Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
SUB-HEADINGS
The best way to present your sub-headings is to preface each one by stating, in brackets, the
level of the subheading, as the following example shows:
(Subheading level 2) The life and times of the Fifth Dalai Lama
(Subheading level 3) The importance of Sde srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho for the Fifth Dalai
Lama
Smith, et al. > Smith et al. (NOTE: “>” means “should be changed to...”)
Smith, G. (ed) > Smith, G. (ed.)
Smith, G. and J. Brown (eds.) > Smith, G. and J. Brown (eds)
Aris 1979, 195 > Aris 1979: 195
1
12th > 12th
Use 649 BC or 649 BCE but AD 649 or 649 CE.
Use double inverted commas both for “scare quotes” and also for citing speech, text or titles
of articles in the body of your contribution. Within quoted passages, use single inverted
commas. For example:
ibid. may be used to with reference to the last work cited. It should not be italicised, followed
by a period, followed by a colon and then the page number, so:
ibid.: 216–19
If a footnote begins with ibid., it should not be capitalised: Ibid.: > ibid.:
Avoid the use of op. cit., but rather repeat the author and date.
FOOTNOTES
BLOCK QUOTATIONS
For quotations of four lines or more, use block quotes, with no inverted commas.
The ‘en dash’(–) is longer. Mac: [ALT] [-]; PC: [Cltr] [-]
1
Waddell 1978 [1895]: 15
2
Examples: Shar rdza, who lived in the 19th–20th centuries…; Haarh 1969: 17–18.
The ‘em dash’ (—) is the longest. Mac: [ALT] [Shift] [-]; PC: [Cltr] [Alt] [-]
em dashes (—) are also used to represent the name of an author for the second and subsequent
references to his or her works in the bibliography.
OTHER CONVENTIONS
sic in italics
verbatim in italics
e.g. not in italics
i.e. not in italics
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations given in the text should be included in the bibliography, and the bibliography should
contain only works cited in the text. The literature is to be organized alphabetically by the
names of the first authors. In case of reference to more than one publication by the same
author, the order is ascending in correspondence to the publication year (the oldest one
appears first).
EXAMPLES
Books:
Carrasco, Peter. 1959. Land and Polity in Tibet. Seattle and London: University of
Washington Press.
Rabgias, Tashi. 1984. Mar yul la dvags kyi sngon rabs kun gsal me long [History of Ladakh
Called The Mirror Which Illuminates All]. Leh: C. Namgyal & Tsewang Taru.
Book Articles:
Journal Articles:
3
Wylie, Turrell V. 1965. “The Tibetan Tradition of Geography”. Bulletin of Tibetology 11.1:
17–25.
Theses:
van Beek, Martijn. 1996. Identity Fetishism and the Art of Representation: The Long Struggle
for Regional Autonomy in Ladakh. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University.
Page references: 1–9; 7–23; 21–29 [not 21–9]; 93–114; 143–62 [not 142–162]; 197–
214; 204–206 [not 204–06].
the oldest reference of one author appears FIRST
in the text: (Jagou forthcoming); and in the bibliography: Jagou, F. (forthcoming).
Cassinelli, C.W. and Robert Ekvall. 1969. Title of the book.
TIBETAN REFERENCES
Here are some examples of bibliographic references to published and unpublished Tibetan
works. When referring to these works in the text, use a short title (examples given below)
rather than initials. In the bibliography, organise the works in English alphabetical order of
the short titles.
Lde’u Mkhas pa lDe’u. 1261. 1987 edition. Mkhas pa lde’us mdzad pa’i rgya bod kyi chos
’byung rgyus pa. Lhasa: Bod rang skyong ljongs spyi tshogs tshan rig khang/Bod yig dpe
rnying dpe skrun khang.
Padma bka’ thang. 1988. Chengdu: Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
Rgyal po bka’ thang B Rgyal po bka’i thang yig. 1986 edition. In Bka’ thang sde lnga.
Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 85–227.
Rgyal rabs Sa skya Bsod nams rgyal mtshan. 1981 edition. Rgyal rabs gsal ba’i me long.
Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
4
Ya ngal Yang sgom Mi gyur rgyal mtshan. 16th century. Kun kyis nang nas dbang po’i dangs
ma mig ltar sngon du byung ya ngal bka’ rgyud kyis gdung rabs un chen tshangs pa’i sgra
dbyangs zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Manuscript of 54 folios kept in the village of Lubra, Mustang
District, Nepal.