Practical English Verb 'Be

Made for Beginners – A Practical Course with a lot of Practice, by Elí Rodríguez,UNASAM-2011
UNIT 1: THE VERB “BE”, POSSESSIVE NOUNS AND

ADJECTIVES.
1. Personal Pronouns: Subject Pronouns

1st Person I The Subject Pronouns stand
for subjects (people or things)
2nd Person You already mentioned, or when
we know the subjects we´re
He Singular talking about.
3rd Person She
It
1st Person We
2nd Person You Plural
3rd Person They
EXERCISES. Choose the right personal pronouns for the following words.
a. The boy he b. The boys
c. Maria d. The girls
e. The dog f. The dogs
g. You and I h. John, Luisa and Gloria
i. John, Pedro and Luis j. Luisa, Gloria and Maria
k. The house l. The houses
m. Peru n. My mother
o. The hamsters p. Hope
q. Mr. Rodriguez r. Ms. Cerna
s. John, Maria and You t. Huaraz, Chiclayo and Lima
Useful Expressions:
- Repeat, please. - Thanks. - Thank you.
- What does mean? - You´re welcome.
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2. The Verb “Be”:

am
be is
are The verb “be” has three forms
in the present tense:
I am - am
- is
You are - are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are
- Exercises: Fill in the blanks with “am”, “is” or “are”.
I She You
You It They
He We
- Fill in the blanks with short forms (contractions).

I am = I´m
You are = -Long Form: I am
He is = -Short Form: I´m

(contraction)
She is =
It is =
We are =
You are =
Useful Expressions:
They are = - May I go to the bathroom? - Are you ready?
- Silence! - Again. – One more time.
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3. Sentences:
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT VERB ( TO BE ) OBJECT .
I am a doctor .
You are a lawyer.
He is a nurse.
She is a nurse.
It is a book.
We are doctors.
You are nurses.
They are lawyers.
I in Huaraz.
are in Lima.
He in Caraz.
is in Yungay.
It in the garden.
are in Peru.
You in Mexico.
are in Trujillo.
Rule:
Rule:
Remember to always begin a sentence
Obey the rules and you will see!
with “a capital letter”.
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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT VERB ( TO BE ) NOT OBJECT.
I am a doctor.
not
You are a lawyer.

not
He is not a nurse.
She is not a nurse.
It is not a book.
We are not doctors.
You are not nurses.
They are not lawyers.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
am not in Huaraz.
You not in Lima.
is in Caraz.
She in Yungay.
is in the garden.
We in Peru.
are in Mexico.
They in Trujillo.
Contractions:
am not = X is not = isn´t are not = aren´t
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INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
VERB ( TO BE ) SUBJECT OBJECT ?
Am I a doctor ?
Are you a lawyer ?
Is he a nurse ?
Is she a nurse ?
Is it a book ?
Are we doctors ?
Are you nurses ?
Are they lawyers ?
Am in Huaraz ?
you in Lima
Is in Caraz
she in Yungay
Is in the garden
we in Peru
Are in Mexico
they in Trujillo
Rules: - There is not “a question mark” at the beginning of interrogative sentences.

-“I” is the only personal pronoun that is always capitalized.
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4. Short Answers:
- Affirmative Short Answers - Negative Short Answers
Yes, I am. No, I´m not.

Yes, you are. No, you aren´t.
Yes, he is. No, he isn´t.
Yes, she is. No, she isn´t.
Yes, it is. No, it isn´t.
Yes, we are. No, we aren´t.
Yes, you are. No, you aren´t.
Yes, they are. No, they aren´t.
• We don´t use contractions in affirmative short answers.

Yes, he is. √ Yes, he´s. X
• Always use contractions in negative short answers.

No, he isn´t. √ No, he is not. X
- Exercises: Answer the following questions with short answers:

1. Are you a robot? No, I´m not.
2. Is Jaime Bayly the president of Peru?
3. Is the UNASAM University in Huaraz?
4. Is your mother in Yungay?
5. Are Maria and Pedro your friends?
6. Are Pedro and I classmates?
7. Are you a boy?
8. Are you and I in the same classroom?
9. Are the dogs in the garden?
10. Am I your best friend?
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5. Indefinite Article: a/an

a/an=one=1
Use “a” before a consonant sound: a car, a book, a dog, a house, etc.
Use “an” before a vowel sound: an elephant, an apple, an eagle, etc.
- Exercises: Listen to the teacher and then fill in the blanks with “a” or “an”.
1. a cat 2. hotel 3. eraser 4. umbrella
5. taxi 6. UFO 7. orange 8. doctor
9. hour 10. bus 11. radio 12. “m”
13. elevator 14. friend 15. university 16. song
17. “s” 18. unit 19. engineer 20. student

6. Possessive Adjectives: Fill in the blanks.
Rule: Possessive
(I) my : - my book - my books adjectives always
( You ) your : - your car - have the same
form either in the
( He ) his : - his bag - singular or plural
( She ) her : - her brother - case.
( It ) its : - its toy -

Be careful ! :
( We ) our : - our teacher - its = it´s
( You ) your : - your friend -
( They ) their : - their house -
- Conversation:
Carlos : Hello! I´m Carlos. What´s your name?
What´s = What is
Andrea: Hi! My name is Andrea.
Carlos : Nice to meet you, Andrea.
Andrea: Nice to meet you, too. more = +

less = -
Carlos : Are you in this English class?
Andrea: Yes, I am.

“Hello” is formal.
Carlos : Great! We are classmates! “Hi” is more familiar.
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- Now, practice giving your own information:

Student A : Hello! I´m . What´s your name?
Remember:
Student B : Hi! My name is . The affirmative sentence
order with the verb “be” is:
Student A : Nice to meet you, .
Sentence= S+V+O.
Student B : Nice to meet you, too.
Student A : Are you in this English class?
Student B : Yes, I am.
Student A : Great! We are classmates!
- Complete the information with the right possessive adjectives:
Her name is Magaly Medina. name is Huesos.
name is José del Solar. names are Ronaldinho and Messi.
names are Lourdes and Luis. name is Abelardo Gutiérrez.
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7. The English Alphabet.
A B C D E Spelling:
The alphabet is used to
F G H I J write words in a right way,
not for pronouncing them.
K L M N O
P Q R S T
U V W X Y
Z
- Write out the letters that the teacher dictates and find out 10 words.
1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.
- Greetings:
Good morning: 06:00 a.m. 11:59 a.m.
Good afternoon: 12:01 p.m. 05:59 p.m.
Good evening: 06:00 p.m. ? p.m.
- Farewell:
Good night: You say “good night” when you go to bed at night.
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full name: Sandra Henostroza
first name last name / family name
- Titles:
Mrs. Sandra Henostroza = √
Mr. = mister
Mrs. Henostroza = √
Ms. = miss Mrs. Sandra = X
Mrs. = mistress
- Conversation:
Nathaly : Good morning!
Mr. Diaz : Good morning! Are you in this class?

