An urban settlement is a densely populated area comprising mostly man-made

structures that contain all of a society's administrative, cultural, residential and religious
functions. In some countries, like the Soviet Union and India, official urban
municipalities may be considered an urban settlement if they meet population and
density criteria set by the country's government.

Population
o Depending on the country in which it is located, an urban settlement could have a
population of just a few thousand. In more developed countries, an area is not considered
urban until it has at least 20,000 people. The majority of the population must sustain itself
without relying on agricultural occupations for work.

Density
o In the United States, the U.S. Census Bureau defines an urban area as having more than
50,000 people and at least 1,000 people per square mile. Since 2000, the bureau bases its
classification solely on population density regardless if the area is incorporated or
unincorporated as a municipality.

Economics
o Since the majority of people living in an urban settlement work outside agriculture,
professional occupations and industrial manufacturing provide the economy's basis. A
centralized government and banking system exist with residents relying on a cash or credit
system as opposed to barter.

Size
o An urban settlement's size depends largely on its population, with the area growing as more
people settle there. Most countries have very specific population minimums before a
settlement is considered urban; but a town, a city and a metropolitan area are a few types of
urban settlements. Some countries define town and city differently based on size and
population, and others use the terms interchangeably. As more people arrive, the number
and types of services increase, which creates a pattern of development.
 What is a rural settlements?

Population
o Depending on the country in which it is located, an urban settlement could have a
population of just a few thousand. In more developed countries, an area is not considered
urban until it has at least 20,000 people. The majority of the population must sustain itself
without relying on agricultural occupations for work.

Density
o In the United States, the U.S. Census Bureau defines an urban area as having more than
50,000 people and at least 1,000 people per square mile. Since 2000, the bureau bases its
classification solely on population density regardless if the area is incorporated or
unincorporated as a municipality.

Economics
o Since the majority of people living in an urban settlement work outside agriculture,
professional occupations and industrial manufacturing provide the economy's basis. A
centralized government and banking system exist with residents relying on a cash or credit
system as opposed to barter.

Size
o An urban settlement's size depends largely on its population, with the area growing as more
people settle there. Most countries have very specific population minimums before a
settlement is considered urban; but a town, a city and a metropolitan area are a few types of
urban settlements. Some countries define town and city differently based on size and
population, and others use the terms interchangeably. As more people arrive, the number
and types of services increase, which creates a pattern of development.
 What Is a Rural Settlement?
Depending on the study and government agency, most organizations have their
own definition. The most commonly used definition is the one from the U.S.
Census Bureau. The U.S. Census

...
What are the characteristics of a rural settlement?
time.

...
What are clustered rural settlements?
A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement in which the houses and farm

-...
What is the proper definition for 'rural settlement'
The definition of a rural settlement depends on the country. In some countries,
a rural settlement is any settlement in the areas defined as rural by a
governmental office, e.g. by

Answers

The difference between rural and urban settlement are:

RURAL SETTLEMENTS
 Most of the people are engaged in agriculture, fishing, forestry, etc. (primary activities)
 The products are directly derived from nature.
 Eg: Villages.
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
 In urban areas, most of the people are engaged in activities like manufacturing and
trading. (secondary activities)
 The products are derived from the primary activities.
 Eg: Towns and Cities.

In an urban area, it is like a cluster of homes and people, whereas the rural area is
more of the out in the country sort. For example, you may have a small yard in the
urban setting, but own a large yard or even many acres in the rural areas.
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 EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

 Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Various Stages Man as Nomad and Cave Dweller ( Up
to 10,000 B. C .) Earth estimated to be formed about 4 billion years ago Homo Sapiens (the one
existing species of man) believe to date from about 500,000 B. C. Earliest man did not settle
anywhere as they wandered around in search of food Did not know how to construct buildings so
lived in the open Occasionally took shelter on top of trees to protect themselves from wild animals

 2. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Man as Nomad and Cave Dweller (Up to 10,000 B.C.)
Later man began to live in caves by the side of rivers, lakes and springs Sites protected by rivers,
swamps or elevated terrain preferred Caves not used as places for fixed residence When food
gathering in the vicinity became difficult, early man moved to another location.

 3. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Towards Settled Habitation (Up to 10,000 B. C. -
5,000 B. C.) Man learned to practice cultivation Could stay at one place and produce food Began to
settle down near the fields cultivated by them Choose fertile lands and where water was available in
plenty Learned to build huts and mud houses

 4. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Towards Settled Habitation (Up to 10,000 B. C. -
5,000 B. C.) Some of the earliest settlements began to take shape Settlements then consisted of
groups of houses built by the side of agricultural fields, a shrine and a burial ground. Some
inhabitants continued to live in caves and wander around for hunting animals - more as a pastime
rather than as a necessity

 5. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements The Common Habitat and Onset of Civilisation
Inhabitants organized as a community under a recognized leader Began to get the first lessons of
civilized living Started learning to provide for themselves the three basic necessities of life - food,
clothing and shelter

 6. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Shifting Cultivation Shift to new location after
experiencing decrease in fertility after successive cultivation Later learned that land regained fertility
if it is left uncultivated for few years Began to cultivate fields by rotation Thus managed to stop
shifting practice and settled down at on place

 7. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Food Surplus Learned to make manure out of night
soil and animal droppings Greatly increased food production As food became abundant, health of
people improved Death rate dropped, birth rate increased and population of many settlements began
to multiply rapidly through the natural process

 8. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Beginning of permanent settlement Assured food
supply through agriculture encouraged man to permanently settle by the side of the fields he
 cultivated Compact settlement since agriculture could support up to 35 persons per sq. km as
compared to 15 persons per sq. km applicable to hunting and food gathering societies

 9. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Favorable Locations for Settlements Favorable
environment for human existence and survival Climate not very harsh Epidemics not frequent Land
fertile Good quality of water available in plenty River Valleys as popular places for settled habitation

 10. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Why River Valleys Land was fertile, water and food
(fishes and prongs) extracted from rivers, and soft clay good for constructing huts River also used
later as means of transportation First settlements in the river valleys of India, China, Egypt, and
areas known as the Fertile Crescent (modern Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Israel)

 11. Origin and Evolution of Human Settlements Other Factors Considered for Sitting Settlements
Took care to locate on higher ground for better drainage, protection from floods and reasons of
security Spacing between settlements to leave space for future expansion

 12. Community Structuring Division of Labor As food became abundant, all the inhabitants were not
required to work on the fields Others thus began to practice various occupations Working population
got divided among farmers, cattle and poultry breeders, fishermen, shepherds craftsmen(carpenters,
potters, painters, engravers, makers of tools, weapons and other implements), and weavers Some
engaged in taming and domestication of animals for bearing load, plough fields, protecting property
and as source of milk, meat and wool

 13. Community Structuring Barter System The most ancient form of trading Those who were not
farmers were supplied food in exchange of goods they produced Shepherds got grains in exchange
for milk, weavers for cloth, potters for utensils, and craftsmen for tools and implements Initially
practiced within the community Later as river and land routes developed for transportation, goods
began to be exchanged across communities

 14. Community Structuring Trading With transportation, reputation of some of the goods produced
by craftsmen of particular villages began to travel far and wide As the demand of goods increased,
trading of such goods began to grow. Traders emerged as a new class of people, trading as a new
occupation and market place as the new physical component of settlements.

