Bahan Kuliah

Magister Sumber Daya Air

REKAYASA DAN PENGELOLAN SUNGAI
(River Engineering and Management)

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION
MANAGEMENT
Indratmo Soekarno
Kelompok Keahlian
Teknik Sumber Daya Air
FTSL-ITB

Indratmo Soekarno
Global Water Availability

All Surface Water

Lakes / Swamps

All Rivers
6,378km 692km 29km 8km
Population & Life Expectancy

80

70

Life Expectancy (years)

60

50
Indonesia
40
Kenya
30 China
Peru
20
Bolivia
10

0
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Time (year)
 Water: Withdrawal and Access
Projected Withdrawal (% of Total) Developed Resources: Access

2004

Developing World: Need for Sustainable Water Infrastructure

Reduced Rate of Large Dam
Construction

Are we keeping up with Global Population Growth?

Sedimentation: Reducing Global
Storage
 Need for Sustainable Management
Initially: Slow Reduction

Reliability
Eventually:
Rapid
Reduction

Time

S1
Effect of Sedimentation on Water Supply Reliability
Sustainable vs. Non-Sustainable
Management
Water Supply

Limited project life due to

Reliability

reservoir sedimentation

Time

(a) Non-sustainable Management

Water Supply
Reliability

Periodic Sediment Removal from Reservoir

Time

(b) Sustainable Management

Sustainable Management of Surface Water
Infrastructure
HOW CAN IT BE ACCOMPLISHED?
 Sustainable Management:
Implementation
Economic
Feasibility

Environmental Feasible Technical

Impacts Project Feasibility

Social
Impacts
Economics
IS SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
ECONOMICAL?
 Comparing Sustainable and Non-
Sustainable
Measuring the Relative Value of Sustainability:

Net Benefit of Sustainable Project

Net Benefit Ratio =
Net Benefit of Non-Sustainable Project
 Sustainability: Superior Economics
1.8

1.7
Increased Economic Value of Sustainable

Net Benefit Ratio

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3 High Sedimentation

1.2 Medium Sedimentation

Low Sedimentation
Management Option

1.1

0.9
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Dimensionless Draft
Climate Change, Sedimentation &
Sustainability
2.6
Climate Change Trend
2.4
Net Benefit Ratio

2.2 • Increased Siltation

2 • Increased Flow Variability
1.8
Cv = 0.4
1.6
Cv = 0.8
1.4

1.2

1
40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Siltation Time (years)

Sustainable Management More Economical

Environmental and Social Perspective
CAN IT BE ENVIRONMENTALLY AND
SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE?
 Strontia Springs Dam, USA
• Flushing Technically Feasible
and Economically Optimal

• Sharp-edged Sediment

• Harmful to downstream
Spawning

• Flushing Environmentally
Not Desirable
 Gavins Point Dam, South Dakota
• Flushing Somewhat Effective

• Releasing Sediment
Downstream of Dam Desirable

• Pallid Sturgeon Habitat

Downstream of Dam requires
Sediment

• Flushing Environmentally
Desirable
 Tenryu River Mouth,
Japan
Yasuoka dam(1936)

1946
Hiraoka dam(1951)
Sakuma dam(1956)
Akiba dam(1958)
1961
Miwa dam(1959)

Koshibu dam(1969)

2001
 Tenryu River, Japan

• Extensive Sedimentation
Management Program
• Pass Sediment through
numerous reservoirs
– Miwa, Akiha, Koshibu,
Sakuma, Takato Dams
• Additional Sediment
Supply from River Banks
• Preservation of:
– Fisheries
– Tenryu River Mouth, Sand
Dune
Sediment Management Technology
CAN WE PREVENT OR REDUCE THE
EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION?
 Sediment Management Approaches

• Catchment Management

• Pass Sediment through or

around the Reservoir

• Remove Deposited
Sediment from Reservoir

• Compensate for
Sedimentation – Increase
Reservoir Volume
 Sediment Management Approaches

• Catchment Management

• Pass Sediment through or

around the Reservoir

• Remove Deposited
Sediment from Reservoir

• Compensate for
Sedimentation – Increase
Reservoir Volume
 Catchment Management Approaches

• Re-vegetation
– Enforcement Difficult

• Tillage Practices:
– Contour Farming

• Engineering Approaches
– Check Dams Check Dam – Tenryu River, Japan
– Warping
 Catchment Management – Relative
Success
• Mangla Dam, Pakistan
– Efforts from1960 to 1983
– No Noticeable Effect on
Sediment Yield

• Small Catchment <

150km2
– 30% to 70% Sediment Yield
Reduction Possible
Nzoia River, Kenya
• Most of Sediment Yield
occur during Large Floods
 Sediment Management Approaches

• Catchment Management
• Bypassing
• Pass Sediment through • Sluicing
or around the Reservoir • Density Current Venting
• Off-Channel Storage
• Remove Deposited
Sediment from Reservoir