Nathaly : Yes. Are you Mr. Diaz?
Mr. Diaz : Yes, I´m the teacher of this group. Are you in the list?
Nathaly : Of course!
Mr. Diaz : What´s your last name?
Nathaly : Julca.
Mr. Diaz : And what´s your first name?
Nathaly : Nathaly.
Mr. Diaz : Spell it, please.
Nathaly : N-A-T-H-A-L-Y.
Mr. Diaz : N-A-T-H-A-L-Y. Let me check. Yes, here it is. Welcome to the class, Nathaly!
Nathaly : Thanks.
Mr. Diaz : You´re welcome.
thanks = thank you
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- Listening.
Baby Can I Hold You? by Tracy Chapman
“Sorry” is all that you can't say
Years gone by and still
Words don't come easily
Like sorry, like sorry
“Forgive me” is all that you can't say

Tracy Chapman
Like forgive me, forgive me
But you can say baby

C
H Baby can I hold you tonight?
O
R Maybe if I told you the right words
U
S Ooh, at the right time, you'd be mine
“I love you” is all that you can't say
Like I love you, I love you
( Repeat the chorus )
you'd be mine
you'd be mine
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8. Numbers: 1-20.
0 = zero
1 = one 11 = eleven
2 = two 12 = twelve
3 = three 13 = thirteen
4 = four 14 = fourteen
5 = five 15 = fifteen
6 = six 16 = sixteen
7 = seven 17 = seventeen
8 = eight 18 = eighteen
9 = nine 19 = nineteen
10 = ten 20 = twenty
- Write out the numbers that the teacher dictates.

a. b.
c. d.
e. f.
g. h.
i. j.
k. l.
m. n.
o. p.
- Solve the following operations:

a. 3+5 = eight b. 9+4 =
c. 18-3 = d. 6+6 =
e. 20-9 = f. 6-3 =
g. 4+3 = h. 5+4 =
i. 18-1 = j. 12-6 =
k.12+8 = l. 10+9 =
m. 7+7 = n. 9+9 =
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9. Countries and Nationalities.
- Countries - Nationalities
Bolivia Bolivian
Brazil Brazilian
Canada Canadian
China Chinese
Ecuador Ecuadorian
Japan Japanese
Peru Peruvian
Russia Russian
Spain Spanish
USA American
- Exercises. Follow the example and write sentences by using the information
in parentheses.
a. ( She / Brazil / Brazilian ) She is from Brazil. She is Brazilian.
b. ( They / China / Chinese )
c. ( We / Japan / Japanese )
d. ( I / Russia / Russian )
e. ( You / USA / American )
f. ( It / Bolivia / Bolivian )
g. ( He / Canada / Canadian )
h. ( We / Ecuador / Ecuadorian )
i. ( They / Peru / Peruvian )
j. ( She / Spain / Spanish )
I´m from Canadian. X

I´m from Canada. √
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- More exercises. Write the right form of the verb be and answer the questions.
a. Where are you from? I´m from Canada.
b. Where he from?
c. Where they from?
d. Where the actors from?
e. Where he and she from?
f. Where Sandra and you from?
g. Where the car from?
h. Where the actor from?
i. Where Carlos from?
j. Where the cars from?
- Write sentences about countries and nationalities. Use the information in

parentheses.
1. Ronaldinho is from Brazil. He is Brazilian._ ( Ronaldinho / Brazil )
2. ( Evo Morales / Bolivia )
3. ( Tracy Chapman / USA )
4. ( Jackie Chan / China )
5. ( Keanu Reeves / Canada )
6. ( Mikhail / Russia )
7. ( Eva Ayllon / Peru )
8. ( Akira Toriyama / Japan )
9. ( Penelope Cruz / Spain )
10. ( Rafael Correa / Ecuador )
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10. Possessive Nouns: “´s”

Possessive nouns tell us that something or somebody “belongs” to something or to another
person. Use an apostrophe ( ´ ) and sometimes an “s” after the owner.
Examples:
Maria´s house = the house of Maria
Juan´s car = the car of Juan
My brother´s friends = the friends of my brother
Rule:
• Add “´s” after a noun in singular: Pedro´s, my brother´s, my father´s
• Add only “´” after a noun in plural that finishes in “s”: the boys´, my brothers´
- Exercises. Add “´s” or “´” to the following nouns.

a. The agent_´s b. The agents
c. Maria d. The girls
e. The dog f. The dogs
g. Carlos h. Children
i. My friends_ j. My friend
- Conversation.
Jorge : Hi, Gloria. How are you?

Gloria : Hi, Jorge. I´m fine. And you?
Jorge : I´m Ok, too. Mmm, what´s that?
Gloria : It´s a present. Tomorrow is my brother´s birthday.
Jorge : Is it Andres´s birthday? How old is he?
Gloria : He´s 19 years old. Are you busy tomorrow?
Jorge : I´m not busy. Why?
Gloria : Because you are my brother´s friend. Would you like to come to the party?
Jorge : Of course! Thank you.
Gloria : Bye, Jorge.
Jorge : Bye.
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- Listening.
All You Have To Do Is Dream by The Everly Brothers
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam,
dream, dream, dream
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam,
dream, dream, dream
When I want you in my arms
When I want you and all your charms
Whenever I want you, all I have to do is
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam,
dream, dream, dream
When I feel blue in the night And I need
you to hold me tight Whenever I want
you, all I have to do is Drea-ea-ea-ea- The Everly Brothers
eam
I can make you mine, taste your lips of wine

Anytime night or day Only
trouble is, gee whiz I’m
dreamin’ my life away
I need you so that I could die

I love you so and that is why
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam,
dream, dream, dream
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam
I can make you mine, taste your lips of wine

Anytime night or day Only
trouble is, gee whiz I’m
dreamin’ my life away
I need you so that I could die

I love you so and that is why
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam,
dream, dream, dream
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam,
dream, dream, dream
( Fade )
Drea-ea-ea-ea-eam, dream, dream, dream
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UNIT 2: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS,

THERE IS AND THERE ARE.
1. Simple Present Tense: To make sentences with verbs in the present tense, we have to pay
attention to the rules that are different to those for the verb “be”.
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT .

I live in Huaraz.
You live in Huaraz.
He lives in Huaraz.
She lives in Huaraz.
It lives in Huaraz.
We live in Huaraz.
You live in Huaraz.
They live in Huaraz.

I live in Huaraz.
Rule:
We use the Simple Present Tense to talk about daily activities.
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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT DO/DOES NOT VERB OBJECT .
I do not live in Huaraz.
You do not live in Huaraz.
He does not live in Huaraz.
She does not live in Huaraz.
It does not live in Huaraz.
We do not live in Huaraz.
You do not live in Huaraz.
They do not live in Huaraz.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT DO/DOES NOT VERB OBJECT .
I do not live in Huaraz.
Contractions:
do not = don´t does not = doesn´t
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DO/DOES SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Do I live in Huaraz ?
Do you live in Huaraz ?
Does he live in Huaraz ?
Does she live in Huaraz ?
Does it live in Huaraz ?
Do we live in Huaraz ?
Do you live in Huaraz ?
Do they live in Huaraz ?
DO/DOES SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Do I live in Huaraz ?
Rule:
The auxiliary do/does only appears in negative and interrogative
sentences.
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2. List of Verbs in “Present Tense”.

01. ( be ) am, is, are 21. look
02. buy 22. make
03. climb 23. move
04. close 24. open
05. come 25. paint
06. cook 26. play
07. do, does 27. read
08. drive 28. remember
09. eat 29. run
10. finish, finishes 30. see
11. forget 31. study, studies
12. get 32. swim
13. go, goes 33. teach, teaches
14. have, has 34. travel
15. hear 35. understand
16. jump 36. wash, washes
17. learn 37. watch, watches
18. like 38. walk
19. listen ( to ) 39. work
20. live 40. write
- We have to add “es” to a verb that finishes in “x”, “s”, “ss”, “zz”, “ch”, “sh”, or “o”.
- If a verb finishes in “y”, drop that “y” and add “ies” only if there´s a consonant before it.
-x -s, -ss -zz -ch, -sh -o -y
boxes buses fizzes teaches goes study - studies
faxes kisses buzzes washes does cry - cries
3. Use the words and make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.
a. she / work / in a bank She works in a bank.
b. they / not / study / Chinese
c. we / wash / the dishes _
d. i / write / a letter / ?
e. you / watch / TV / ?
f. it / not / play / in the yard
g. he / read / a book
h. we / open / the door / ?
i. he / not / drive / a truck
j. she / teach / English / ?
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- More exercises
a. Change the following affirmative sentences into negative ones.