 15. Community Structuring Social Stratification Early traders most probably belonged to the hunting
tribe - people already used to traveling They were also recognized as leaders as they provided
protection to the community against wild animals After they began trading activity, they accumulated
goods and became wealthy They also accumulated knowledge as they traveled long distances and
met many people Their hold on the community increased and became quite powerful. One of them
became a chieftain

 16. Physical Structuring New Physical Features The chieftain built for himself a castle which towered
over the other buildings, more so because it was built at the highest point in the village The rich
traders and wealthy farmers built their houses near the castle - the new distinguishing feature and a
status symbol Relatively poor artisans and ordinary peasants occupied quarters on the periphery
The community was divided between the rich and the poor and the two social classes occupied
different sections of the settlements

 17. Physical Structuring New Physical Features The rich and the poor gradually grew antagonistic to
each other The rich became concerned about their life and property Built a wall around their castle
and thus created fortified castle Man had originally learned to ward of danger from beasts and wild
animals but now was afraid of being attacked by fellow human beings
 18. Physical Structuring The Walled Settlements The strife between the people of the same
settlement later supplemented by that between the people of different settlements The rich
settlements were exposed to the danger of being raided by outsiders The wall around the settlement
was built in addition to the one already existing around the castle This effectively curbed physical
spread of settlements People living outside moved in The density of population began to rise

 19. New Community Structuring Subjugation of Peasants The external threat brought forth the
necessity of internal unity Need for mutually defending themselves But the new organization of the
community was such that it resulted in the subjugation and exploitation of a large majority of
peasants by a small minority of the rich - the so called nobles The Chieftain claimed a share in the
agricultural surplus in return for the protection provided by him to the community Initially it could be
described as the beginning of the taxation system that was perhaps willingly done

 20. New Community Structuring Placing more resources at the disposal of the Chieftain meant better
equipped army and better protection for the community Soon the beneficent role of the Chieftain was
corrupted by his lust for power As his resources increased and he became more powerful, he began
to demand a larger share of the agricultural surplus Ultimately leaving barely minimum for the
survival of the peasant and his family Chieftain was supported in his exploitative pursuits by a large
number of military and army officers, governors, viziers, tax-gatherers, and soldiers

 21. New Community Structuring Role of the Priests and New Physical Structuring When use of
physical power was not enough to ensure complete obedience, the same was achieved by exploiting
the religious sensibilities of the people The shrine moved within the precincts of the citadel Priests
were begun to be identified with the Chieftain Often, the Chieftain even assumed the role of a priest
The Chieftain became all powerful and people willingly obeyed whatever he commanded He
elevated himself to the status of the king - one who commanded a territory recognized as his
kingdom The castle grew into a fort and the shrine into a temple

 22. New Community Structuring Labor Specialization Under the centralized command of the king,
many large scale constructions such as protective walls, moats, forts and temples, network of
irrigation channels, cisterns and reservoirs were completed Mines were found for quarrying building
materials Timber began to be used in buildings in combination with other materials Labor
Specialization was carried a step further New occupation groups such as engineers, construction
laborers, carpenters, miners and transporters (boatmen, sailors, loaders and cart men), merchants (
including money-lenders and bankers), soldiers and priests were added

 23. New Community Structuring Caste Differentiation Members assumed or were assigned specific
functions by the ruler Persons assigned jobs such as scavenging and cobbling were assigned low
status in the society, paid minimal wages and remained poor Whereas, people performing religious,
administrative and intellectual functions were accorded high status, were paid high salaries and
became rich They were considered to be belonging to high caste categories Community was not
only divided into rich and poor but also caste managed

 24. Civilization Language, Art and Technology Man developed new skills in art to create carvings,
engravings and paintings Developed a kind of common language Learned the use of metals and
acquired an array of new implements Used these houses to make bigger houses, temples and
tombs

 25. Urban Settlement Community Structure Labor specialization New occupations – teachers,
advocates, judges, government servants New class of people – philosophers, scientists,
administrators, political leaders, dramatists, sculpture artists, architects and town planners Distinct
social classes Non-agricultural occupations expanded at a faster rate
 26. Urban Settlement Community Structure Invention of new means of transport Expansion of trade
Merchants organized themselves in the from of guilds Development of art and literature Acquisition
of wealth and knowledge A general sense of appreciation for civic concerns Structural
transformations continued over subsequent civilizations and cultural phases

 27. New Physical Structuring The Urban Settlement The village evolved into its urban counterpart
Difficult to say when the first urban settlement existed According to some historians, first settled
habitation existed as early as about 13,000 B. C. First known settlement as claimed by
archaeologists was Jericho in modern Israel and was established in 7,800 B. C. First indisputable
permanent settlement inhabited by farming community was Jarmo in Khurdistan area of Iraq during
7,000 and 6,500 B. C. The first identifiable urban settlements are believed to have existed by 3,500
B. C.

 28. New Physical Structuring Physical Form of Urban Settlement A common core consisting of the
castle, fortress, fort, the temple, and houses of the nobles and the priests A public square which
generally formed part of the core A market place and perhaps a school Tombs, statues, rock
sculptures, colonnades, obelisks, fountains, parks, gardens and canals Protective inner and outer
walls with moats and monumental gates

 29. New Physical Structuring Physical Form of Urban Settlement Dwellings of the common people
Theatre, government offices, gymnasiums, judicial courts and institutions of higher learning (added
during the Greek Period) Networks of water supply, sewerage, drainage, transportation systems,
bath houses, coliseums, and circuses (added by the Romans) Church became the central focus of
medieval towns. Monasteries became new centre of activity Warehouses to store the wealth of the
town Guild halls and Town halls
Ways of Seeing the City ?
What are the visible signs of change in W •cities?
How can we measure the form of cities?
How do the underlying values of the observer influence what is observed?
Urban Design and Development results from the interaction among: Culture •: who is
there?
Structure •: what things are there already?
Rules •: what can or cannot be done?
Program •: what kinds of new things are needed?
Vision •: how can we get there? Today, we are developing techniques for measuring:
Culture •: who is there?
Structure •: what things are there already?
Allan Jacobs helps us address what kinds of questions about urban places?
A Walk Around the Block,“A Visit to the Suburbs”,Same Walk, A Decade Later…
(and a different season and time of day.)What are the advantages and
disadvantages of direct observations as a method of analysis?Use of abstractions to
gain insight Abstractions as tools: spa • M Long distance aerial views •Identify:
istinctive elements of a city D •
ey ceremonial places K •
Origins through map observation… •
 AURAR704 URBAN PRESENTED BY SAIF HASAN M. ARCH. 1ST SEM 11510011
IIT ROORKEE

 .DEFINITIONS • Open space can be defined as land and water in an urban area that is not covered
by cars or buildings, or as any undeveloped land in an2.INTRODUCTION urban area (Gold,
1980).3.THE BENEFITS AND • Tankel (1963) has suggested that open space is not only the land, or
OPPORTUNITIES OF OPEN the water on the land in and around urban areas, which is
notSPACESa. Social covered by buildings, but is also the space and the light above theb. Health
land.c. Environmental • Cranz (1982) argued that open spaces are wide-open areas that cand.
Economic be fluid to the extent that the city can flow into the park and the park4. URBAN OPEN
SPACES- can flow into the city.SPACES FOR ALLa. Domestic • Open space has also been
described from a user’s point of view asb. Neighborhood being an arena that allows for different
types of activitiesc. Civic encompassing necessary, optional and social activities (Gehl,
1987).5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES

 3. INTRODUCTION1.DEFINITIONS Urban open spaces are: • invaluable assets in maintaining

ecological health in a highly2.INTRODUCTION developed urban matrix.3.THE BENEFITS AND • But
habitat values and ecological quality of these areas are oftenOPPORTUNITIES OF OPENSPACES
challenged by consecutive urbanization.a. Social • Urban open spaces are vital part of urban
landscape with its ownb. Health specific set of function.c. Environmentald. Economic • Open spaces
(natural or man made) contribute to the quality of life in many ways (Burke and Ewan, 1999).4.
URBAN OPEN SPACES-SPACES FOR ALL • Besides important environmental benefits, these
areas provide sociala. Domestic psychological services, which are critical for the livability of the
cityb. Neighborhood and well being of urbanites (Chiesura, 2004).c. Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES-
• (Thompson 2002) sees open spaces in cities as places to celebrate CASE STUDIES cultural
diversity, to engage with natural processes and to conserve memories.

