ENGINEERING MECHANICS

1. TENSION
A load of 100 lb is hung from the middle of a rope, which is stretched between two rigid walls 30
ft. apart. Due to the load, the rope sags 4 feet in the middle. Determine the tension in the rope.

Solution:
15
tan 𝜃 =
4
𝜃 = 75.068°

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

2Tcos 𝜃 = 100
100
T = 2 cos 𝜃
100
T = 2 cos 75.068°
T = 194 lbs.

2.
When one boy is sitting 1.2m from the center of a see-saw, another boy must to sit on the other
side 1.5m from the center to maintain an even balance. However, when the first boy carries an
additional weight of 14 kg and sit 1.8m from the center, the second boy must move to 3m from
the center to balance. Neglecting the weight of the see-saw, find the weight of the heavier boy.

Solution:

∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0]

WB (1.5) – WA (1.2) = 0

WB = 0.8 WA

∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0]

WB (3) – (WA + 14) (1.8) = 0

(0.8 WA) ( 3) – (WA + 14) (1.8) = 0

2.4 WA – 1.8 WA – 25.2 = 0

WA = 42 kg
3. MOMENT OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO THE BASE
An isosceles triangle has a 10cm base and a 10cm altitude. Determine the moment of inertia of
the triangular area relative to a line parallel to the base and through the upper vertex in cm4.

Solution:
IX1 = IXO + Ad2
𝑏ℎ 3 1 2
IX1 = 36
+ 2 𝑏ℎ(3 ℎ)2
(10)(10)3 1 2
IX1 = + (10)(10)( (10))2
36 2 3
IX1 = 2500 cm4

4. RECTILLINEAR TRANSLATION (HORIZONTAL TRANSLATION)

A train passing point A at a speed of 72 kph accelerates at 0.75 m/s2 for one minute along a
straight path then decelerates at 1.0 m/s2. How far in km from point A will it be 2 minutes after
passing point A?

Solution:
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1ℎ𝑟
VO = 72 ℎ𝑟
𝑥 1𝑘𝑚
𝑥 3600 𝑠
VO = 20 m/s

1
S1 = VO t1 + 2 𝑎𝑡1 2
1
S1 =(20)(60) + (0.075)(60)2
2
S1 = 2550 m
S1 = 2.55 km

V1 = VO + at22
V1 =20 + (0.75)(60)
V1 = 65 m/s

1
S2 = VO t2 + 2 𝑎𝑡2 2
1
S2 = 65(60) + 2 (1)(60)2
S2 =2100 m
S2 = 2.1 km
Solving for total distance:
S = S1 + S2
S = 2.55 + 2.1
S = 4.65 km
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1. SIMPLE STRESS
An iron column of annular cross-section has an outer diameter of 200mm and is subjected
to a force of 75 kN . Find the thickness of the wall if the allowable compressive stress is 10
MPa.

Solution:
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎= 𝐴
;A=𝜎
75,000
A= 10𝑥106
A = 0.0075 m2

𝜋 𝜋 2
A = 𝐷2 − 𝑑
4 4
𝜋
0.0075 = [(0.2)2 − 𝑑2 ]
4
d= 0.1745 m
D = d + 2t
0.2 = 0.1745 + 2t
t= 0.01275 m = 12.75 m

2. AXIAL DEFORMATION
From the figure as shown, determine the total elongation of the composite body carrying a
tensile load of 5kN. Assume E1 = 10 MPa and E2 = 15 MPa.

Solution:
Note: The total elongation is equal to the sum of the elongation produced in each body.
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2
𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2
𝛿𝑇 = +
𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2
𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2
𝛿𝑇 = 2 +
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑2
( 4 1 )𝐸1 ( 4 2 )𝐸2
 5000(6) 5000(4)
𝛿𝑇 = 2 +
𝜋(0.3) 𝜋(0.15)2
[ 4 ](10 𝑥 106 ) [ 4 ](15 𝑥 106 )

𝛿𝑇 = 0.11789 𝑚 = 118 𝑚𝑚

3. TORSIONAL STRESS
A solid shaft 2.0 m long is transmitting 27 kN-m torque. If the shear modulus of the shaft
material is 85 GPa and the allowable shearing stress is 70 MPa, determine the angle of twist
between the two ends of the shaft.