1. She studies English. She doesn´t study English.
2. He has two brothers.
3. We watch TV on Sundays.
4. They wash the dishes on Saturdays.
5. They buy new books.
6. She listens to music.
7. My mother cooks the dinner.
8. I do my homework.
9. We travel on Tuesdays.
10. He likes rock music.
b. Change the following affirmative sentences into interrogative ones.

1. You climb mountains. Do you climb mountains?
2. They understand your decision.
3. I have a party in December.
4. She comes to see you.
5. The dog jumps when it sees you.
6. We swim on Saturdays.
7. He learns the lesson.
8. The classes finish in June.
9. My brother paints houses.
10. She lives with her parents.
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4. Definite Article: “the” ( Indefinite article is in page 7 )

Use “the” when you talk about something specific in singular or in plural: the car, the
cars, the house, the houses, the orange, the oranges, etc.
5. Plural of Nouns
- We form the plural of most nouns by adding “s”. Fill in the blanks with the plural forms.
- singular - plural - singular - plural
book books house
student desk
dog apple
computer guitar
door ball
- We have to add “es” to a noun that finishes in “x”, “s”, “ss”, “zz”, “ch”, “sh”, or “o”.
-x -s, -ss -zz -ch, -sh -o
boxes buses fizzes sandwiches tomatoes
foxes crosses buzzes dishes potatoes
Exceptions with “o”:

photo-photos radio-radios mango-mangos
- When a noun ends in –y, we have two ways:

* a vowel +“y”: Add an “s” * a consonant + “y”: Drop the “y” and add “ies”
day--------- days lady------------ ladies
monkey---- monkeys dictionary---- dictionaries
boy--------- boys country-------- countries
- We have some nouns that don´t need an “s” or “es” to form their plural.
- singular - plural
child children
person people Note:
man men * Singular: * Plural:
woman women fish fish / fishes
fish fish
sheep sheep
foot feet
goose geese
tooth teeth
mouse mice
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6. Days of the Week.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
7. Months of the year.
1 2 3 4 5 6
January February March April May June

7 8 9 10 11 12
July August September October November December
Note:
Days of the week and months must always be capitalized.
8. Numbers: 21-100. ( Numbers 1-20 are in page 12 )
21 = twenty-one 22 = twenty-two 23 =
24 = 25 = 26 =
27 = 28 = 29 =
30 = thirty 31 = thirty-one 32 = thirty-two………….. 39 = thirty-nine

40 = forty 41 = forty-one 42 = forty-two……………. 49 = forty-nine
50 = fifty 51 = fifty-one 52 = fifty-two…………... 59 = fifty-nine
60 = sixty 61 = sixty-one 62 = sixty-two………….. 69 = sixty-nine
70 = seventy 71 = seventy-one 72 = seventy-two….... 79 = seventy-nine
80 = eighty 81 = eighty-one 82 = eighty-two……… 89 = eighty-nine
90 = ninety 91 = ninety-one 92 = ninety-two……….. 99 = ninety-nine
100 = one hundred ( a hundred )
- Write the following numbers into letters.

78 = 35 = 62 =
57 = 44 = 88 =
36 = 27 = 99 =
66 = 55 = 73 =
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- Farewells.
Goodbye
Bye Note:
Bye-bye “Goodbye” is formal.
See you “Bye” and “bye-bye” are informal.
See you later
See you soon
See you tomorrow
See you next week
- Telling the time.

08:00 = “eight oćlock” 08:10 = “eight ten” or “ten past eight”
08:15 = “eight fifteen” or “(a) quarter past eight” 08:20 = “eight twenty” or “twenty past eight”
08:30 = “eight thirty” or “half past eight” 08:45 = “eight forty-five” or “(a) quarter to nine”
A: What time is it? B: It´s .

- Conversation.
Maria : Hi Carlos! How are you doing? Carlos Notes:
. We use “on” with the days of the week:
: Hi Maria! I´m OK. How about you? Maria : on Monday on Mondays
I´m fine. Mm. Are you free tomorrow? Carlos :
No, I´m busy.
Maria : Really?
Carlos : What do you have to do tomorrow? Notes:
Maria : I wake up at six oćlock. . We use “in” with the months of the year:
Carlos : Oh, it´s really early. in May in December in April
Maria : Then I take a shower at six twenty.

Carlos : What time do you have breakfast?
Maria : At seven oćlock.
Carlos : Do you have classes tomorrow?
Maria : Yes, at eight.
Carlos : I see you´re busy. When are you free then?
Maria : Maybe on Sunday.
Carlos : Ok, I´ll call you on Sunday at seven oćlock.
Maria : I´ll wait for your call.
Carlos : Ok, and don´t forget that our anniversary is in October. Bye.
Maria : Bye.
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9. Professions.
01. actor / actress 11. lawyer
02. architect 12. nurse
03. baker 13. painter
04. banker 14. pilot
05. carpenter 15. policeman / policewoman
06. cook 16. sailor
07. dentist 17. singer
08. doctor 18. student
09. driver 19. teacher
10. engineer 20. writer
- Exercises. Follow the example and make sentences.

01. actor / in movies He is an actor. He works in movies.
02. architect / in buildings
03. baker / in a bakery
04. banker / in a bank
05. carpenter / in his house
06. cook / in a restaurant
07. dentist / in a hospital
08. doctor / in a hospital
09. driver / in a company _
10. engineer / in buildings
11. lawyer / in an office
12. nurse / in a hospital
13. painter / in buildings
14. pilot / in an airport
15. policeman / in a police station
16. sailor / in a boat
17. singer / in a band
18. student / with her father
19. teacher / in a school
20. writer / in her house
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10. Present Continuous. We use the present continuous to talk about things that are
happening at the same time we are speaking.
SUBJECT VERB BE VERB+ING OBJECT .
I am working in Lima.
You are working in Lima.
He is working in Lima.
She is working in Lima.
It is working in Lima.
We are working in Lima.
You are working in Lima.
They are working in Lima.
SUBJECT VERB BE VERB+ING OBJECT .
I am working in Lima.
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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT VERB BE NOT VERB+ING OBJECT .
I am not working in Lima.
You are not working in Lima.
He is not working in Lima.
She is not working in Lima.
It is not working in Lima.
We are not working in Lima.
You are not working in Lima.
They are not working in Lima.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT VERB BE NOT VERB+ING OBJECT .
I am not working in Lima.
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VERB BE SUBJECT VERB+ING OBJECT ?
Am I working in Lima ?
Are you working in Lima ?
Is he working in Lima ?
Is she working in Lima ?
Is it working in Lima ?
Are we working in Lima ?
Are you working in Lima ?
Are they working in Lima ?
VERB BE SUBJECT VERB+ING OBJECT ?
Am I working in Lima ?
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- Exercises. Make affirmative sentences by using the information in parentheses.

a. ( we / buy / the tickets ) We are buying the tickets.
b. ( they / travel / to China )
c. ( we / cook / the dinner )
d. ( I / paint / my house )
e. ( my brother / finish / his homework )
f. ( she / wash / the dishes )
g. ( he / open / the store ) _
h. ( it / jump / in the yard )
i. ( my friends / play / volleyball )
j. ( Lucy / watch / TV )
- Some rules with the Present Continuous Tense.

