Technology for Eco-friendly Solution of

Human Waste Disposal

Dr V. Vasudevan
Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior
vasudevan.v@drde.drdo.in
 BIODIGESTER
BACTERIA
(INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium
developed by acclimatization /
enrichment of microbes at low
temperature and bio-augmentation
with critical group of bacteria

BIO-DIGESTER Fermentation container made of MS/

SS / FRP / LLDPE/RCC.

The dimensions and internal design

varies with no. Of users, water
availability and geo-climatic
conditions
100% ANAEROBIC PROCESS
SPECIAL FEATURES OF DRDO BIODIGESTER

LOW space
Low SPACErequirement
REQUIREMENT
Effluent is free from off odour
and safe for environmetal
discharge
Choice of material for
fabrication / construction
Maintenance free, no need to
Affordable clean the tank

Organic pollution reduction by

99% Permits toilet cleaning agents

Pathogen inactivation by 99%

Easy to transport and install

Viability in all geo-climatic
conditions prevalent in the
country
 Biodigester is made of mild steel/ SS/
Fermentation device seeded with cold FRP/ bricks Dimensions and internal
BIODIGESTER active bacterial cocktail for accelerated design vary with no. of users, water
TECHNOLOGY degradation of organic waste availability & geo-climatic conditions

Biodigester

Stationary Biodigester Biodigester for

mobile vehicles

For Civil application

For Armed Forces (10000)
(166) For Indian
Railways (40000)

For coastal For cold For

areas climates House
For Snow For Soil (Lakshadweep) (Laddakh) Boats
Bound Bound
Regions Regions
 LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY

 Volume depends upon the number of users

 Septic tank may be converted
 Masonry work needs common building material like brick,
sand, stone-chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrix
S. No. of Users *Volumeof Septic Volume of
No Tank (m3) Biodigester (m3)
.
1 5 1.12 0.7
2 10 1.8 1.2
3 15 2.34 1.7
4 20 3.28 2.3
5 50 10 6
6 100 19.87 9
7 150 30 12
8 200 39.6 14
9 300 60 17
 LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY

 Volume depends upon the number of users

 Septic tank may be converted
 Masonry work needs common building material like brick,
sand, stone-chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrix

No. of Users Volume (m3) Cost (approximate)

4-6 (for a family) 1/2 ~10,000

~10 1 ~15,000
~50 3 30,000-40,000
~100 6 50,000-60,000
~200 10 1,00,000
BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER QUALITY

Parameters Septic Tank Biodigester/ Biotank + Reed

Biotank bed treatment

pH 6.7-7.5 7.0-7.2 7.0-7.5

Turbidity (NTU) 500-800 70-90 2-5
Total Suspended Solids 150-300 90-120 50-80
(mg/L)

TDS(mg/L) 500-850 350-450 100-300

VS (mg/100ml) 50-60 20-30 5-12
COD (mg/L) 1200-2000 250-300 15-25
BOD5 (mg/L) 350-500 70-120 2-4
Coliforms (MPN/ml) >3000 300-350 0-12
 SAFETY OF EFFLUENT

 Oral toxicity at 0.5% of effluent

Acute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
 No clinical signs such as excitability, CNS stimulation,
uncontrolled urination, bulging eyes, depression, etc
observed
 No change in biochemical parameters
Conclusion:
No toxicity found in both rat and fish models (Report:
DRLT/PT/Tech Report-Biodigester/01/2012, May 2012)
 CURRENT STATUS OF BIODIGESTERS

Installed so far

High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166

Indian Railways: ~40000

Plain areas: 10000 + 1837 (Lakshadweep)

Curent/ Future Assignments

UT of Lakshadweep: 10000 (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)

Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750 (M/s SuperFlow,

Industries, Gwalior)

UT of Daman: 50 (L1 selected)

Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)

