Introduction to Effective

Academic Reading

ZAÄFRI A. HUSODO, PH.D

MAGISTER MANAJEMEN
FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
OCTOBER, 2017
 What is an Academic Article?

— It is a very complex research report resulted from

very long engagement in a particular field of study:
¡ Written by academic expert
¡ Implies standard theorical and empirical consideration in a
particular field of study
— On the good side:
¡ It has standard writing format, well structured
 Six Reading Myths
©Academic Skills Center, Dartmouth College 2001

— MYTH 1: I HAVE TO READ EVERY WORD

¡ Academic article reading style is that every word conveys
meaningful information but you do not need to read every
word! Just grab the main ideas and understand them
— MYTH 2: READING ONCE IS ENOUGH
¡ Good reading is selective reading. It involves selecting those
sections that are relevant to your purpose in reading. Rather
than automatically rereading, take a few seconds to quiz
yourself on the material you have just read and then review
those sections that are still unclear or confusing to you.
— MYTH 3: IT IS SINFUL TO SKIP PASSAGES
IN READING
 Six Reading Myths
©Academic Skills Center, Dartmouth College 2001

— MYTH 4: MACHINES ARE NECESSARY TO

IMPROVE MY READING SPEED
¡ Nonsense! The best and most effective way to increase your
reading rate is to consciously force yourself to read faster.
— MYTH 5: IF I SKIM OR READ TOO RAPIDLY
MY COMPREHENSION WILL DROP
¡ If you concentrate on your purpose for reading -- e.g. locating
main ideas and details, and forcing yourself to stick to the task
of finding them quickly -- both your speed and comprehension
could increase. Your concern should be not with how fast you
can get through a chapter, but with how quickly you can locate
the facts and ideas that you need.
 Six Reading Myths
©Academic Skills Center, Dartmouth College 2001

— MYTH 6: THERE IS SOMETHING ABOUT MY

EYES THAT KEEPS ME FROM READING
FAST
¡ Usually it is your brain, not your eyes, that slows you
down in reading. Your eyes are capable of taking in more
words than your brain is used to processing. If you sound out
words as you read, you will probably read very slowly and have
difficulty in skimming and scanning until you break this habit.
 How to Read an Academic Article

— It needs continuous training to:

¡ Develop and sharpen academic reading skills, develop good
habits.
÷ What is good habit? > Persistency
¡ Wash away ‘bad habits’ due to ‘bad experience’ reading a
scholarly article.
÷ What is bad habit? > Give up very easily once failed to understand
the subject
 Reading Strategies

Careful reading

Reading " Skimming

(to get overall impression)
Quick reading "

Scanning/searching
(for particular information)

Figure 1.1 Reading strategies [This diagram is based on the analysis of reading processes presented in: Sandy
Urquhart and Cyril Weir (1998) Reading in a Second Language: Process, Product and Practice (Longman)]

Skimming
Another useful way of building up anticipation, so that you can ask
yourself the right kind of questions, is by skimming through the text.
 Let us Begin our Ride from here

— How do we do it?
¡ Let us begin by reading the Article -SHOULD I QUIT MY
DAY JOB?: A HYBRID PATH TO
ENTREPRENEURSHIP- in 15 minutes
 What is Your Experience so far?

— What was your experience in reading the article?

¡ Was it a good, enjoyable experience?

OR

¡ Was it a super nightmare experience, -I do not want to do it

again for the rest of my life- thing?
 Read it Systematically

— These are hints to help you (I pray for that) to get

more understanding on the article:
¡ Read the Binder1 step-by-step
¡ Hold your breath
¡ Hold your article and prepare for a joyful ride in an academic
path from here (I hope)
! Academy of Management Journal
2014, Vol. 57, No. 4, 936–963.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0522

SHOULD I QUIT MY DAY JOB?: A HYBRID PATH TO

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
JOSEPH RAFFIEE
University of Wisconsin–Madison