We have to add “ING” at the end of the main verb in this tense, but there are some
rules to keep in mind:
1. If a verb finishes in “e”, drop that “e” and then add “ing”.
drive driving come coming close closing
2. With verbs of “one” syllable, double the last consonant if the verbs follow this order with
the last three letters: CVC ( Consonant-Vowel-Consonant ), and then add “ing”.
get getting swim swimming cut cutting
3. With verbs of “two” syllables, double the last consonant if the verbs follow this order with
the last three letters: CVC ( Consonant-Vowel-Consonant ), and the second syllable is
stressed, then add “ing”.
begin beginning forget forgetting
Note:
Remember to always use the verb
“be” with the Present Continuous.
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- More exercises.
a. Make negative sentences by using the information in parentheses.

1. ( she / study / Japanese ) She is not studying Japanese.
2. ( they / close / the door )
3. ( we / read / the rules )
4. ( you and I / go / to the party )
5. ( my father / climb / that rock )
6. ( I / buy / a book )
7. ( my sisters / run / together )
8. ( he / work / now )
9. ( Maria / write / a letter )
10. ( the cat / eat / its food )
b. Make interrogative sentences by using the information in parentheses.

1. ( Liz / do / her homework ) Is Liz doing her homework?
2. ( they / swim / in the pool )
3. ( my friends / walk / in the park )
4. ( she / make / a call )
5. ( Grandpa / get / the newspaper )
6. ( John / drive / his new car )
7. ( he / listen / to music )
8. ( we / move / in August )
9. ( my brother / teach / Chinese )
10. ( you / come / to the party )
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11. “There is” and “There are”. We use both of them to say that someone or something
exits. The difference is the use:
there is ( singular ) ---------- short form : there´s
there be
there are ( plural ) ------------ short form : no contraction
Examples:
- There is a bag. There is a book. There is an eraser.
- There are two bags. There are four books. There are eight erasers.
Contractions:
There´s not a car. = There isn´t a car.
There aren´t three books.
• We can make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences in a similar way as the
rules for the verb “be”.
( + ) There is a school. ( - ) There is not a school. ( ? ) Is there a school?
( + ) There are two schools. ( - ) There are not two schools. ( ? ) Are there two schools?
• Make affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences by using the information in parentheses.
1. ( there / a person ) ( - ) _There is not a person.
2. ( there / five people ) ( ? )
3. ( there / ten rules ) ( + )
4. ( there / an apple ) ( + )
5. ( there / a mouse ) ( ? )
6. ( there / three mice ) ( - )
7. ( there / twelve months ) ( + )
8. ( there / a lawyer ) ( ? )
9. ( there / a child ) ( - )
10. ( there / eleven children ) ( + )
11. ( there / a sheep ) ( - )
12. ( there / nine sheep ) ( ? )
13. ( there / a man ) ( + )
14. ( there / seven men ) ( - )
15. ( there / an eagle ) ( ? )
31
12. Numbers 101-1´000,000
100 = one hundred ( a hundred ) 137 = one hundred ( and ) thirty-seven

150 = one hundred ( and ) fifty 199 = one hundred ( and ) ninety-nine
200 = two hundred 265 = two hundred ( and ) sixty-five

300 = three hundred 389 = three hundred ( and ) eighty-nine
400 = four hundred 472 = four hundred ( and ) seventy-two
500 = five hundred 531 = five hundred ( and ) thirty-one
600 = six hundred 617 = six hundred ( and ) seventeen
700 = seven hundred 745 = seven hundred ( and ) forty-five
800 = eight hundred 853 = eight hundred ( and ) fifty-three
900 = nine hundred 999 = nine hundred ( and ) ninety-nine
1 000 = one thousand 1 025 = one thousand ( and ) twenty-five

2 000 = two thousand 2 300 = two thousand three hundred
3 000 = three thousand 3 250 = three thousand two hundred ( and ) fifty
4 000 = four thousand 4 538 = four thousand five hundred ( and ) thirty-eight
5 000 = five thousand 5 720 = five thousand seven hundred ( and ) twenty
6 000 = six thousand 6 370 = six thousand three hundred ( and ) seventy
7 000 = seven thousand 7 008 = seven thousand ( and ) eight
8 000 = eight thousand 8 362 = eight thousand three hundred ( and ) sixty-two
9 000 = nine thousand 9 999 = nine thousand nine hundred ( and ) ninety-nine
10 000 = ten thousand 12 074 = twelve thousand ( and ) seventy-four

20 000 = twenty thousand 27 100 = twenty-seven thousand one hundred
30 000 = thirty thousand 33 300 = thirty-three thousand three hundred
40 000 = forty thousand 45 750 = forty-five thousand seven hundred ( and ) fifty
50 000 = fifty thousand 52 805 = fifty-two thousand eight hundred ( and ) five
60 000 = sixty thousand 66 057 = sixty-six thousand ( and ) fifty-seven
70 000 = seventy thousand 71 900 = seventy-one thousand nine hundred
80 000 = eighty thousand 86 004 = eighty-six thousand ( and ) four
90 000 = ninety thousand 99 999 = ninety-nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine
100 000 = one hundred thousand 108 700 = one hundred thousand ( and ) eight seven hundred
200 000 = two hundred thousand 240 300 = two hundred thousand ( and ) forty three hundred
300 000 = three hundred thousand 350 200 = three hundred thousand ( and ) fifty two hundred
400 000 = four hundred thousand 470 100 = four hundred thousand ( and ) seventy one hundred
500 000 = five hundred thousand 580 400 = five hundred thousand ( and ) eighty four hundred
600 000 = six hundred thousand 610 800 = six hundred thousand ( and ) ten eight hundred
700 000 = seven hundred thousand 760 500 = seven hundred thousand ( and ) sixty five hundred
800 000 = eight hundred thousand 802 600 = eight hundred thousand ( and ) two six hundred
900 000 = nine hundred thousand 900 900 = nine hundred thousand nine hundred
1 000 000 = one million
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13. Ordinal Numbers
1 st First 11 th Eleventh 21 st twenty-first 31 st thirty-first

2 nd second 12 th Twelfth 22 nd twenty-second 40 th Fortieth
3 rd Third 13 th Thirteenth 23 rd twenty-third 50 th Fiftieth
4 th fourth 14 th Fourteenth 24 th twenty-fourth 60 th Sixtieth
5 th Fifth 15 th Fifteenth 25 th twenty-fifth 70 th Seventieth
6 th sixth 16 th Sixteenth 26 th twenty-sixth 80 th Eightieth
7 th seventh 17 th Seventeenth 27 th twenty-seventh 90 th Ninetieth
8 th eighth 18 th Eighteenth 28 th twenty-eighth 100 th one hundredth
9 th ninth 19 th Nineteenth 29 th twenty-ninth 1,000 th one thousandth
10 th tenth 20 th Twentieth 30 th thirtieth 1,000,000 th one millionth
Notes:
. Most ordinal numbers finish in “th”.
. We use them for dates in calendars, for example: May 31st, July 28th.
. We use them in names of kings and queens but in Roman numbers:
- Henry VIII ( We say: Henry “the” Eighth )
- Elizabeth II ( We say: Elizabeth “the” Second )
- Exercises. Write the following ordinal numbers into letters.
a. 15th =
b. 7th =
c. 42nd =
d. 31st =
e. 11th =
f. 60th =
g. 85th =
h. 57th =
i. 73rd =
j. 12th =
33
UNIT 3: FREQUENCY ADVERBS, CAN; PAST TENSE OF BE AND