FOR ANY ENQUIRY CONTACT
• Dr Lokendra Singh, Director, Defence R & D Establishment (DRDE),
Jhansi road, Gwalior – 474 002.
• Ph No - 0751-2341550, 2343972.
• Fax – 0751-2341148
• Email- director@drde.drdo.in

• Mr. S. Radhakrishnan, Director, Directorate of Industry Interface & Technology

Management (DIITM), DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi – 110011
• Ph No - 011-23013209
• Fax – 011-23793008
• Email- radkrishnan100@gmail.com

…………. for better health & Hygiene

Centralised Sewerage Solutions at Nagpur

Generation
Treatment
Recycle & Reuse

A Success Story

National Workshop on Sanitation at New Delhi

8 April 2016

12
 Sewerage Network

• The total area of city is

Map showing Sewerage Zones in NMC Jurisdiction
226.96 Sqkm.
• The present population
(2014) is 25.95 lacs.
• The city has been North Zone
divided into 3 sewerage
zones depending on the
topography.
Central
North Zone : North west & East
Zone
(Pili river)

Central Zone : Central Nagpur

(Nag river)
South Zone
South Zone : South west.
(Pora river)

13
Status

Present Sewage generation 345-400 MLD

Present Sewage Treatment 70-80 MLD (22%)

Area under sewerage network 70%

Total Length of Sewer lines 1670.00 kms

Diameter of Sewer lines Varies from 150 to 2600 mm

14
Sewage Generation & Treatment

Present & Proposed sewage generation and treatment upto 2031.

Particular North Central South Total

Sewerage Generated in
117.44 142.55 85.40 345.39 MLD
2014
Sewerage Generation in
185.39 189.50 135.63 510.52 MLD
2031 (forecasted)
Sewerage System
(pipeline- 150 mm to 2600 885.72 kms. 427.59 kms. 434.07 kms. 1747.38 kms.
mm)

15
completed projects

• Recycle & Reuse of Waste Water (NAG-016)

• Salient Features :
• This project has been taken up under JnNURM which consists of 130 MLD capacity
STP, Intake well & pumping station, 1200 mm dia MS pipeline of 18 Kms. length.

• The awarded cost of the project is Rs. 195.00 Crs. including O&M for 10 years.

• This recycled water shall be used by state power generation company for their cooling
towers & coal washeries at Koradi Thermal Power Station.

• This will save the equivalent amount of domestic potable water which is presently used
for this purpose.

• The pollution load of the Nag river will be reduced to a large extent.

• This project will fetch NMC Rs. 15.00 Crores per annum for 30 years with a rise of 10%
every three years.

• The project is already completed 2015 and under trial run by MAHAGENCO.

16
PROJECT COMPONENT & COST UNDER JnNURM

Sr. No. Components Cost approved by

JnNURM (Rs. In Lacs)
1 Module-A: Intake for raw sewage 274.30
2 Module-B: STP (Primary & 5000.00
Secondary )

3 Module-C:Tertary treatment) 4013.70

4 Module-D:(Transmission system) 2230.50

5 Module-E:(Interlinking of STPs) 1492.00

Total project cost 13010.50

17
Recycle & Reuse – NAG 016

Arial View of STP Bhandewadi

Upcoming projects

• Augmentation of existing 100 MLD STP to 200 MLD capacity (A

PPP initiative)
• Salient Features :
• The existing 100 MLD capacity plant is about 15 years old & the treatment capacity is
reduced to 70-80%.
• This plant needed immediate renovation & NMC decided to augment the existing
capacity to 200 MLD through PPP (Deferred Payment Basis).
• The work has been awarded at the cost of Rs. 261.00 Crs. including O&M for 30 years
& the capital work shall be completed in 3 years.
• The capital cost shall be borne by the PPP operator & shall be repaid by NMC during
the O&M period in EMIs.
• The work includes intake well & pumping station, STP, 17 Kms. pipeline work.
• PPP operator shall have the right to sell the recycled water. Out of it 25 Mld shall be
vested with NMC.
• If complete treated water is reused (sold), NMC shall get a revenue equivalent to its
O&M cost.