 4. THE BENEFITS AND OPPORTUNITIES

 1.DEFINITIONS OF OPEN SPACES
 2.INTRODUCTION
 3.THE BENEFITS • Open space is an essential part of the urban heritage, a
strongOPPORTUNITIES OF element in the architectural and aesthetic form of a city:OPEN
SPACESa. Social 1. plays an important educational role,b. Health 2. is ecologically significant,c.
Environmental 3. is important for social interactiond. Economic 4. fostering community development
and4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- 5. is supportive of economic objectives and activities.SPACES FOR
ALLa. Domestic In particular it helps reduce the inherent tension and conflict in deprivedb.
Neighborhoodc. Civic parts of urban areas . It has an important role in providing for the5.URBAN
OPEN SPACES- recreational and leisure needs of a community and has an economic CASE
STUDIES value in that of environmental enhancement. Driver and Rosenthal (1978) identified social
benefits of green spaces, including trees and other features, as: • Developing, applying and testing
skills and abilities for a better sense of worth; Exercising to stay physically fit. • Associating with
close friends and other users to develop a sense of social place.

 5. • Gaining social recognition to enhance self-esteem1.DEFINITIONS • Enhancing a feeling of

family kinship or solidarity; • Teaching and leading others, especially to help direct
the2.INTRODUCTION growth, learning and development of community3.THE BENEFITS AND •
Reflecting on personal and social valuesOPPORTUNITIES OF • Feeling free, independent and more
in control than is possible in aOPEN SPACESa. Social more structured home and work
environmentb. Health • Growing spiritually;c. Environmental • Applying and developing creative
abilities;d. Economic • Learning more about nature, especially natural processes, man’s4. URBAN
OPEN SPACES- dependenceSPACES FOR ALL • upon them and how to live in greater harmony
with nature;a. Domestic • Exploring and being stimulated, especially as a means of coping withb.
Neighborhoodc. Civic boring,5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- • undemanding jobs and to satisfy curiosity
 and the need for exploration; CASE STUDIES • Replenishing adaptive energies and abilities by
temporarily escaping adverse social and physical conditions experienced in home, neighborhood
and work environments.

 6. 1.DEFINITIONS social Perhaps the most obvious benefits and opportunities that urban
open2.INTRODUCTION spaces provide for city living are social benefits—that is opportunities3.THE
BENEFITS AND for people to do things, take part in events and activities.OPPORTUNITIES OF
Active & Passive recreationOPEN SPACES Open space for recreation and amenity accounts for 14
per cent of thea. Socialb. Health land take of the urban environment in Britain (Morgan, 199 1991).c.
Environmental Such open space is used for a range of recreational and amenityd. Economic
purposes which we will consider under the groupings of passive and active recreation. Active
recreation is usually taken to mean activities4. URBAN OPEN SPACES-SPACES FOR ALL such as
football, cricket, hockey and other games, whereas passivea. Domestic recreation is taken to mean
activities such as watching—wildlife—b. Neighborhood looking at views, reading, resting or meeting
friends.c. Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES

 7. Active & Passive recreation1.DEFINITIONS An alternative form of active recreation, which often
makes use of open spaces,2.INTRODUCTION has developed in recent years and is3.THE
BENEFITS AND worthy of mention. ‘Urban outdoorOPPORTUNITIES OF activities’ can provide
opportunitiesOPEN SPACESa. Social for young and old to develop feelingsb. Health of well-being,
self-confidence, relaxationc. Environmental and independence (Sainsbury, 1987).d. Economic Open
spaces as educational resources4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- The increasing use of open spaces as
an opportunity for educationSPACES FOR ALLa. Domestic can be seen from many examples.
When the project ‘Learningb. Neighborhood through Landscapes’ was introduced one of its aims
was to extendc. Civic environmental education to use schools, grounds (Adams, 1989)5.URBAN
OPEN SPACES- rather than just relying on nature walks around the park, which many CASE
STUDIES of us experienced as children. Research undertaken in twelve primary schools with 216
pupils identified that the children found the tarmac and concrete to be boring and that children
wanted to have trees, grass and opportunities to develop imaginative play (Titman, 1994). A variety
of projects affording educational benefits and opportunities have been recorded in research
undertaken for the Department of Environment (Department of the Environment, 1996).

 8. 1.DEFINITIONS Health Health is not the mere absence of illness, but means physical, social
and2.INTRODUCTION mental wellbeing.(The World Health Organization)3.THE BENEFITS
ANDOPPORTUNITIES OF Contribution to physical & mental health-opportunities for exercise
&OPEN SPACES natural viewsa. Socialb. Health Open spaces can and should, play an important
part in providingc. Environmental Opportunities for the activities suggested by the above evidence.d.
Economic Children of both pre-school and school ages can benefit from a range of open spaces,
such as playgrounds, parks, school playgrounds and playing4. URBAN OPEN SPACES-SPACES
FOR ALL fields that are designed and maintained in a suitable manner In additiona. Domestic it
would be beneficial to link the use of open spaces in with sportsb. Neighborhood Programmes.c.
Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES Aesthetic appreciation Aesthetic appreciation
relates to the beauty, or ugliness, of the open space.

 9. 1.DEFINITIONS Environmental • Urban open space is a key component to sustainable living in

cities2.INTRODUCTION because they provide environmental benefits. In siting early settlements
across the world mankind knew and3.THE BENEFITS ANDOPPORTUNITIES OF understood the
character of land, land cover and water surfaces.OPEN SPACES However, built environments have
had an impact on locala. Social climates, with such intervention becoming greater with increasedb.
Healthc. Environmental urbanizationd. Economic (Morcos-Asaad, 1978). • Urban open space
provides a range of tangible environmental4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- benefits, such as mitigating
urban heat island (UHI) as well as air andSPACES FOR ALLa. Domestic water pollution (Yu and
 Hien 2006, Cavanagh et al. 2009), andb. Neighborhood improving biodiversity (Tzoulas and James
2004).c. Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES

 10. Measuring the economic benefits of open space1.DEFINITIONS • From an economic

perspective, the valuation of urban open space is difficult to calculate because it is a classic public
good, where there is2.INTRODUCTION no market price. Its lack of value in monetary terms prevents
urban3.THE BENEFITS AND open space from being properly evaluated in cost-benefit
analyses.OPPORTUNITIES OF Neil Dunse and colleagues reviewed economic condition with
referenceOPEN SPACESa. Social to four key categories:b. Health 1 Proximity to open space-Being
in close proximity to open spaces doesc. Environmental have positive impact on property values, but
this is largely dependent ond. Economic the type of open space and distance from the space.4.
URBAN OPEN SPACES- 2 Condition- The parks Were grouped into four categories: small
andSPACES FOR ALL attractive, small and basic, Medium and attractive, medium and basic. Ita.
Domestic was found that small, attractive parks have a positive and statisticallyb. Neighborhoodc.
Civic significant influence on neighboring property values and medium sized,5.URBAN OPEN
SPACES- attractive parks exhibited a positive, but not statistically significant, CASE STUDIES
effect. Basic parks, on the other hand, were found to have a negative and statistically significant
impact on neighboring property values. 3 Development potential-Neil Dunse suggests that any
amenity values associated with an open space are likely to vary, depending on its development
potential - permanently protected open space may be valued more highly than open space that
could be developed in the future. This does seem to be the case. 4 Economic status of the area.