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS.
1. Frequency Adverbs. We use frequency adverbs to say how often something happens.
Always about 100% Rule:
usually / generally about 80% -Use frequency adverbs before verbs:
often about 70% She never reads. T hey usually play soccer.
sometimes about 50% -Use frequency adverbs after the verb be:
seldom / rarely about 20% She is never at home. They are usually late.
never about 00%
• Make sentences with frequency adverbs by using the information in parentheses.
1. ( I / study / on Sundays ) ( usually ) _I usually study on Sundays.
2. ( they / close / the door ) ( never )
3. ( she / read / a book ) ( often )
4. ( you and I / go / to a party ) ( sometimes )
5. ( my father / climb / a rock ) ( seldom )
6. ( I / play / in Yungay ) ( always )
7. ( my sisters / run / together ) ( generally )
8. ( he / work / hard ) ( never )
9. ( Maria / write / a letter ) ( rarely )
10. ( the cat / eat / its food ) ( always )
11. ( Liz / do / her homework ) ( usually )
12. ( they / swim / in the pool ) ( seldom )
13. ( my friends / walk / in the park ) ( generally )
14. ( she / make / a cake ) ( sometimes )
15. ( grandpa / buy / the newspaper ) ( often )
16. ( John / drive / his car ) ( rarely )
17. ( he / listen / to music ) ( always)
18. ( we / travel / by plane ) ( never )
19. ( my brother / wash / the dishes ) ( seldom )
20. ( you / visit / your mother ) ( usually )
34
- Listening.
The Scientist by Coldplay
Come up to meet you, tell you I'm sorry

You don't know how lovely you are
I had to find you

Tell you I need you
Tell you I set you apart
Tell me your secrets

And ask me your questions
Oh, let´s go back to the start
Running in circles
Coming up tails
Heads on a science apart. Coldplay
Nobody said it was easy

It's such a shame for us to part
No one ever said it would be this hard
Oh, take me back to the start.
I was just guessing

At numbers and figures
Pulling the puzzles apart
Questions of science
Science and progress
Do not speak as loud as my heart
Tell me you love me

Come back and haunt me
Oh, and I rush to the start
Running in circles
Chasing our tails
Coming back as we are

Oh it's such a shame for us to part
No one ever said it would be so hard
I'm going back to the start
35
2. “Can” for Ability.

We use “can” when we talk about abilities that people or animals are able to do. It always
has the same form in the present tense. Verbs always have the same form after “can”.
SUBJECT CAN VERB OBJECT .
I can drive a plane.
You can drive a plane.
He can drive a plane.
She can drive a plane.
It can drive a plane.
We can drive a plane.
You can drive a plane.
They can drive a plane.
SUBJECT CAN VERB OBJECT .
I can drive a plane.
36
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT CAN NOT VERB OBJECT .
I can not drive a plane.
You can not drive a plane.
He can not drive a plane.
She can not drive a plane.
It can not drive a plane.
We can not drive a plane.
You can not drive a plane.
They can not drive a plane.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT CAN NOT VERB OBJECT .
I can not drive a plane.
37
CAN SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Can I drive a plane ?
Can you drive a plane ?
Can he drive a plane ?
Can she drive a plane ?
Can it drive a plane ?
Can we drive a plane ?
Can you drive a plane ?
Can they drive a plane ?
CAN SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Can I drive a plane ?
38
Rule:
The verb “be” is the same after can.
She can be a doctor. √
- Exercises. She can is a doctor. X
a. Make affirmative and negative sentences with can. Use the information in parentheses.
1. ( she / study / Chinese ) She can study Chinese.
2. ( they / not / open / the door )
3. ( we / read / the book )
4. ( you and I / go / to the party )
5. ( my father / not / climb / that rock )
6. ( I / not / live / in Yungay )
7. ( my sisters / run / tomorrow )
8. ( he / work / alone )
9. ( Maria / not / write / that letter )
10. ( the cat / not / eat / its food )
b. Make interrogative sentences with can. Use the information in parentheses.

1. ( Liz / do / her homework ) Can Liz do her homework?
2. ( they / swim / in the pool )
3. ( my friends / walk / in the park )
5. ( grandpa / get / the newspaper )
6. ( John / drive / his new car )
7. ( he / listen / to music )
8. ( we / move / in October )
9. ( my brother / teach / English )
10. ( you / come / to the party )
39
3. Past Tense of “Be”.

was
be
were The verb “be” has two forms
in the past tense:
I was - was
- were
You were
He was
She was
It was We Rule: Contractions are possible only

between “was”/“were” and not:
were You - I was = no contraction
- You were = no contraction
were - was not = wasn´t
- were not = weren´t
They were
- Exercises: Fill in the blanks with “was” or “were”.

I She You
You It They
He We
4. Short Answers:
- Affirmative Short Answers - Negative Short Answers
Yes, I was. No, I wasn´t.

Yes, you were. No, you weren´t.
Yes, he was. No, he wasn´t.
Yes, she was. No, she wasn´t.
Yes, it was. No, it wasn´t.
Yes, we were. No, we weren´t.
Yes, you were. No, you weren´t.
Yes, they were. No, they weren´t.
40
5. Sentences:
I was a child .
You were a child.
He was a child.
She was a child.
It was a book.
We were children.
You were children.
They were children.
I in Huaraz.
were in Lima.
He in Caraz.
was in Yungay.
It in the garden.
were in Peru.
You in Mexico.
were in Trujillo.
41
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I was not a child .
You were not a child.
He was not a child.
She was not a child.
It was not a book.
We were not children.
You were not children.
They were not children.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
was not in Huaraz.
You not in Lima.
was in Caraz.
She in Yungay.
was in the garden.
We in Peru.
were in Mexico.
They in Trujillo.
42
Was I a child ?
Were you a child ?
Was he a child ?
Was she a child ?
Was it a book ?
Were we children ?
Were you children ?
Were they children ?
Was in Huaraz ?
you in Lima
Was in Caraz
she in Yungay
Was in the garden
we in Peru
Were in Mexico
they in Trujillo
43
- Exercises.
a. Make affirmative and negative sentences with was or were. Use the information in parentheses.
1. ( she / a good writer ) She was a good writer.
2. ( they / not / students )
3. ( we / in Mexico )
4. ( you and I / classmates )
5. ( my father / not / at home )
6. ( I / not / in Yungay )
7. ( my sisters / sick )
8. ( he / alone )
9. ( Maria / not / my friend )
10. ( the cat / not / in the living room )
b. Make interrogative sentences with was or were. Use the information in parentheses.
1. ( she / a good writer ) Was she a good writer?
2. ( they / students )
3. ( we / in Mexico )
4. ( you and I / classmates )
5. ( my father / at home )
6. ( I / in Yungay )
7. ( my sisters / sick )
8. ( he / alone )
9. ( Maria / my friend )
10. ( the cat / in the living room )
44
6. Simple Past Tense: We use it to express that an action started and finished at a specific
time in the past.

I lived in Huaraz.
You lived in Huaraz.
He lived in Huaraz.
She lived in Huaraz.
It lived in Huaraz.
We lived in Huaraz.
You lived in Huaraz.
They lived in Huaraz.
I lived in Huaraz.
Rule:
We use the Simple Past Tense form of the verbs only in affirmative
sentences.
Rule:
In negative and interrogative sentences the verbs are written in
their base form.
45
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT DID NOT VERB OBJECT .
I did not live in Huaraz.
You did not live in Huaraz.
He did not live in Huaraz.
She did not live in Huaraz.
It did not live in Huaraz.
We did not live in Huaraz.
You did not live in Huaraz.
They did not live in Huaraz.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT DID NOT VERB OBJECT .
I did not live in Huaraz.
Rule: Contraction:
The auxiliary “did” only appears in did not = didn´t
negative and interrogative sentences.
46
DID SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Did I live in Huaraz ?
Did you live in Huaraz ?
Did he live in Huaraz ?
Did she live in Huaraz ?
Did it live in Huaraz ?
Did we live in Huaraz ?
Did you live in Huaraz ?
Did they live in Huaraz ?
DID SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Did I live in Huaraz ?
Note:
These rules can be used for both Regular and Irregular Verbs.
47
7. Past Tense of Regular Verbs.