19
Upcoming projects

• Collection system for North Sewerage zone

• Salient Features :
• North Sewerage zone DPR costing Rs. 491.14 Crs. got approved by GOI under
JnNURM. NMC is yet to receive the grant-in-aid.

• The project includes Collection System & Trunk sewers, Sewage Pumping Station
(Civil, Elect & Mech. works), Sewage Pumping Mains.

• This will help in 100% coverage of sewerage system (Collection, transmission &
Treatment) as per Master plan of City for Yr. 2046

• Prevent the Pollution of Natural stream & Improve the hygienic condition of city.

• Help in Planned Infrastructural development work in City.

• Sewerage collection and treatment is also included in DPR of Nag River Pollution
Abatement Project considering Pili river as tributary of Nag river.

20
 Project Benefits

• Saving of 110 mld of fresh water, sufficient to cater 0.8 million

population.

• New STP of 130 mld will improve ecology and environment of

water bodies.

• Reliable and economical source of water for power plant

• Cost centre converted in to profit centre for Nagpur & source

of finance for additional STPs

• Saving in energy cost as alternative source need huge energy

for pumping.

• Opens the possibility of swap of existing fresh water

consumption of 140 mld in power plant, sufficient to meet 1.03
million population.
Where the mind is without fear and the
head is held high; Where knowledge is
free…………..
Where the world has not been broken up
into fragments; Into that heaven of
freedom, my Father, let my country
awake.- Rabindranath Tagore

Mission Swachh Bharat 2.10.19

Where the body is without fear and the
toilet is held high; Where cleanliness is
overfowing….
Where Cities are not divided into clean
and dirty….
Into that heaven Swachh Bharat, my
Father, let my country awake.-
Dream of Mahatma Gandhi
Dream of the Nation
Sanitation Mission 2nd October 2019…
• All 4,041 Statutory Towns
in scope
• Household toilets for 1.2
crore urban households
• Construct 2.52 lakh public
toilets seats
• Construct 2.56 lakh
community toilet seats
Sanitation Linked Objectives, under the
Mission
• Elimination of open defecation
• Eradication of Manual Scavenging
• To effect behavioral change regarding
healthy sanitation practices
• Generate awareness about sanitation
and its linkage with public health
• Capacity Augmentation for ULB’s
• To create an enabling environment for
private sector participation
AMRUT FINANCING NORMS………..Eligible components.

AMRUT Mission Components

Sewerage i. Decentralised, networked underground sewerage systems,
including augmentation of existing sewerage systems and sewage treatment
plants.
ii. Rehabilitation of old sewerage system and treatment plants.
iii. Recycling of water for beneficial purposes and reuse of wastewater.
Septage
i. Faecal Sludge Management- cleaning, transportation and treatment in a
cost effective manner.
ii. Mechanical and Biological cleaning of sewers and septic tanks.

4/27/2016 25
Full ODF Requires Swachh Bharat Mission & AMRUT to Converge

Swachh Bharat Mission AMRUT

Providing basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage) to

Mission

Ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation households and build amenities in cities which will
across the nation improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor
and the disadvantaged

• Elimination of open defecation • Water supply

Eradication of Manual Scavenging Sewerage facilities and septage management
Goals

• •
• To generate awareness & effect behavioral change • Storm water drains to reduce flooding
about sanitation

• Household toilets • Water Supply

Community & Public toilets Sewerage & Septage
Scope

• •
• IEC & Public Awareness • Reforms and management support
• Capacity building • Capacity building

Budget Outlay Rs. 62,000 Crore with Rs. 14,623 as Budget Outlay Rs. 1 Lakh Crore with Rs. 50,000 as
Funding

• •
Centre Contribution Centre Contribution
• Budget Available for 42 Cities – Rs. 1,650 Crores • Budget Available for 42 Cities – Rs. 4,500 Crores
AMRUT FINANCING NORMS

AMRUT Mission
.