 11. Employment opportunities- Green spaces in urban areas can provide opportunities for
community involvement that can in turn help to1.DEFINITIONS develop a sense of self-esteem and
enable individuals and2.INTRODUCTION communities to develop skills new to themselves.
Tourism- Some urban open spaces not only provide opportunities for3.THE BENEFITS
ANDOPPORTUNITIES OF local people and their daily life but can also be used as regional orOPEN
SPACES national attractions for tourists.a. Socialb. Healthc. Environmentald. Economic4. URBAN
OPEN SPACES-SPACES FOR ALLa. Domesticb. Neighborhoodc. Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES-
CASE STUDIES

 12. Open space typologies1.DEFINITIONS There are various typologies given by researchers,
organizations & authorities to differentiate various types of open spaces .2.INTRODUCTION Like
lynch (1981) developed a typology for open space that identified3.THE BENEFITS AND Regional
parks, squares, plazas, linear parks, adventure playgrounds,OPPORTUNITIES OF wastelands,
playgrounds and playing fields. This typology perhapsOPEN SPACESa. Social focuses more on
spaces that are dominated by hard landscape, ratherb. Health than later typologies that have
included or focused on green openc. Environmental spaces.d. Economic • Domestic urban open
spaces4. URBAN OPEN Domestic urban open spaces are those open spaces in the urbanSPACES-
SPACES FOR ALL context that are physically closest to home. These include spaces thata.
Domesticb. Neighborhood are integral within a housing area, private gardens, communityc. Civic
gardens and allotments. The first two are those most closely linked5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- with
the home because they are the physical setting within which the CASE STUDIES home is placed.
Community gardens may be associated with a small group of family houses, a small block of flats for
professional people or perhaps a group of bungalows for the elderly. Community gardens are thus
shared physically but the use of them may not be a shared experience—it may be that one might be
the only user at a particular time.

 13. • Neighborhood urban open spaces Neighborhood urban open spaces are those that are part of
the1.DEFINITIONS neighborhood in two ways. First of all they are physically further
from2.INTRODUCTION home, except on rare occasions. than domestic urban open spaces. This
means that to use neighborhood urban open spaces one has to3.THE BENEFITS
ANDOPPORTUNITIES OF make a very specific decision to do so. This may be different fromOPEN
 SPACES some domestic urban open spaces which one can almost treat as ana. Social extension of
the home. E.g. Parks, Playgrounds, Playing fields andb. Health sports grounds, School playgrounds,
Streets, City farms, Incidentalc. Environmentald. Economic spaces and natural green space.4.
URBAN OPEN • Civic urban open spacesSPACES-SPACES FOR ALLa. Domestic The largest
number of urban open spaces discussed fall into theb. Neighborhood category of civic urban open
spaces.c. Civic Commercial urban open spaces include squares & plazas.5.URBAN OPEN
SPACES- Ports & docks. CASE STUDIES

 14. Sherwood, Longsands and1.DEFINITIONS Cottam,

PRESTON,LANCASHIRE2.INTRODUCTION Client - English Partnerships (formerly Commission for
New Towns)3.THE BENEFITS AND Landscape architect - Trevor Bridge
AssociatesOPPORTUNITIES OF Engineers - Howard Humphries and Company, WarringtonOPEN
SPACESa. Social Work started - March 1994b. Health Practical completion - December 1997c.
Environmental Project value - £900,000 (hard works: £650,000, soft works £250,000)d. Economic
Capital funding sources - Commission for the New Towns (CNT)4. URBAN OPEN SPACES-
SPACES FOR ALLa. Domesticb. Neighborhoodc. Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES

 15. Project aims1.DEFINITIONS To provide recreational facilities for residents and workers, a
network2.INTRODUCTION of footpaths and bridleways to link facilities, landscape buffers between
developments and to enhance existing wildlife habitats3.THE BENEFITS AND while creating new
ones.OPPORTUNITIES OFOPEN SPACES A series of sites were identified as important locations
such asa. Social adjacent to communication routes, the canal or at urban focal points.b. Health
Landscape architects rolec. Environmentald. Economic The landscape architect was involved from
the inception of the work, through feasibility, design, production of contract4. URBAN OPEN
SPACES- documentation and tendering to monitoring the works on site upSPACES FOR ALLa.
Domestic until completion.b. Neighborhood The unique opportunities of this projectc. Civic The
comprehensive master plan and brief provided for the retention5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE
STUDIES of specified areas of land for public open space in this predominantly Greenfield
development The series of linear open spaces within urban areas, utilizing and improving existing
landscape features, facilitated a major contribution to this new urban environment In addition to
providing areas for recreation, important wildlife corridors were retained and improved. Conservation
and enhancement of a range of habitats, together with improved access for people and the provision
of new recreational activities, resulted in the creation of an important asset for the community.

 16. Project design1.DEFINITIONS A series of linear open spaces and other publicly
accessible2.INTRODUCTION areas were developed as part of new residential and business3.THE
BENEFITS AND areas across the north end of Preston. The sites tended toOPPORTUNITIES OF
follow streams, some of which were in steeply sided valleysOPEN SPACES that had remained
relatively undeveloped anda. Socialb. Health uncultivated, and contained extensive mature
woodlands.c. Environmental Formal and informal paths, depending on their context, leadd.
Economic into these areas. Bridges span streams etc.4. URBAN OPEN SPACES-SPACES FOR
ALLa. Domesticb. Neighborhoodc. Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES

 17. Current site users1.DEFINITIONS The client was pleased that the briefs had been adhered to
and2.INTRODUCTION that a high-quality project was provided. Preston Borough3.THE BENEFITS
AND Council have commented that the sports fields within theOPPORTUNITIES OF project are the
best drained ones within the town. The sitesOPEN SPACES are well used for a wide range of
recreational activities. Froma. Socialb. Health comments that have been received it is apparent that
thec. Environmental series of open spaces are considered to be an important assetd. Economic to
the housing development4. URBAN OPEN SPACES-SPACES FOR ALLa. Domesticb.
Neighborhoodc. Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES
 18. Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh1.DEFINITIONS Client - New Edinburgh Limited2.INTRODUCTION
Landscape architect Ian White Associates3.THE BENEFITS AND Architect Richard Meier and
Partners, New YorkOPPORTUNITIES OF Engineers Halcrow, EdinburghOPEN SPACES Initial
involvement 1988a. Socialb. Health Work started on site 1990c. Environmental Practical completion
In stages—to be completed about 2015d. Economic Management started 19924. URBAN OPEN
SPACES- Project value £120 million:SPACES FOR ALLa. Domesticb. Neighborhoodc.
Civic5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- CASE STUDIES

 19. Project aims1.DEFINITIONS The aims of the landscape strategy were to create
an2.INTRODUCTION ordered, high-quality environment as the setting for a business park. To create
a landscape setting in advance of development.3.THE BENEFITS AND To create a landscape
structure using a controlled range ofOPPORTUNITIES OFOPEN SPACES materials. To control
implementation and managementa. Social standards in order to achieve a high-quality
environmentb. Healthc. Environmental Landscape architects roled. Economic The landscape
architect has been an integral pat of the4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- development process since
1988 through the masterSPACES FOR ALL planning, implementation and management stages of
thisa. Domestic phased development. The landscape architect is responsibleb. Neighborhoodc.
Civic for the design and co-ordination of all external5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- spaces,
implementation of hard and soft landscape works and CASE STUDIES continues to provide advice
to Edinburgh Park Management Limited. The landscape architect is also a member of the design
review committee, which controls all aspects of existing and proposed developments. Project
constraints There were no major constraints to the project, but there was an increasing requirement
to implement best practice in water management for attenuation and treatment of the water.

