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Normal Distribution
μ= 0 and δ = 1
If Mean μ= 50 and δ = 4
The z values are matched with specific areas under the normal curve in a normal distribution table.
Therefore, to find the percentage associated with X, we must find its matched z-value using the z-formula.
The z-value leads to the area under the curve found in the normal curve table, which is a probability, and that
probability gives the desired percentage for X.
The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-values or scores. Either the z-score locates X within a
sample or within a population. The formula for calculating z is:
where:
X = given measurement
μ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
X = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
*Table Areas under Normal Curve (See the book page 55-56)
1
Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean
Combination Formula
nCr = Used to identify the total number of possible samples
( )
Example:
A population consists of the numbers 1, 2, and 3. List all possible samples of size 2 from this population and
compute the mean.
Sample Mean
1,2 1.5
1,3 2
2,3 2.5
Sample Mean
Frequency Probability
(Ascending order)
1.5 1 1/3
2 1 1/3
2.5 1 1/3
∑
μ=
μ= =2
∑ ( )
δ= δ = = 0.67
Sample Mean
Frequency Probability X ● P(x) X-μ (X – μ)2 f(X – μ)2 P(x) ● f(X – μ)2
(Ascending order)
1.5 1 1/3 0.5 -0.5 0.25 0.25 0.083
2 1 1/3 0.67 0 0 0 0
2.5 1 1/3 0.83 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.083
μ = ∑( ( ))
μ = (0.5 + 0.67 + 0.83) = 2
δ=∑ ( )2 = 0.17
2
Hypothesis Testing
Statistical hypothesis – is a conjecture about the population parameter. This conjecture may or may not be true
Two Types of Statistical Hypothesis
1. Null hypothesis (H0) - a statistical hypothesis testing that assumes that the observation is due to a chance factor;
Denoted by μ1=μ2, which shows that there is no difference between the two parameters
2. Alternative hypothesis (H1), shows that observations are the result of a real effect; states that there is a difference
between two population means (or parameters)
Level of significance – the degree of significance in which we accept or reject the null hypothesis
Critical value – determines the critical and noncritical regions; a value that separates the critical region from the
noncritical region
Critical or rejection region – the range of the values of the test value that indicates that there is a significant difference
and that the null hypothesis (H0) should be rejected
Accepted or Noncritical or non-rejection region – the range of the values of the test value that indicates that the
difference was probably due to chance and that the null hypothesis (H0) should not be rejected
One-tailed test – shows that the null hypothesis be rejected when the test value is in the critical region on one side of
the mean; may either be a right-tailed test or a left-tailed test, depending on the direction of the inequality of the
alternative hypothesis
Two-tailed test – the null-hypothesis should be rejected when test value is in either of the two critical regions
≤ is at most ≥ is at least
≤ is not more than ≥ is not less than
≤ is less than or equal to ≥ is greater than or equal to
3
If Alternative hypothesis is
H1 ≠ μ H1 > μ H1 < μ
Common Z value
Corresponding
1-α α
Zα/2 Value
99% 0.01
95% 0.05
90% 0.10
The following are the steps in conducting hypothesis testing:
1. State the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1)
2. Choose the level of significance (α) and the sample size
3. Determine the test statistic and sampling distribution
5. Collect the data and compute the value of the test statistic
And determine the critical values that divide the rejection and non-rejection regions
Formula in getting the Z-test statistic: Z(α/2) =
√
Example:
The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences states that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of
iron for adult females under the age of 51 is 18 milligrams (mg). A sample of iron intake in was obtained during a 24-hour period
from 45 randomly selected adult females under the age of 51. It revealed that the sample mean ( ) was 14.68 mg. At the 1 percent
significance level, does the data suggest that adult females under the age of 51 are, on average, getting less than the RDA of 18 mg
of iron? Assume that the population standard deviation is 4.2 mg.
1. State the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1)
H0 = 18 mg
H1 ≤ 18mg
2. Choose the level of significance (α) and the sample size
99% α = 0.01 Z = - 2.33 left tailed Zα = -2.58
3. Determine the test statistic and sampling distribution
Z-Test μ = 18mg δ = 4.2 ẍ = 14.68 n = 45
5. Collect the data and compute the value of the test statistic
And determine the critical values that divide the rejection and non-rejection regions