• To make the past tense of most Regular Verbs, we add the suffix “ed” at the end of a
Regular Verb. Examples: comb combed, smell smelled, melt melted, etc.
• If a Regular Verb already finishes in “e”, we only add “d” at the end of it.
Examples: damage damaged, bake baked, place placed, etc.
• If a Regular Verb of one syllable finishes in CVC ( Consonant-Vowel-Consonant ), we
double the last consonant and then we add “ed” at the end of it.
Examples: ban banned, drop dropped, plan planned, etc.
• If a Regular Verb finishes in “y”, and there´s a consonant before it we drop that “y” and
then we add “ied” at the end of it.
Examples: bury buried, dry dried, try tried, etc.
LIST OF REGULAR VERBS
Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense
accept accepted kiss kissed
add added like liked
admire admired listen ( to ) listened ( to )
answer answered live lived
arrive arrived look looked
belong belonged love loved
call called miss missed
change changed need needed
clean cleaned offer offered
close closed open opened
collect collected order ordered
complete completed paint painted
cook cooked remember remembered
copy copied repeat repeated
cry cried return returned
dance danced start started
decide decided stay stayed
describe described stop stopped
discover discovered study studied
divide divided talk talked
end ended travel traveled
enjoy enjoyed use used
explain explained visit visited
finish finished wait waited
guess guessed walk walked
happen happened want wanted
help helped wash washed
imagine imagined watch watched
join joined wish wished
jump jumped work worked
48
8. Past Tense of Irregular Verbs.

• There are no rules for Irregular Verbs to form their past, they don´t need “ed” at the end
of them; sometimes they change a letter, they change completely or they don´t suffer any
change.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle
arise arose arisen lead led led
be ( am, is, are ) was / were been learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
become became become leave left left
begin began begun lend lent lent
bite bit bitten let let let
blow blew blown lose lost lost
break broke broken make made made
bring brought brought mean meant meant
build built built meet met met
buy bought bought pay paid paid
catch caught caught put put put
choose chose chosen quit quit/quitted quit/quitted
come came come read read read
cost cost cost ride rode ridden
cut cut cut ring rang rung
deal dealt dealt run ran run
do did done say said said
draw drew drawn see saw seen
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed sell sold sold
drink drank drunk send sent sent
drive drove driven set set set
eat ate eaten shake shook shaken
fall fell fallen shine shone shone
feed fed fed shoot shot shot
feel felt felt shut shut shut
fight fought fought sing sang sung
find found found sit sat sat
fly flew flown sleep slept slept
forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken
forgive forgave forgiven spend spent spent
forsake forsook forsaken steal stole stolen
freeze froze frozen sting stung stung
get got got strike struck struck
give gave given swear swore sworn
go went gone sweep swept swept
grow grew grown swim swam swum
hang hung hung take took taken
have had had teach taught taught
hear heard heard tell told told
hide hid hidden think thought thought
hit hit hit throw threw thrown
hold held held understand understood understood
hurt hurt hurt weep wept wept
keep kept kept win won won
know knew known write wrote written
49
Note:
The past form of Regular and Irregular Verbs are the same
for any subject, even if it is in plural or singular.
- Time Expressions.
When the past tense is clear in a sentence, we don´t need anything else. However,
sometimes it is necessary to use time expressions in the past tense.
Here we have some of them:
- last night.
- last Saturday, last week, last month, last year.
- three hours ago, four days ago, five weeks ago, ten years ago.
- yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon, yesterday evening.
- in 1987, in 2000.
- Exercises.
a. Make affirmative sentences in the past tense. Use the information in parentheses.
1. ( he / study / Japanese / last year ) _He studied Japanese last year.
2. ( they / watch / the movie / yesterday )
3. ( we / find / your book / last week )
4. ( my family / go / to Lima )
5. ( I / stay / home )
6. ( my brother / win / the race )
7. ( the children / lose / the check )
8. ( he / paint / the room )
9. ( Rosa / break / the letter )
10. ( the bell / ring )
Note:
The past tense talks about an action already finished. So,
don´t be surprised if somebody says a sentence in the past
tense even today. Example: I visited my mother in the
morning.
50
- More exercises.
b. Make negative sentences in the past tense. Use the information in parentheses.
1. ( Sandra / pay / the rent / last month ) Sandra didn´t pay the rent last month._
2. ( Carlos / walk / the dog )
3. ( my friends / come / yesterday )
4. ( she / know / the answer )
5. ( he and she / copy / the exercises )
6. ( my hamsters / eat / their food )
7. ( my brother / do / his homework )
8. ( Jorge / hide / your bag )
9. ( he / write / that note )
10. ( we / work / last night )
c. Make interrogative sentences in the past tense. Use the information in parentheses.
1. ( Juan / visit / his parents / last week ) Did Juan visit his parents last week?
2. ( what / happen / yesterday morning )
3. ( the dog / break / the lamp )
4. ( my father / buy / a new car )
5. ( who / call / last night )
6. ( you / forget / my birthday )
7. ( he / bring / the keys )
8. ( they / read / the magazine )
9. ( Rebeca / spend / all the money )
10. ( you / hear / the news )
51
UNIT 4: SHOULD, PRESENT PERFECT AND FUTURE.

1. Should. We use “should ” or “shouldn´t” for giving advices. “should” or “shouldn´t”
can be used for any noun or personal pronoun. Use any verb in its base form after
“should” or “shouldn´t”. Examples: Anthony should study. My brother should study.
He should study. Your friends should study.
Note:
We use the interrogative form with “I” to ask for advice.
Should I stay or should I go?
Exercises: Fill in the blanks with should or shouldn´t and give advices.
1. She shouldn´t work until very late.
2. You visit a doctor if you aren´t feeling well.
3. He listen to music so loud.
4. Nobody use drugs.
5. Everybody do exercises. It´s good for our health.
6. Children play with knives.
7. Maria cheat on her boyfriend.
8. You sister get up. It´s 9:00 a.m.
9. You change the way you are. You are an excellent person.
10. We eat food with a lot of fat.
11. Sandra apologize. She made a big mistake.
12. Your brother investigate before accusing.
13. Martin hit his little brother.
14. They go home. Their mother must be worried.
15. He drive if he is drunk.
Note:
Both “should” and “shouldn´t” can be used to give “good”
advices.
52
2. Personal Pronouns: Object Pronouns. These pronouns are used to take place of a
direct object or an indirect object ( after a verb ) or an object ( after a preposition ). So,
they can never be the subject of a sentence, for a subject we use subject pronouns.
Let´s see this in the following chart, but just for their position in a sentence.
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
I me
You you
He him
She her
It it
We us
You you
They them
Example and explanation:

Sentence: I love you.
- “I” is a subject pronoun and it´s the subject of the sentence.
- “you” is an object pronoun and it´s the object of the verb “love”.
Note:
We should be very careful with the position of the pronouns in a
sentence to identify if they are subject or object pronouns.
- Object pronouns not only go after a verb, but also after a preposition.
Examples: This book is for him. Listen to me. She´s behind you.
LIST OF PREPOSITIONS
about behind for off to
above below from on toward
across beside in out under
after between inside of outside up
against beyond into over upon
around by like since with
at down near through without
before except of till
53
- Exercises. Write the right object pronouns of the words in bold.