 20. The unique opportunities of this project1.DEFINITIONS The developer’s decision to provide
landscape infrastructure in2.INTRODUCTION advance of the building development as a means of
establishing development standards on a cost-effective basis3.THE BENEFITS AND early in the
development process and as a marketing aid. TheOPPORTUNITIES OFOPEN SPACES site is a
phased development over 20 years and thereforea. Social consists of completed occupied sites,
major construction sitesb. Healthc. Environmental and sites awaiting development.d. Economic
Project design4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- Edinburgh Park, on the western edge of the city, is a 138
acreSPACES FOR ALL business park adjacent to the Edinburgh city bypass. The site isa. Domestic
surrounded by a retail park, theb. Neighborhoodc. Civic bypass with green belt on the5.URBAN
OPEN SPACES- opposite side, a shopping centre, CASE STUDIES private housing and finance
offices. It is planned on a strict Cartesian grid of 8 meters, to create an ordered environment, in
accordance with the modernist principles of Richard Meier..

 21. Referenceswww.rics.orgUrban open spaces-by Helen Woolley- Spon PressComplicated

Simplicity: A Case Study on Urban Open Spaces in Phoenix Metropolitan AreaISOLATION TRENDS
OF URBAN OPEN SPACES-H. Esbah a, *, B. Deniz a, E. A.
CookUrbanParksOpenSpaceandResidentialPropertyValues.pdf
 Urban spacesPresentation Transcript

 1. URBAN SPACES Geography and History Department I.E.S. FRAY PEDRO DE URBINA Miranda
de Ebro

 2. With an area of influence which is served by the city (and communicated by road with it), larger or
smaller depending on the size of the city. With a differentiated morphology in sectors or areas, each
of which has a role and a kind of buildings and spaces. With features predominantly manufacturing
and services, not agricultural. A place inhabited by over 10,000 people (INE criterion). That
includes Andalusian villages and excludes small towns of northern regions.GETTING STARTED:
WHAT’S ACITY?
 3. PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITY Until the Industrial Revolution, Phoenicians founded Gadir not more than
10% of the population lived in cities, and they will normally not exceed 5,000 or 10,000. His functions
were military (control of territory), administrative (seat of political power), economic (market) and
religious (temple). Three periods: classical, medieval and modern. INDUSTRIAL CITY PRE-
INDUSTRIAL CITY We know (?), that began in Neolithic times, but throughout history we can
distinguish two main stages:URBANIZATION PROCESS
 4. Two North-South axis (Cardo) and East- West (Decumanus Maximus) cut the grid, in the
crossroads there is a forum, to which we must add other public spaces (theater, amphitheater,
baths, temples, circus ...). A wall surrounds the city (Lugo). LUGO The Roman plane copies that of
the Greek Hipodamos of Miletus (grid or checkerboard), moving from the camps of the legions to the
Roman colonies (Barcelona, Zaragoza, Merida, Italica ...).  In the ninth and eighth centuries BC.,
Phoenicians and Greeks established trading posts along the coasts of Hispania, but the
Romanization will be responsible for the beginning of the urbanization process. PRE-INDUSTRIAL
STAGE: THE CLASSIC CITY
 THE HISTORIC OLD SPANISH CITIES HAVE NORMALLY MEDIEVAL ORIGIN. Some maintain
the shape of the hill on which they settle (Vitoria), others extend linearly along the road protected by
a castle (Burgos), others have emerged as a bridge control settlement (Miranda). Christian cities
arise from the tenth century as defensive enclaves, walled around market square, or main square,
FRÍAS where the cathedral and the city council are situated. Their plane is a maze of streets
around the bazaar and mosque. The old city (medina) is walled, sometimes the suburbs too.
Muslims founded some new cities (Madrid), but usually took previous settlements (Toledo, Córdoba),
whose strategic, administrative and commercial function revitalized.5. PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE:
MEDIEVALCITY TOLEDO

 6. MIRANDA DE EBRO VITORIA-GASTEIZBURGOS

 The checkerboard map (blocks) was taken to the new American cities. PALMA’ WALLS CIUDAD
RODRIGO But the new star shaped walls are interesting in strategic cities (Pamplona, Ciudad
Rodrigo, Palma). During the modern age were not LA CAROLINA created new towns on the
 peninsula, except those of the Bourbons to colonize Sierra Morena (La Carolina).7. PRE-
INDUSTRIAL STAGE: THE MODERN CITY

 8. BUENOS AIRES

 Urbanization was stronger during the 60 and 70 (development): development centers (polos de
desarrollo), metropolitan areas, tourist towns ... FIRST TRAIN BARCELONA-MATARÓ TEXTILE
INDUSTRY IN TARRASA The division of the kingdom into provinces (1833) did also grow as new
capitals cities where the industry came much later. The new town will follow the plane grid, with
wide spaces between buildings, gardens, wide streets and elegant homes, which connect the city
with the railway station, the new transport system. The bourgeoisie abandoned the old town,
unhealthy, uncomfortable, strangled by the walls, and constructed a new city (Ensanche). In the old
town and in slums or ALTOS HORNOS DE VIZCAYA (blast furnaces) shanty houses will be
crowded the workers. Textile and metallurgical factories attracted thousands of workers from the
countryside. The Industrial Revolution will completely transform the cities from mid-nineteenth:9.
INDUSTRIAL CITY

 10. “CIUDADELAS” IN GIJÓNBARRI GÓTICAND RAVAL IN BARCELONASHANTY HOUSES

(CASAS MOLINERAS) IN VALLADOLID

 The chamfered corners ease traffic. I. Cerdá devised a wideningplan for the new town (1855):wide
open spaces that urbanspeculation was responsible forcompacting.11. BARCELONA

 OUTSKIRTS NEW TOWN (ENSANCHE) OLD TOWN, CENTER OR DOWNTOWN (North

America) Its called urban structure to the division of the city in areas with morphology (appearance)
and characteristic functions: The land use, that depend on functions having the city: commercial,
residential, industrial, community facilities, cultural ... The layout of buildings (block open or closed),
height and construction materials (brick, stone, tile, slate, painted buildings or not ...). The plane
(Radiuscenter, checkerboard, labyrinth, star, irregular). Its location (in flat or raised, by a river or
harbour, in a crossroads ...). The appearance or outward form of a city is influenced by:12.
URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE

 13. EUROPEAN URBAN STRUCTURES

 14. BILBAO

 15. LEÓN

 16. PAMPLONA

 17. SAN SEBASTIÁN

 18. VALENCIA

 19. MADRID

 20. URBAN LAND USE MODELSHOYT SECTOR MODEL APPLIED TO MADRIDBURGESS ZONE
MODEL APPLIED TO CHICAGO

 21. Cáceres OLD TOWN Salamanca Bilbao

 22. CITY CENTER IN AMERICAN MODEL (DOWNTOWN)Chicago San Francisco

 23. BOURGEOIS NEW TOWN Barcelona MadridPortugalete

 24. Azca La Diagonal MADRID AND BARCELONA CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS

 25. DIFFERENT MODELS OF NEW TOWN: LINEAR CITY

 26. Huelva Santa Cruz de Tenerife ValladolidBarcelona OUTSKIRTS: NEIGHBORHOODS Zaragoza

 27. MADRID SUBURBS, 60-70’sPozo del Tío Raimundo El Pilar

 28. OUTSKIRTS: NEW C.B.D.Cuatro Torres Business Área (Madrid) La Défense (Paris)

 29. INDUSTRIAL OUTSKIRTS: Industrial estates, ring roads, harbour areasVigo

 30. Ayamonte Bilbao Córdoba (Arg.) OUTSKIRTS:Private estates, semidetached houses and
garden city

 31. OUTSKIRTS SHANTYTOWNS:Cañada Real Galiana in Madrid

 32. Wholesale market (Alicante)Shopping center (Bogotá) OUTSKIRTS: Rural-urban services

Greenhouses Hospital (Córdoba)

 Urban area, diffuse conurbation in which cities fail to bind spatially Madrid southern metropolitan
area (Central Asturias). Conurbation, or spatial union of cities with a similar size (east coast of
Guipuzcoa, Costa del Sol, Algeciras Bay). Metropolitan areas (Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia,
Sevilla) organized around a large city with several satellite cities linked by a dense infrastructure
network. The big city concentrates the more valuable tertiary and the area supports different uses of
industrial, residential land or services. The extent of urban lifestyles and spaces occupied by the
cities has brought to large urbanized areas, with different structure:33. URBAN EXPANSION

 34. URBAN PROBLEMS Housing (deterioration and derelict areas in the old town, land prices, real
estate speculation). Water a Slums and crime, shantytowns, overcrowding (more in LEDC cities).
THESE PROBLEMS TO BE SETTLED BY THE LAND USE AND URBAN PLANNING, every city
must have a General Urban Plan (PGOU) AS A GUIDE FOR GROWTH. Traffic and public
transport. Air pollution, noise, sewage, household garbage and industrial waste. nd light supplies,
equipment (hospitals, cultural and sporting centers, parks), that are deficient in the neighborhoods.

 City centers exert their influence over an area more or less extensive. Every city has a size and a
number of functions within the system, occupying a place in the urban hierarchy. It consists of a
network of interconnected cities.35. URBAN SYSTEM

 In our case, the second settlement (Barcelona) is much greater than that generally corresponds to
the second city. Convex deviation: poorly integrated system. Concave deviation: strong
predominance of the larger settlement (the capital) for political or economic reasons. In well-
integrated systems of cities, it is a constant relationship between the size of settlements and their
rank. All settlements in a region are in descending order of population or size from the largest
settlement. The second settlement is expected to be half the size of the first settlement, and the fifth
largest settlement is a fifth of the first, as well with others.36. RANK-SIZE RULE

 The larger the settlements, the more features and greater complexity they have. No major inner
axis around which to focus the nuclei, except the Ebro and the Guadalquivir. The highway of Castile
is very new. Predominance of intermediate and small towns, no large conurbations (Bay of Cadiz
and Algeciras, in central Asturias, Guipuzcoa coast, Costa del Sol), the largest are metropolitan
 areas (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Malaga and Zaragoza). Is peripheral, despite
the centrality of Madrid and its radial connections, partly because the inland demographic vacuum
and the layout of the mountains.37. SPANISH URBAN SYSTEM

 Finally, major national cities (Madrid, Barcelona) specialize in business services, administrative or
cultural. In the provincial capitals with little industry, services also tend to predominate, and there are
some cities that specialize in certain types of tertiary activities: ports (Vigo, Algeciras, Las Palmas),
tourism (Benidorm, Marbella), universities (Salamanca), etc. There are cities with clearly industrial
functions (Basque Country, Catalonia, Asturias, Navarra, Madrid metropolitan area). Some are
linked to the primary sector: coalfields of Asturias and Leon, Andalusian ruraltowns (oil), La Mancha
and La Rioja (wineries), Levante and Murcia (horticulture).38. ROLE OF THE CITIES IN THE
SYSTEM

  The German geographer Christaller (1933) tried to implement a theoretical model of what would be
a balanced system of nuclei, but urban areas are never as homogeneous: relief, borders or roads
prevent it. Cities supply of goods and services to an area more or less extensive, depending on
their size and what are their specialized functions.39. THE AREA OF INFLUENCE AND URBAN
HIERARCHY
 Elements of urban designPresentation Transcript

 1. URBAN DESIGN

 2. Urban design can significantly influence theeconomic, environmental, social and cultural outcomes
of a place: Urban design can influence theeconomic success and socio-economiccomposition of a
locality—whether itencourages local businesses andentrepreneurship; whether it attractspeople to
live there; whether the costs ofhousing and travel are affordable; andwhether access to
jobopportunities, facilities and services areequitable.
 3. Urban design can influence health andthe social and cultural impacts of a locality:how people
interact with each other, howthey move around, and how they use aplace.
 4. ELEMENTS OFURBAN DESIGN
 5. BUILDINGS Buildings are the most pronouncedelements of urban design - they shape
andarticulate space by forming the streetwallsof the city. Well designed buildings andgroups of
buildings work together to createa sense of place.

 6. PUBLIC SPACE Great public spaces are the living roomof the city - the place where people
cometogether to enjoy the city and eachother. Public spaces make high quality lifein the city possible
- they form the stage andbackdrop to the drama of life. Public spacesrange from grand central
plazas andsquares, to small, local neighborhood parks.

 7. STREETS Streets are the connections betweenspaces and places, as well as being
spacesthemselves. They are defined by their physicaldimension and character as well as thesize,
scale, and character of the buildings thatline them. Streets range from grand avenuessuch as the
Champs-Elysees in Paris tosmall, intimate pedestrian streets. The patternof the street network is
part of what defines acity and what makes each city unique.

 8. TRANSPORT Transport systems connect the parts ofcities and help shape them, and
enablemovement throughout the city. They includeroad, rail, bicycle, and pedestriannetworks, and
together form the totalmovement system of a city. The balance ofthese various transport systems is
what helpsdefine the quality and character of cities, andmakes them either friendly or hostile
topedestrians. The best cities are the ones thatelevate the experience of the pedestrian
whileminimizing the dominance of the privateautomobile.

 9. LANDSCAPE The landscape is the green part of thecity that weaves throughout - in the form
ofurban parks, street trees, plants, flowers,and water in many forms. The landscapehelps define the
character and beauty of acity and creates soft, contrasting spaces andelements. Green spaces in
cities range fromgrand parks such as Central Park in NewYork City and the Washington DC Mall,
tosmall intimate pocket parks.
 Benefits of Open Space PlanningPresentation Transcript

 1. Benefits of Open Space Planning ATLANTIC GREEN FORUM AND DESIGN CHARETTESt.
John’s, NLOCTOBER 10 | 2012

 2. “The parks and trails that make up Corner Brook Stream have enhanced the quality of life, and
general economic development from the perspective of attracting young professionals to the City.” –
Corner Brook Mayor Greeley OPEN SPACE PLANNING |
 3. “It is enticing to young families and attracts people to local businesses.” – Keith Goulding,
President of Greater Corner Brook Board of Trade OPEN SPACE PLANNING |
 4. ROLE OF OPEN SPACE PLANNING:“to minimize people’s distress while maximizing
interactions…” OPEN SPACE PLANNING |
 5. A. Existing Conditions B. What is Open Space? C. Sustainable Communities and Open Space
Planning D. Torbay Case StudyE. Challenges and Opportunities in NL OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 6. A | Existing Conditions OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 7. Land Development NE Avalon:• Occurring at unprecedented rate• Impacts on land use / function
(local and regional) unknown• Pre-emptive land strategies needed• Organize and balance developed
and undeveloped space OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 8. Land Development NE Avalon: • Poor OS planning eliminate future opportunities • Eroding valued
amenities such as the Grand Concourse • Lack of protection leads to destruction of natural
environment OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 9. B | What is an Open Space? Why is it important? OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 10. Develop and Undeveloped Land• Agricultural• Recreational• Cultural• Terrestrial-Aquatic