• Compensate for
Sedimentation – Increase
Reservoir Volume
Bypassing: Nagel Dam, South Africa
Bypassing: Nagel Dam, South Africa

Normal
Flood Weir Flow

Gate

Flood Flow Dam

Bypass Tunnel: Miwa Dam, Japan
Tunnel Bypass: Miwa Dam, Japan
Tunnel Bypass: Miwa dam, Japan
Bypass Tunnel: Miwa Dam, Japan
 Sluicing

Concept Gate

Sin
Sout

Sin = Sout

“Sluicing is an operational technique in which sediment laden flow are

released through a dam before the sediment particles can settle,
thereby reducing the trap efficiency of the reservoir” (Page 29 of ICOLD
Bulletin 115)
Sluicing: First Falls Dam, South Africa
Sluicing: First Falls Dam, South Africa
Density Current Venting
Concept
Clear
Water

Density Current
(moving current)
Low Level
Outlet
Density Current Venting:
Sanmanxia Dam, China

Photo: Gregory L. Morris

 Density Current Venting:
Katagiri Dam, Japan

Without curtain wall Curtain wall

Curtain wall

With curtain wall

 Off-Channel Storage
Cobbles, Mountain Stream
Clean Water
Convey Clean Water
(Low Sediment) by
Gravity Pipeline

Off-Channel
Storage

Fine Sediment, High

Sediment Load
Lowlands
River
 Off-Channel Storage:
Fajardo Dam, Puerto Rico

Photo: Gregory L. Morris

 Sediment Management Approaches

• Catchment Management

• Pass Sediment through or • Dry Excavation

around the Reservoir • Dredging
• Hydro-Suction
• Remove Deposited
Sediment from Reservoir • Flushing
– Pressure Flushing
• Compensate for – Drawdown Flushing
Sedimentation – Increase
Reservoir Volume
Dry Excavation: Cogswell Dam,
California
Dredging (Tactical Dredging): Koka
Dam, Ethiopia
Pressure Flushing (No
Drawdown)
Concept

High Water Surface

Elevation

Gate

Pressure Flow

Local Scour Hole Erosion

(Limited Influence Zone)
Pressure Flushing (No Drawdown)
 Pressure Flushing:
Black Rock Dam, New Mexico
 Drawdown Flushing
Concept

Gate

Erosion of
Deposited No Obstruction, Free
Sediment Flowing Water
(Remobilization)

“Sediment flushing is a technique in which the flow velocities in a reservoir are

increased to such an extent that deposited sediments are remobilized and transported
through bottom outlets.” (Page 47 of ICOLD Bulletin 115)
Drawdown Flushing
 Drawdown Flushing:
Kapachila Dam, Malawi, Africa
 Drawdown Flushing:
Kapachila Dam, Malawi, Africa
 Drawdown flushing:
Gebidim Dam, Switzerland
 Drawdown Flushing:
Welbedacht Dam, South Africa
Drawdown Flushing Simulation:
Welbedacht Dam, South Africa

Courtesy: DHI
Drawdown Flushing
IS IT ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL?
Unsuccessful Drawdown Flushing:
Sidi Driss Dam, Morocco, Africa

Unsatisfactory Geometry Earth Moving

Drawdown Flushing:
Peligre Dam, Haiti
Annual drawdown:
Peligre Dam, Haiti

Reservoir Drawdown Low Level Gates

 Flushing, Limited Success:
Peligre Dam, Haiti

Partial Sediment Removal from Delta Annual Agriculture on

in Reservoir Delta in Reservoir during Drawdown
Photos: Gregory L. Morris
 Drawdown Flushing:
Tarbela Dam, Pakistan
• Drawdown Flushing Considered
Technically Feasible

• Reservoir Length: 100km

• Construction Date: 1974

• Storage Loss:
– Original 14 billion m3
– Current 10.3 billing m3

• Problem: Passing sediment

through downstream Indus River
 Drawdown Flushing:
Tarbela Dam, Pakistan
Sedimentation profile upto the year 2006
1550

1500
Maximum Reservoir
2006
1450

1400
Elevation Ft

1350

1300
1979
1995
1250

1200 Orignal River Bed level

1150

1100
0.26 3.54 8.56 11.8 16.38 23.77 29.54 36.71 44.05 48.63 52.5
Distance in Miles
Practical Application
WHICH METHODS ARE USED MOST
OFTEN?
 International Application
Frequency
(Excluding Mechanical Removal and Catchment Management)

Reservoir Sedimentation Management

1384 to 2005
40

35
Number of Projects

30

25

20

15

10

Bypassing Off-Channel Sluicing Density Flushing

Storage Current
Venting
 Summary
• Sustainable Management of
Surface Water Infrastructure
Important

• Sustainable Management is
economically feasible

• Environmental and Social

factors can be addressed

• Multiple Technically Feasible

Techniques have been
developed and successfully Embalse el Camare, Venezuela
implemented