1. We bought a book yesterday. = We bought it yesterday.
2. They need my brother. = They need .
3. I miss my cat. = I miss .
4. The present is for your sister. = The present is for .
5. Call your parents. = Call .
6. Your father brought a bike for your little brother. = Your father brought for _.
7. Listen to your father! = Listen to !
8. My friend knows Carhuaz. = My friend knows .
9. She visited her grandma last week. = She visited last week.
10. The dog is playing with the ball. = The dog is playing with .
- Conversation.
Antonio : Good evening, Dad!
Mr. Alva : Good evening, Antonio!
Antonio : There´s a party tonight. Could you lend me 100 soles?
Mr. Alva : 100 soles? Are you kidding?
Antonio : No, Dad. Today is Carla´s birthday. I want to buy a gift for her.
Mr. Alva : But 100 soles is too much. Give her a cheaper present.
Antonio : Come on, Dad! You know I like her.
Mr. Alva : I see. Well, here you are.
Antonio : Thank you very much!
Mr. Alva : Where is the party?
Antonio : At El Embrujo.
Mr. Alva : What time will you be back?
Antonio : Is two oćlock in the morning ok?
Mr. Alva : Ok. But call me if something bad happens.
54
3. Possessive Pronouns. ( Possessive adjectives can be found on page 7 )

Possessive pronouns are different from possessive adjectives, they don´t need a noun,
they can stand by themselves in a sentence.
Examples:
- It´s my book. Your book is red. This is his car.
- It´s mine. Yours is red. This is his.
Subject Object Possessive Possessive

Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns
I me my book(s) mine
You you your car(s) yours
He him his bag(s) his
She her her brother(s) hers
It it its toy(s) its
We us our teacher(s) ours
You you your friend(s) yours
They them their house(s) theirs
- Exercises. Choose the words from the parentheses and write them in the blanks.
1. She is her_ sister Andrea. Rosa misses her_ a lot. ( her / her / she )
2. name is Antonio. lives in house. ( he / his / my )
3. is a big present and is for . ( it / it / me )
4. Martin and Sara study English. like so much. ( it / they )
5. Peru has nice places and people are very friendly. is beautiful. ( it / its )
6. Luis thinks mother is excellent, but I think is better. I love ( her / his / mine )
7. bought a bunch of flowers. is for mother. ( it / her / she )
8. Please, tell that need dictionary. ( him / his / I )
9. won the contest. song was the best. needs more rhythm. ( her / she / yours )
10. told yesterday that had to travel. ( me / she / we )
55
4. Present Perfect. We use this tense to tell that something happened in the past, but it is
not important “when” exactly. We use the auxiliary “have”/ “has” and the past participle of a verb.
SUBJECT HAVE/ HAS ( AUX. ) VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE OBJECT.
I have eaten a hamburger.
You have eaten a hamburger.
He has eaten a hamburger.
She has eaten a hamburger.
It has eaten a hamburger.
We have eaten a hamburger.
You have eaten a hamburger.
They have eaten a hamburger.
SUBJECT HAVE/ HAS ( AUX. ) VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE OBJECT.
I eaten a hamburger.
You a hamburger.
He eaten a hamburger.
She a hamburger.
It eaten a hamburger.
We a hamburger.
You eaten a hamburger.
They a hamburger.
56
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT HAVE/ HAS ( AUX. ) NOT VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE OBJECT .
I have not eaten a hamburger.
You have not eaten a hamburger.
He has not eaten a hamburger.
She has not eaten a hamburger.
It has not eaten a hamburger.
We have not eaten a hamburger.
You have not eaten a hamburger.
They have not eaten a hamburger.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT HAVE/ HAS ( AUX. ) NOT VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE OBJECT .
I eaten a hamburger.
You not a hamburger.
He eaten a hamburger.
She not a hamburger.
It eaten a hamburger.
We not a hamburger.
You eaten a hamburger.
They not a hamburger.
Note: Notes:
- We use the auxiliary have with: I, you, we, they. - We use the past participle of
- We use the auxiliary has with: he, she, it. irregular verbs.
- The past participle of regular
verbs is equal to their past tense.
57
HAVE/ HAS ( AUX. ) SUBJECT VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE OBJECT ?
Have I eaten a hamburger ?
Have you eaten a hamburger ?
Has he eaten a hamburger ?
Has she eaten a hamburger ?
Has it eaten a hamburger ?
Have we eaten a hamburger ?
Have you eaten a hamburger ?
Have they eaten a hamburger ?
HAVE/ HAS ( AUX. ) SUBJECT VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE OBJECT ?
Have I a hamburger ?
you eaten a hamburger ?
Has he a hamburger ?
she eaten a hamburger ?
Has it a hamburger ?
we eaten a hamburger ?
Have you a hamburger ?
they eaten a hamburger ?

Note: Note:
- For the past participle of irregular - For the past participle ( past tense is equal ) of
verbs, see the list on page 49. regular verbs, see the list on page 48.
58
- Exercises.
a. Make affirmative and negative sentences in Present Perfect. Use the information in parentheses.
1. ( she / study / English ) She has studied English._
2. ( they / not / break / the door )
3. ( Rosa / read / the book )
4. ( we / forget / the fruit )
6. ( I / not / feed / the dog )
7. ( our soccer players / win / the game )
8. ( he / not / work / lately )
9. ( Maria / not / write / her name )
10. ( my sisters / not / eat / yet )
b. Make interrogative sentences in Present Perfect. Use the information in parentheses.

1. ( you / do / your homework ) Have you done your homework?
2. ( you / ever / travel / to Lima )
3. ( your friends / enjoy / the trip )
4. ( Santiago / make / a decision )
5. ( your parents / get / the tickets )
6. ( Ana / forgive / your lies )
7. ( you / hear / the news )
8. ( we / ever / need / her help )
9. ( my brother / change / his mind )
10. ( the dog / return / the keys )
59
5. Future. We can form the future with two auxiliaries: “Will” and “be going to”.
5.1. Future with “will”. We use “will” when we make predictions, promises or when we
decide to do something suddenly. “will” and the verb used are the same for all nouns.
SUBJECT WILL VERB OBJECT .
I will travel tomorrow.
You will travel tomorrow.
He will travel tomorrow.
She will travel tomorrow.
It will travel tomorrow.
We will travel tomorrow.
You will travel tomorrow.
They will travel tomorrow.
SUBJECT WILL VERB OBJECT .
I will travel tomorrow.
60
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT WILL NOT VERB OBJECT .
I will not travel tomorrow.
You will not travel tomorrow.
He will not travel tomorrow.
She will not travel tomorrow.
It will not travel tomorrow.
We will not travel tomorrow.
You will not travel tomorrow.
They will not travel tomorrow.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT WILL NOT VERB OBJECT .
I will not travel tomorrow.
Contraction: Rule:
will not = won´t -Always use contractions in negative short answers.
61
WILL SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Will I travel tomorrow ?
Will you travel tomorrow ?
Will he travel tomorrow ?
Will she travel tomorrow ?
Will it travel tomorrow ?
Will we travel tomorrow ?
Will you travel tomorrow ?
Will they travel tomorrow ?
WILL SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ?
Will I travel tomorrow ?
Rule:
-Most auxiliaries follow the same rules as the verb “be” for making
affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.
62
- Exercises.
a. Make affirmative and negative sentences in future with “will” by using the
information in parentheses.
1. ( he / finish / the race ) He will finish the race.
2. ( they / remember / this day )
3. ( we / not / travel / to Tacna )
4. ( he / not / be / the next president )
5. ( you / need / my help )
6. ( I / not / buy / the book )
7. ( they / lose / the contest )
8. ( she / not / forget / him )
9. ( Pedro / complete / the task )
10. ( Peru / win / the game )
b. Make interrogative sentences in future with “will” by using the information in