JIE FENG
University of Wisconsin–Madison

Research suggests that the risk and uncertainty associated with entrepreneurial activ-
ity deters entry and contributes to the high rates of new business failure. In this study,
we examine how the ability to reduce these factors by means of hybrid entrepreneur-
ship—the process of starting a business while retaining a “day job” in an existing
organization—influences entrepreneurial entry and survival. Integrating insights from
real options theory with logic from the individual differences literature, we hypothe-
size and find that individuals who are risk averse and have low core self-evaluation
are more likely to enter hybrid entrepreneurship relative to full-time self-employment.
In turn, we argue and find that hybrid entrepreneurs who subsequently enter full-time
self-employment (i.e., quit their day job) have much higher rates of survival relative to
individuals who enter full-time self-employment directly from paid employment. Add-
ing support to our theory that the survival advantage is driven by a learning effect that
takes place during hybrid entrepreneurship, we find that the decrease in exit hazard
is stronger for individuals with prior entrepreneurial experience. Taken together, our
— Check the quality of academic journal from:
¡ www.scimagojr.com, or

¡ www.remote-lib.ui.ac.id

— Check author credibility

¡ scholar.google.com

¡ https://remote-
lib.ui.ac.id:2164/search/form.uri?display=basic
Higher H Index reflects higher credibility
Q1 is Tier-1 Academic Journal, top quality
Author Track Record, Scopus
 Article Skeleton

Title
Author Detail
Abstract
Introduction
Theoretical discussion
Presentation and discussion of empirical findings
Conclusion
Bibliograpby
 Abstract

— Research suggests that the risk and uncertainty associated with entrepreneurial activity
deters entry and contributes to the high rates of new business failure. In this study, we
examine how the ability to reduce these factors by means of hybrid entrepreneurship -- the
process of starting a business while retaining a “day job” in an existing organization
influences entrepreneurial entry and survival. Integrating insights from real options
theory with logic from the individual differences literature, we hypothesize and find that
individuals who are risk averse and have low core self evaluation are more likely to enter
hybrid entrepreneurship relative to full-time self employment. In turn, we argue and find
that hybrid entrepreneurs who subsequently enter full-time self-employment (i.e., quit their
day job) have much higher rates of survival relative to individuals who enter full-time self-
employment directly from paid employment. Adding support to our theory that the
survival advantage is driven by a learning effect that takes place during hybrid
entrepreneurship, we find that the decrease in exit hazard is stronger for individuals with
prior entrepreneurial experience. Taken together, our findings suggest that individual
characteristics may play a greater role in determining the process of how (rather than if)
entrepreneurial entry occurs, and that the process of how entrepreneurial entry transpires
has important implications for new business survival.
Title
Author Detail
Abstract
Introduction
Theoretical discussion
• Hybrid entrepreneurship.
• Real options theory with logic from the individual differences, (read p.938, p.956. to clarify)
• Learning effect that takes place during hybrid entrepreneurship.
Presentation and discussion of empirical findings (read p.955-57 to clarify)
• Individuals who are risk averse and have low core self evaluation are more likely to enter hybrid
entrepreneurship relative to full-time self employment.
• Hybrid entrepreneurs who subsequently enter full-time self-employment (i.e., quit their day job) have
much higher rates of survival relative to individuals who enter full-time self-employment directly from
paid employment.
• The decrease in exit hazard is stronger for individuals with prior entrepreneurial experience.
Conclusion (read p. 958 to clarify)
• Individual characteristics may play a greater role in determining the process of how (rather than if)
entrepreneurial entry occurs, and that the process of how entrepreneurial entry transpires has
important implications for new business survival.
Bibliograpby
 Skim Reading Rules

1. Identify the section headings.

2. Read the first paragraph of the article.
3. Read the first sentence only of each paragraph after the first, until you get to
the last paragraph of the Introduction section, which you should read fully.
4. Read the heading for the second section, then the first paragraph in full.
5. Read the first sentence only of each paragraph after the first, until you get to
the start of the next section.
6. Read the heading for the section, then the first paragraph in full.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for each section until you get to the last (Conclusion)
section.
8. Read the section heading, then the first paragraph in full.
9. Read the first sentence only of each paragraph after the first, until you get to
the last paragraph.
10. Read the last paragraph in full.
 1. Identify the section headings

— INTRODUCTION
— THEORY AND HYPOTHESES
— METHODS
— DISCUSSION
— RESULTS
 1b. Identify Sub-sections