Systems• Wildlife Habitat• Urban Plazas• Streets OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 11. Cultural and Historical Land• Reinforce and retell the story of community• Celebrate heritage of
place and people OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 12. Open Spaces are Networks• Physically and socially connects people and communities• Negates
sprawl that removes networks and connections OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 13. Open Spaces create Opportunities• Enhances Individual and Community Health/Well Being•
Positive correlation exists between well being and proximity to parks and green spaces OPEN
SPACE PLANNING |

 14. Open Spaces are Economic Opportunities• Developers• Municipalities• Individual home-owners•
Higher equity the closer to green space• When we link open space to higher densities greater
economics through preservation. OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 15. Open Spaces differentiates Place• Enhances community attachment• Creates beauty (built and
natural)• Encourages interaction• For everyone• Elevates distinctiveness• Makes place matter and
increases local GPD OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 16. The Need:Preserve and Protect What is Valued• Land development often externalizes costs to
the natural environment.• Land clearing overwhelms environmental features. Once gone, it is gone.
OPEN SPACE PLANNING |
 17. The Need: Preserve and Protect What is Valued• Preservation of natural systems through
strategies of: - watershed storm water management, - streamside protection measures, - tree
retention and replanting policies, - site grading requirements and identification of sensitive areas.•
Emphasize the benefit of urban spaces as an integral part of the community. OPEN SPACE
PLANNING |

 18. C | Sustainable Communities and Open Space Planning OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 19. Intent of Sustainable Community Planning• Manage future change: comprehensive, integrated
and inclusive.• From short term to long term.• Balance the natural and built physical environments.•
Understand local assets: economic, social, cultural and environmental.• Positively effect community
design, function, prosperity and livability. OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 20. Best first steps to SustainableOpen Space Planning:1. Preserve and Protect what is valued.2.
Plan for an integrated system of parks, trails and urban spaces (squares, streets, etc.)3. Put an
Open Space Management Plan in place to protect the resource. OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 21. 1 | Preserve and Protect what is valued. OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 22. Use Land, Water and Energy Resources• “Green” network• Non-developable lands identified and
protected• Waterway and coastal riparian zones, steep slopes, sensitive habitats, existing recreation
facilities, ceremonial lands, cemeteries, special places, viewing areas, etc. OPEN SPACE
PLANNING |

 23. Use Land, Water and Energy Resources• Comprehensive land use mapping inventory: –
property information; location, features and acreage – area amount of environmentally sensitive and
recreational lands (knowing what is not developable helps to provide certainty of what is
developable) OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 24. 2 | Plan for an integrated system of parks, trails and urban spaces (squares, streets, etc.) OPEN
SPACE PLANNING |

 25. Parks and Trails• Represent an appreciating asset• Proximity influences activity• Sought after
recreation• Year-round recreation activity• Best examples in NL the Grand Concourse, Corner Brook
Stream and east Coast Trail.• Huge economic benefit.• Influence resident and businesses OPEN
SPACE PLANNING |

 26. To Ensure Success:• Design professionally with community input• Use to interpret and connect
the community• As community grows so should your trail system• An Open Space Management Plan
the best way to protect your trail network OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 27. Plan to:• Build a Green Infrastructure Network• Developed in context of Municipal Plan and Parks
and Recreation Master Plan• Identify a community wide integrated green transportation system.•
Ideally developed with Advanced Street Network Plan.• Design opportunities to link to schools, local
commercial, institutions, etc. OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 28. Plan to:• Prepare a short and longer term parkland acquisition strategy.• Create a park hierarchy:
regional, community-wide, neighbourhood wide and local.• Link to regional networks: GCA, East
Coast Trail• Make Distinct to Community OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 29. D | Put an Open Space Management Plan in place to protect the resource – Torbay Case Study
OPEN SPACE PLANNING |
 30. Torbay Open Space Master Plan• Identified in Parks and Recreation Master• Proposed
integration with Municipal Plan, establish open spaces buffers and protect via development
regulations• Link developable lands and key recreation and community assets and facilities OPEN
SPACE PLANNING |

 31. TORBAY | OPEN SPACE MANAGEMENTExisting Open Space Typology OPEN SPACE
PLANNING |

 32. TORBAY | OPEN SPACE MANAGEMENTDevelopment Assessment OPEN SPACE PLANNING

|

 33. TORBAY | OPEN SPACE MANAGEMENTProposed Open Space Typology OPEN SPACE
PLANNING |

 34. TORBAY | Inner Loop Zoning AmendmentsOPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 35. TORBAY | Outer Loop Zoning AmendmentsOPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 36. TORBAY | OPEN SPACE Development ConceptOPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 37. TORBAY | Phase One DevelopmentsOPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 38. Open Space Plan Status:• Land ownership mapping has been conducted for the entire corridor.•
Town seeking approval to access Crown Lands identified.• Access to additional lands as park of
10% development requirement or through private owner agreement• Construction proposed to begin
in Spring 2014 OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 39. E | Challenges and Opportunities in Newfoundland and Labrador OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 40. Challenges:• Urban and Rural Planning Act outdated• Principles of Sustainable Planning not
adopted• No Regional OS Planning• Integrated Planning not the norm• Open Space allocated on per
development vs. community-wide system• Open Space not properly integrated with new
developments• Land ownership and mapping info lacking• Value of investment not clearly
understood. OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 41. Opportunities:• NL Lands Acts and Riparian zone legislation• Legislate access to waterways,
coastline and ponds• Significant amounts of Crown Lands available• Added equity for developer and
enhanced tax base• Sought after by residents• Appreciating asset, positive impact on local GDP•
Three champion projects: GC and CBS and ECT• OS Management Strategy part of St. John’s Mun
Plan OPEN SPACE PLANNING |

 42. Benefits of Open Space PlanningATLANTIC GREEN FORUM AND DESIGN CHARETTESt.
John’s, NLOCTOBER 10 | 2012

1
URBAN DESIGN- Lecture Notes- Spring 2002
1. Urban Design: Some Definitions

1.1. Scope of Urban Design

Urban design has replaced the "civic design" which dealt primarily with city halls, museums,

streets, boulevards, parks and other open spaces since 1960s. However there is not a consensus

about the definition and boundaries of urban design.

Urban Design is,

• The process of giving physical design direction to urban growth, conservation, and change

• The design of cities - 'a grand design'

• The interface between architecture, landscape and town planning

• The complex relationships between all the elements of built and unbuilt space (DoE, 1996)

• The architecture of public space

Some theoreticians rather not to describe urban design but to explain what it is not:

• It is not land use policy, sign controls, and street lighting districts.

• It is not strictly utopian or procedural.

• It is not necessarily a plan for downtown, however architectonic, nor a subdivision regulation.

Descriptions explained above suggest that there is no easy, single, agreed definition of urban

design. However we can determine the general framework of urban design.