parentheses.
1. ( they / come / to Peru ) Will they come to Peru?
2. ( Teresa / visit / me )
3. ( you / play / with us )
5. ( Cesar / study / English )
6. ( my sister / arrive / early )
7. ( he / wear / blue jeans )
8. ( they / read / the letter )
9. ( my hamster / be / fine )
10. ( you / copy / the exercise )
63
5.2. Future with “be going to”. We use “be going to” when we have plans, when we
have decided to do something or when something is more likely to happen. We have to
use “am”,“is” or “are”, according to the noun or subject pronoun, then “going to”.
SUBJECT BE ( AUX. ) GOING TO VERB OBJECT .
I am going to travel on Sunday.
You are going to travel on Sunday.
He is going to travel on Sunday.
She is going to travel on Sunday.
It is going to travel on Sunday.
We are going to travel on Sunday.
You are going to travel on Sunday.
They are going to travel on Sunday.
SUBJECT BE ( AUX. ) GOING TO VERB OBJECT .
I am going to travel on Sunday.
64
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT BE ( AUX. ) NOT GOING TO VERB OBJECT .
I am not going to travel on Sunday.
You are not going to travel on Sunday.
He is not going to travel on Sunday.
She is not going to travel on Sunday.
It is not going to travel on Sunday.
We are not going to travel on Sunday.
You are not going to travel on Sunday.
They are not going to travel on Sunday.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT BE ( AUX. ) NOT GOING TO VERB OBJECT .
I am not going to travel on Sunday.
on Sunday.
on Sunday.
on Sunday.
on Sunday.
on Sunday.
on Sunday.
on Sunday.
Rule:
- For the negative form, we only add “not” after the verb “be”.
65
BE ( AUX. ) SUBJECT GOING TO VERB OBJECT ?
Am I going to travel on Sunday?
Are you going to travel on Sunday?
Is he going to travel on Sunday?
Is she going to travel on Sunday?
Is it going to travel on Sunday?
Are we going to travel on Sunday?
Are you going to travel on Sunday?
Are they going to travel on Sunday?
BE ( AUX. ) SUBJECT GOING TO VERB OBJECT?
Am I going to travel on Sunday?
on Sunday?
on Sunday?
on Sunday?
on Sunday?
on Sunday?
on Sunday?
on Sunday?
Rule:
- For the interrogative form, the verb “be” ( am, is, are ) comes first and
then the subject.
66
- Exercises.
a. Make affirmative and negative sentences in future with “be going to” by using
the information in parentheses.
1. ( he / begin / a new book ) He is going to begin a new book.
2. ( they / travel / next week )
3. ( we / not / have / the party )
4. ( he / not / walk / tomorrow )
5. ( it / rain / later )
6. ( I / not / finish / this project )
7. ( my brother / come / this year )
8. ( she / not / study / next semester )
9. ( Pedro / receive / the prize )
10. ( the show / start / at eight oćlock )
b. Make interrogative sentences in future with “be going to” by using the
information in parentheses.
1. ( they / open / a stand ) Are they going to open a stand?_
2. ( my sister / buy / the gifts )
3. ( you / play / next week )
4. ( she / run / on Saturday )
5. ( Eduardo / copy / the homework )
6. ( we / visit / my aunt )
7. ( he / enter / the contest )
8. ( they / use / the car )
9. ( my brother / get married )
10. ( you / paint / your house )
67
- Listening.
Sing by Travis
Baby, you've been going so crazy,

Lately nothing seems to be going right.
So low, why do you have to get so low?
You're so...
You've been waiting in the sun too long.
(Chorus)
But if you sing, sing, sing, sing, sing, sing,
For the love you bring won't mean a thing,
Unless you sing, sing, sing, sing.
Travis
Colder, crying over your shoulder,
Hold her, tell her everything's gonna be fine.
Surely, you've been going too hurry,
Hurry 'cos no-one's gonna be stopped.
Na na na na...
(Chorus)
But if you sing, sing, sing, sing sing, sing.
For the love you bring won't mean a thing.
Unless you sing, sing, sing, sing, sing, sing,
Uhhh...Ahh ahh..uhhh...
Baby, there's something going on today,

But I say nothing, nothing, nothing,
Nothing, nothing, nothing, nothing...(fades out)
(Chorus)
But if you sing, sing, sing, sing, sing, sing,
Ohh baby sing, sing, sing, sing, sing, sing,

68
Bibliography
• Anne Seaton & Y. H. Mew ( 2007 ), Basic English Grammar for English Languages
Learners, U.S.A, Saddleback Educational Publishing.
• Maria Carlin & Sandi Jervis ( 2002 ), Grammar Time 3, England, Pearson Education Limited
Edingburgh Gate, Harlow Essex CM20 2JE.
• Samuela Eckstut ( 2003 ), Focus On Grammar, An Introductory Course for reference and Practice,
U.S.A., Pearson Education.
• Song 1: “Baby can I hold you?” by Tracy Chapman, from the album “Tracy Chapman” released
in 1988.
• Song 2: “All you have to do is dream” by The Everly Brothers, a single released in 1958.
• Song 3: “The scientist ” by Coldplay, from the album “A Rush of Blood to the Head”, released in
2002.
• Song 4: “Sing” by Travis, from the album “The Invisible Band”, released in 2001.
• Pictures on page 8, from web page http://carlicaturascarlosmedina.blogspot.com/
69

Practical English Verb 'Be

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Practical English Verb 'Be

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Made for Beginners – A Practical Course with a lot of Practice, by Elí Rodríguez,UNASAM-2011

UNIT 1: THE VERB “BE”, POSSESSIVE NOUNS AND

1. Personal Pronouns: Subject Pronouns

2nd Person You Plural

3rd Person They

c. Maria d. The girls

e. The dog f. The dogs

g. You and I h. John, Luisa and Gloria

i. John, Pedro and Luis j. Luisa, Gloria and Maria

k. The house l. The houses

o. The hamsters p. Hope

q. Mr. Rodriguez r. Ms. Cerna

s. John, Maria and You t. Huaraz, Chiclayo and Lima

2. The Verb “Be”:

- Exercises: Fill in the blanks with “am”, “is” or “are”.

- Fill in the blanks with short forms (contractions).

You are = -Long Form: I am

He is = -Short Form: I´m

SUBJECT VERB ( TO BE ) OBJECT .

You are a lawyer.

You are nurses.

They are lawyers.

SUBJECT VERB ( TO BE ) OBJECT .

SUBJECT VERB ( TO BE ) NOT OBJECT.

You are a lawyer.

She is not a nurse.

We are not doctors.

You are not nurses.

They are not lawyers.

SUBJECT VERB ( TO BE ) NOT OBJECT.

You not in Lima.

VERB ( TO BE ) SUBJECT OBJECT ?

Are you a lawyer ?

Are you nurses ?

Are they lawyers ?

VERB ( TO BE ) SUBJECT OBJECT ?

Rules: - There is not “a question mark” at the beginning of interrogative sentences.

Yes, I am. No, I´m not.

• We don´t use contractions in affirmative short answers.

• Always use contractions in negative short answers.

- Exercises: Answer the following questions with short answers:

2. Is Jaime Bayly the president of Peru?

3. Is the UNASAM University in Huaraz?

4. Is your mother in Yungay?

5. Are Maria and Pedro your friends?

6. Are Pedro and I classmates?

7. Are you a boy?

8. Are you and I in the same classroom?

9. Are the dogs in the garden?

10. Am I your best friend?

5. Indefinite Article: a/an

5. taxi 6. UFO 7. orange 8. doctor

9. hour 10. bus 11. radio 12. “m”

13. elevator 14. friend 15. university 16. song

17. “s” 18. unit 19. engineer 20. student

( It ) its : - its toy -

Carlos : Nice to meet you, Andrea.

Andrea: Nice to meet you, too. more = +

Andrea: Yes, I am.

- Now, practice giving your own information:

Student A : Are you in this English class?

Student B : Yes, I am.