— THEORY AND HYPOTHESES

¡ Real Options Theory and Hybrid Entrepreneurship

¡ Risk Aversion, Core Self-Evaluation, and Entry into Hybrid

Entrepreneurship
¡ Moderators of the Staged Entry–Survival Relationship

¡ Cognitive Ability

¡ Entrepreneurial Experience

— METHODS
¡ Data

¡ Sample Construction

¡ Estimation Strategy

¡ Measures
 1b. Identify Sub-sections

— RESULTS
¡ Robustness Checks and Supplementary Analysis

— DISCUSSION
¡ Hybrid Entrepreneurship and Entry

¡ Hybrid Entrepreneurship and Survival

¡ Real Options and Entrepreneurship

¡ Limitations
 2. Read the first paragraph of the article

— Research indicates that entrepreneurial activity is a key driver of economic

growth, but only if entrepreneurial entrants are able to avoid early exodus
(Santarelli & Vivarelli, 2007). Not surprisingly, therefore, understanding the
determinants of entrepreneurial entry and dynamics of venture survival has
attracted the interest of numerous organizational scholars (e.g., Elfenbein,
Hamilton, & Zenger, 2010; Evans & Leighton, 1989; Geroski, Mata, & Portugal,
2010; Ozcan & Reichstein, 2009; Patel & Thatcher, 2012). As evidenced by the
high frequency of new business failure (Shane, 2003), understanding entry
implies explaining why some individuals opt to start businesses despite the
risky and uncertain returns associated with doing so (Kihlstrom & Laffont,
1979). Likewise, understanding survival entails identifying how and why some
entrepreneurs are able to overcome these risks to survive (Santarelli &
Vivarelli, 2007). As such, pinpointing ways in which the risk and uncertainty
associated with entrepreneurship can be managed or reduced should offer
further insight regarding how these processes unfold (see Folta, 2007).
3. Read the first sentence only of each paragraph after the first, until you get to the
last paragraph of the Introduction section, which you should read fully

— One such way is through hybrid entrepreneurship…

— In this article, we depart from this trend and add to
an emerging stream of literature…
— To reconcile these issues, we turn to logic from real
options theory (Trigeorgis, 1996).
— Last paragraph, read fully…
 Last paragraph of the Introduction, read fully

— The present study makes several contributions. First, acknowledging that

hybrid entrepreneurship implicitly reduces the risk associated with starting a
business (Folta et al., 2010), our study suggests for the first time that individual
characteristics per- taining to risk preferences and risk perception may
influence how rather than if entrepreneurial entry occurs. Second, despite a
substantial literature on venture survival (Santarelli & Vivarelli, 2007) and
mounting evidence that entry into full-time self- employment is endogenous to
hybrid entrepreneur- ship (Folta et al., 2010), the current study is the first to
argue and show that entering full-time self-em- ployment incrementally via
hybrid entrepreneur- ship increases the odds of survival. Third, we ex- tend
recent research (Autio & Acs, 2010; Folta et al., 2010; O’Brien, Folta, &
Johnson, 2003) by testing predictions from real options theory using individ-
ual characteristics as explanatory and moderator variables. By doing so, our
work contributes to the real options literature by theoretically arguing and
empirically demonstrating that individual charac- teristics influence both the
likelihood and efficacy of real options reasoning.
4. Read the heading for the second section, then the
first paragraph in full

— Motivated by the importance of the phenomenon,

scholars from a variety of backgrounds, including
sociology (Sørensen, 2007), economics (Hamilton,
2000), and psychology (Hmieleski & Baron, 2009),
have sought to explain entrepreneur- ial activity.
 5. Read the first sentence only of each paragraph after the
first, until you get to the start of the next section

— Despite the definitional divergence, there exists a

relative consensus within the literature that entre-
preneurial activity involves risk and uncertainty
(Folta, 2007; McMullen & Shepherd, 2006).
 CONCLUSION

This study adds to the entrepreneurship literature by using a real options

approach to examine the implications of hybrid entrepreneurship for
entrepreneurial entry and survival. Using a large longitudinal sample, our results
highlight that the processes of entrepreneurial entry and survival are more
complex than typically assumed. With regards to entrepreneurial entry, we find
support for our predictions that risk-averse and less-confident individuals who
enter self-employment are more likely to do so via hybrid entrepreneurship. With
respect to entrepreneurial survival, we find evidence that individuals who enter
full-time self- employment in a staged entry process through hybrid
entrepreneurship survive significantly longer than individuals who enter directly
from paid employment. This relationship is stronger for experienced
entrepreneurs and individuals with lower intelligence. Given our findings, we
emphasize that future research aimed at furthering our knowledge of the nuances
associated with hybrid entrepreneurship is critical for the field to develop a more
comprehensive and complete understanding of the entrepreneurial process.