The basis for a framework defining urban design can be grouped under six main headings according

to The Institute for Urban Design (IUD)’s criteria:

1. Historic preservation and urban conservation

2. Design for pedestrians

3. Vitality and variety of use

4. The cultural environment

5. Environmental context

6. Architectural values

Goals and principles describing urban design can be grouped under eight major headings:
•Place,

• Density,

• Mixed and compatible uses,

• Pedestrianization and human scale,

• Human culture,

• Public realm,

• Built environment

• Natural environment 2

1.2. Role of Urban Design

Urban design is generally considered neither a profession nor a discipline. There is a trend to

formulate urban design as the interface between architecture and town planning, or the gap between

them.

• For example, when Kevin Lynch saw urban design as a branch of architecture Michael

Southworth on the other hand thought urban design as a branch of urban planning.

"It is easier to talk about urban design than to write about it… In between (planning and
architecture), but

belonging neither to one nor the other, lies the magic world of urban design. We can recognize it by
its

absence. It is inferred, suggested, felt."

• Another commentator Jonathan Barnett also recognizes the crucial role of urban design between

the urban planning and architecture:

"What is the difference between an urban designer and urban planner, or between an urban
designer

and an architect?

An urban planner was some one who was primarily concerned with the allocation of resources
according to

projections of future need. Planners tend to regard land use as a distribution of resources problem,
parcelling

out land, for zoning purposes, without much knowledge of its three-dimensional characteristics, or
the nature
of the building that may be placed on it in the future. The result is that most zoning ordinances and
official

land use plans produce stereotyped and unimaginative buildings.

Architect, on the other hand, designs buildings. A good architect will do all he can to relate the
building he is

designing to its surroundings, but he has no control over what happens off the property he has been
hired to

considered.

There is a substantial middle ground between these professions, and each has some claim to it, but
neither

fills it very well. Land use planning would clearly be improved if it involved someone who
understands

three-dimensional design. On the other hand, some one is needed to design the city, not just the
buildings.

Therefore, there was a need for someone who could be called an urban designer."

Undoubtedly urban design cannot stand alone between these three main professions. Urban design

is an interdisciplinary concept and should be considered with the other disciplines and professions

such as Real Estate Development, Economics, Civil Engineering, Law, Social Sciences and Natural

Sciences. 3

1.3. Urban Design Process

Four basic phases of urban design:

1. Analysis

a. Gathering of Basic Information

It includes understanding the structure, organization, and pattern of urban areas. Basic information

is gathered on such items as land use, population, transportation, natural systems, and topography.

Designers also examine the varied character of the site and the structure of neighborhoods and

business areas. Problems and design goals are identified.

b. Visual Survey

The visual survey is a standard part of any urban design study. It is an examination of the form,

appearance, and composition of a city or neighborhood. To conduct a visual survey, one must have

a basic idea of the elements of urban form. (The most prominent is the study of Kevin Lynch:
Paths, Nodes, Edges, Districts and Landmarks as five basic skeletal elements of a city form) Next,

one must examine the city and describe it in terms of this vocabulary.

c. Identification of hard and soft areas

The definition of hard (e.g. public parks) and soft areas (e.g. business district) helps to designer to

know what parts of the city can accommodate growth and change and what parts are essentially

fixed because they may be occupied, for example, by a historic landmark. Such information is of

considerable value in the latter stages of the urban design process when proposed plans must be

evaluated for feasibility of implementation.

d. Functional Analysis

The functional analysis examines the relationship of activities among the various land uses and the

way that relate to circulation systems. This study builds on the work of the land-use planners.

However, the urban designer carries the study into three dimensions. (e.g. changing of building

heights to street width ratio over time.)

2. Synthesis

In this phase, the data gathered and the analysis of the problem must be translated into proposal for

action. The first component of synthesis phase is the evolution of concepts that address the
problem.

Concepts are followed by the development of schematic design proposals. These proposals are
more

specific in nature. Schematics are followed by preliminary plans. 4

3. Evaluation

Evaluation occurs at many levels, ranging from meeting technical demands to the ability to gain

public acceptance. After the design proposals are complete, it is essential that they be evaluated in

the light of the original problem or issue they were intended to address. One of the more

complicated tasks associated with evaluation is determining what criteria should be employed.

There are two basic categories:

(1) how well the solutions fit the problem and

(2) how readily the proposals can be implemented.

4. Implementation

During the implementation, the strategy for actual financing and construction is formulated.

Detailed phasing studies and tools are considered to realize the project.

2. Urban Design Theory

2.1. Urban Spatial Design Theories (R.Trancik, Finding Lost Space, 1988)

1. Figure-Ground Theory

The figure-ground theory is founded on the study of the relative land coverage of

Solid masses Æ (“figure”) (buildings)

Open voidsÆ (”ground”) (parks, streets, squares)

A predominant “field” of solids and voids creates the urban fabric.

[Remember the first lecture: Elements of Built Environment: masses (m) / spaces (s) / paths (p)]

The figure-ground approach to spatial design is an attempt to manipulate the solid-void

relationships by adding to, subtracting from, or changing the physical geometry of the pattern.

The figure-ground drawing is a graphic tool for illustrating mass-void relationships; a twodimensional
abstraction in plan view that clarifies the structure and order of urban spaces.

Urban Solids:

[m] Public Monuments or institutions (Ziggurat, Pyramid, Gothic or Baroque Churches etc.)

[m] Urban Blocks (Krier’s mission is to reconstruct the traditional urban block as the definer of

streets and square)

[m] Edge-defining Buildings -establish an edge of the district- (Berlage’s Housing district in

Amsterdam, 1915) 5

Urban Voids:

[s] Entry foyer space –establishes the important transition from personal domain to common

territory- (fore court, mews, niche, lobby, front yard)

[s] Inner block void –a semi private residential space for leisure or utility- (courtyard and covered

passage)

[p] Network of streets and squares –places to spend time in and corridors through which to move-

[s] Public parks and gardens –nodes for the preservation of nature in the city, places for recreation-
[p] Linear open-space system commonly related to major water features such as rivers, waterfronts,

and wetland zones.

2. Linkage Theory

Linkage theory is derived from “lines” connecting one element to another. These lines are formed

by streets, pedestrian ways, linear open spaces, or other linking elements that psychically connect

the parts of a city.

The designer applying the linkage theory tries to organize a system of connections, or a network,

that establishes a structure for ordering spaces. Emphasis is placed on circulation diagram rather

than the spatial diagram of the figure-ground theory. Movement systems and the efficiency of

infrastructure take precedence over patterns of defined outdoor space.

3. Place Theory

The place theory adds the components of human needs and cultural, historical, and natural contexts.

Advocates of the place theory give physical space additional richness by incorporating unique

forms and details indigenous to its setting. In place theory social and cultural values, visual

perceptions, of users and an individual’s control over public environment are as important as

principles of enclosure and linkage.

2.2. Urban Design Paradigms

1. Urban Design Theory on the European Continent

Neo-Rationalism

Neo-Classicism

2. Urban Design Theory: The Anglo-American Axis

The Townscape Movement

Venturi and Contextualism

Historical Eclecticism

Neo-traditional Urbanism 6

Additional Sources on Urban Design

1. P. D. Spreiregen, The Architecture of Towns and Cities

2. G. Broadbent, Emerging Concepts in Urban Design

3. Kevin Lynch, Good City Form

4. N. Ellin, Postmodern Urbanism

5. A. Madanipour, Design of Urban Space

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Urban legends are formed when people pass a story down for generations. There is usually no factual
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A: A Critique on Contemporary Urban Spaces | Neelakshi Rathore ...

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