
• Homeless, beggars etc.
 Conti…
• Families employed in ill-paid occupations
• casual labourers (seasonal activities+ very low wages)
• SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs–having poor
land-base or very low land productivity
• Migrants ( as a result of natural disasters )
• Women and children
 States facing problem of food
insecurity
• U.P. (eastern and south-eastern parts)
• Bihar,
• Jharkhand,
• Orissa,
• West Bengal,
• Chhattisgarh,
• Madhya Pradesh and
• Maharashtra
 Hunger
• Inadequate diet in terms of quantity and
quality → low income group
• Seasonal→ food growing and harvesting
cycles
• Common in rural ( seasonal variation)
• Urban ( causal labour)
 What is Buffer Stock
• Buffer Stock is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat
and rice procured by the government through Food
Corporation of India (FCI)
• But ( another statement) ( Wch is not given 9th Class
NCERT)
• Buffer stock is the storage of stocks for the purpose
of stabilizing the prices. Its used in free markets
where prices are determined by demand and supply
 What is MSP
• The farmers are paid a pre-announced price
for their crops.
• Declared before sowing season
• This price is called Minimum Support Price
 ISSUE Price
• Distributed foodgrains in the deficit areas
and among the poorer state of society at a
price lower than the market price
How PDS Works
 Government schemes
• PDS (initial Public Distribution System scheme)
• RPS (Revamped Public Distribution System)
• TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution
System)Special Schemes
• AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana)
• APS (Annapurna Scheme)
 Basic
Established by Govt
Ministry → Consumer Affairs,
Public
Food, and Public Distribution
managed jointly with state
Distribution
governments in India, it
distributes
System
Distributed →wheat, rice, sugar,
(PDS)
and kerosene,
→ Ration shops
 Benefits from the PDS
• Stabilizes prices of food grains
• Makes food available at affordable prices
• By supplying food from surplus regions of the
country to the deficit ones, it helps in combating
hunger and famine
• Prices set with poor households in mind
• Provides income security to farmers in certain
regions
 Problems faced by PDS
• Problem of Hunger still exists in many areas of
India
• Foodstock in granaries often above specified
levels
• High storage costs
• Cultivation of rice has also led to environmental
degradation and fall in the water level
• Selling poor quality grains at ration shops,
• Irregular opening of the shops
 Mains Question
• Q-Now these days international commodity
prices are low .. Do u think is it a good time for
India to import food to build stocks for food ?
Analyze
 There are three kinds of ration cards:
• (a) Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the
poor;
• (b) BPL cards for those below poverty line; and
(c) APL cards for all others.
• Thanks
Regards
• Just UPSC Exam (Admin)
• Mail Id→justupscexam@gmail.com