One-third of the project cost as grant from GoI for cities with a
population of above 10 lakh.
One-half of the project cost as grant for cities/towns with
population up to 10 lakh.
Balance funding by State Governments /ULBs or through private
investment.
The tender will include O & M for five years based on user charges.
For the purpose of calculation of the project cost, the O&M cost will be excluded; however, the
States/ULBs will fund the O&M through an appropriate cost recovery mechanism in order to make
them self-reliant and cost-effective.

4/27/2016 27
AMRUT FINANCING NORMS

Thank you

J.B Ravinder
Joint Adviser (CPHEEO)
Ministry of Urban Development
4/27/2016 28
 Waste to Energy Project - Nashik
Co-processing of Organic Waste and Septage
A Project under the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of Govt. of Germany

National Urban Sanitation Workshop

7th to 8th April 2016
India Habitat Centre, Stein Auditorium, Lodhi Road New Delhi

Mr. B.G. Mali, Executive Engineer, Nashik Municipal Corporation

Mr. Jitendra M Yadav, Technical Expert, GIZ
Nashik Municipal Corporation – An Overview

•259 Sq.Km
General Info • Established in Nov.1982
• 6 Administrative Divisions/122wards

•1.5 Million (Census 2011) - Current 1.75 Million

Population • Floating Population : Approx. 01.1 Million daily
•2.5 to 5 Million during Kumbh Mela (Once in 12 Years)

Services • Water Supply, Sewerage Management, SWM, Health etc.

Solid Waste Management in Nashik
Municipal Solid Waste management
• Quantity: 375 TP

• Treatment and Disposal: Mechanical Composting & Biomethanation,

Sanitary Landfill, Mechanical Segregation, Inert Processing, RDF Plant, and
Animal carcass Incinerator

Collection and transportation

100 % door to door collection of waste by private operator
Monitoring by GPS

Dust Bin Free City since 1996

 Waste to Energy, Nashik : A Pilot Approach
The concept involves co-fermentation of the organic municipal solid
waste and fecal sludge
Advantages
 Combined treatment of two types of wastes (septage & solid waste).
 Anaerobic digestion ensures scientific treatment of fecal sludge.
 Reuse & recover supports the closure of material loops.
 Innovative business model improves economic viability.
 Contribution to climate protection goals.
 Approach for rapidly growing cities.
Project Partners
MoEFCC

Govt. of
Waste to
NMC energy
Maharash
-tra

GIZ
 Technology
10 -15 MTD

Collected by 30 MTD W2E

Organic kitchen Plant
Waste from Hotels Operator

10 -20 MTD Tipping fees paid by

NMC to Operator

Fresh septage

4500 kWh
Daily 25 - 30 MTD 1.5 -2 MTD

+ +
Electricity Treated Effluent Manure
1150 kWh electricity given free of Treated and disposed by Treated and sale by
cost to NMC by Operator Operator Operator (manure)

Positive conditions in Nashik

Waste to Energy: Steps for Implementation

 Pre-feasibility study * - Site selection

 Feasibility study - Project design (incl. baseline creation
through focused studies/assessments)
 Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation
 Operational model
 Business model
 Process negotiation with the partner and political
clearances
 Tendering process
 Construction ( current status)
 Commissioning
 Monitoring
Nashik – Key-criteria for Delhi
selection:

 Secured waste sources

 Well regulated collection system Nashik Raipur
for organic waste from hotels
 Provisions for utilization of the
produced energy into the state
power grid
 HR capacities of Nashik good
 Market for products – manure
Nashik
 Availability of compost plant Area: 259 Sq. Km,
 Land availability Population: 1.48 million (2011)
1.65 million (current)
Supportive studies and baseline assessment
Study on biogas generation potential of different mixtures of
organic waste and septage
• Admixture of organic waste to fecal sludge at 1:1.5 and 1:2 ratios gives
better biogas production as compared to other ratios.