Given:
𝜏 = 70𝑥106 𝑃𝑎
T = 27,000 N-m
L = 2.0 m
G = 85 x 109 Pa

Solution:
16𝑇
𝜏=
𝜋𝑑3
16 (27,000)
70 𝑥 106 =
𝜋𝑑3
𝑑 = 0.125 𝑚
𝑇𝐿 𝜋 4
𝜃= ;𝐽 = 𝑑
𝐽𝐺 32

𝑇𝐿
𝜃= 𝜋
4
32 𝑑 𝐺
(27,000)(2) 180°
𝜃= 𝜋 𝑥
(0.125)4 (85𝑥109 ) 𝜋
32
𝜃 = 1.52°
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

1. COMPOUND INTEREST
On his 6th birthday a boy is left an inheritance. The inheritance will be paid in a lump sum of
P 10,000 on his 21st birthday. What is the present value of the inheritance as of the boy’s 6th
birthday, if the interest is compounded annually? Assume i= 4% .

Solution:
F = P(1 + i)n
10,000 = P ( 1 + 0.04)21
P = 4,388.336

F1 = P(1 + i)n
F1 = 4,388.336 ( 1 + .04)6
F1 = 5,552.645

2. PRESENT WORTH OF ORDINARY ANNUITY

What is the present worth of a P500 annuity starting at the end of the third year and
continuing to the end of the fourth year, if the annual interest rate is 10 %?

Solution:
𝐴[(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
P1 = 𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑛

(500)[(1+0.1)2 −1
P1 =
𝑖(1+0.1)2
P1 = 867.77

𝐹
P=
(1+𝑖)𝑛
𝑃1
P = (1+𝑖) 𝑛
867.77
P = (1+0.1)2
P = 717.17

3. DEPRECIATION( STRAIGHT LINE METHOD)

A machine has an initial cost of P 50,000 and a salvage value of P 10,000 after 10 years. Find
the book value after 5 years using straight line depreciation.

Solution:
Let C5 = book value after 5 years

Solving for annual depreciation charge, d:

 𝐶𝑜 −𝐶𝑛
d= 𝑛
50,000−10,000
d= 10
d= 4,000

Solving for C5 :
C5 = Co – D5
C5 = 50,000 – 4,000(5)
C5 = 30,000
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. PERMUTATION
In how many ways can you arrange 3 boys and 4 girls in a 7-seater bench supposing that the
four girls want to be seated together?

Solution:

. Permutation of the boys and the group of girls

nPr = 4P4 = 24

Total permutation inside the girls block

nPr = 4P4 = 24

Combining the two permutations

Total = (24) (24) = 576

2. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ( For Ungrouped Data)

Find the mean, median and mode of the following:
12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 25, 25, 27

Solution:

∑ 𝑥𝑖
Mean =
𝑛
12+14+16+19+22+25+25+27
Mean =
8
Mean = 20

19+22
Median = 2
Median = 20.5

Mode = 25 unimodal
 3. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ( For grouped Data)
For the given data find the mean, median and mode.
Class Limit fi CM (x) fixi CB F<

80-94 8 87 696 79.5-94.5 8

95-109 14 102 1428 94.5-109.5 22

110-124 18 117 2106 109.5-124.5 40

125-139 20 132 2640 124.5-139.5 60

140-154 5 147 735 139.5-154.5 65

Solution:
∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖
Mean (x) =
𝑛
Where:
fi = frequency on each class
xi = class mark on each class
n = total no. of frequency

7605
x=
65
x = 117

𝑛
−𝐶𝐹<
2
Median (x) = 𝐿𝑚𝑒 +( )c
𝑓𝑚𝑒
Where:
Lme = lower limit boundary of median class
fme = frequency of median class
CF < = cumulative frequency before the frequency of median class
c = class size

65
2
−22
x= 109.5 + ( )15
18
x= 118.25
 𝑓𝑚𝑜−𝑓𝑖
Mode (x) = Lmo + ( )c
2𝑓𝑚𝑜−𝑓1−𝑓2
Where:
Lmo = lower limit boundary of modal class
fmo = frequency of modal class
f1 = frequency before the frequency of modal class
f2 = frequency after the frequency of modal class
c = class size

20−18
x= 124.5 + (
2(20)−18−5
) 15
x= 126.26

4. From the computed mean, median and mode in no. 3, described the skewness

Solution:
Since mode is greater than mean therefore the distribution is negatively skewed.

5. PROBABILITY
There are 2 white, 3 red, and 4 blue balls inside a basket. If three balls are drawn randomly in
succession without replacement, what is the probability that the first ball is white, and the next
two balls are blue?
Solution:
Probability of the first ball is white

2
Pw =
2+3+4
2
Pw =
9
Probability that the second ball is blue
4
Pb1 =
8
1
Pb1 =
2
Probability that the last ball drawn is blue
3
Pb2 =
7
Probability that the first ball is white and the next two balls are blue

2 1 3
Pwbb = ( ) (2) (7)
9

1
P=
21