Study for characterization and quantification of organic solid

waste generated in commercial establishments

Wastewater study from selected Community Toilet Complexes

(CTC) in Nashik:

• To assess the hydraulic load of the septic tanks inflow to ensure that
sufficient quantity of fecal sludge is available throughout the year.
 Detailed Project Report (DPR) Preparation (2011)

DPR prepared by an Indian consultant with detailed design, technical specification,

O&M Plan, business model, EHS plan.

Project Financials:
Capital Costs
Investment : approx. 1.2 Million Euro
 Grant will be provided by GIZ (upto 1 million euro)
 Additional investment (if any) from contractor (as per tender)

Operation and maintenance cost factors

 Collection and transportation
 Maintenance of the plant, staff

Expected Revenue from

 Manure – Rs. 3000 per ton
 Monthly O & M service fee for collection and treatment
 Feed in tariff for excess electricity (INR 5 per unit)
 Tender Process: Qualification criteria
Implementation through Design, Finance, Built, Operate and Transfer
(DFBOOT) mode

Pre-bid: Company provides securities as per NMC norms

Financial Bid: Bidder is selected based on lowest service fee and highest
guaranteed electricity generation (subject to minimum 1150 kwh/d); whatever
is the best deal for Nashik
Tender
Process
Technical Bid: Technical know-how, understanding of the concept, experience
in implementation and O&M, experienced staff, financial capabilities

Sustainable operation of the plant ensured through a provision, stating that

services should be “one – stop – solution” (collection, transportation,
processing, marketing and disposal in one hand).
The Tender results
(as proposed by the selected bidder)
 500.000 INR/ month for collection, transportation and treatment of
organic solid waste and fecal sludge as per tender requirements
 Guaranteed electrical energy supply of 3300 kWh/day to Nashik
(as against minimum requirement of 1150 kWh/ day) worse 5 INR/
kWh (approx. Rs. 5 lakh per month)
 The gross gain from this contract for Nashik is savings in transport
of at least 450 tons per month of MSW and 300-600 tons of fecal
sludge / month depending on actual quantities and avoided costs
for processing of MSW
 Bidder gets service fee as well as feed in tariff for excess electricity
and can sell manure
Process flow diagram
Safe costs by

Thank
You……
 Background
 Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) at Sector-V, Salt
Lake, Kolkata is now one of the largest IT Townships in India. As there
was no organized water supply & sewerage system in Sector – V, the
building premises used to extract groundwater indiscriminately and
dispose of untreated sewage to environment.

 This integrated PPP Project was then conceived in 2006 by Urban

Development Department of Govt. of West Bengal, Kolkata
Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) & NDITA.

 JUSCO – VOLTAS Consortium was selected as Private Partners for the

project through competitive bidding. A Development Agreement was
signed on 08/11/2007. The Private Partners formed Naba Diganta
Water Management Limited (NDWML – An JV Company floated by
JUSCO and VOLTAS, both TATA Enterprises).

 NDWML was given responsibility to Build all necessary infrastructure

and network and Operate these for 30 years. NDWML shall Transfer all
project facilities to NDITA after completion of concession period.
 Salient Features of the Project
 An integrated Water Supply and Sewerage System, a pioneering BOT –
PPP Infra Project in India with an initial construction cost of Rs.72 Crore

 Arrangement of 65% finances by Private Partners with viability gap

funding of 35% from Govt. of India through JNNURM

 Design, Construction and Commissioning of project by Private Partners

 24X7 Supply of Water and Collection, Treatment & Disposal of Sewage

by Private Partners for 30 years post construction

 Administrative support, land and bulk water (chargeable) to be provided

by NDITA

 Tripartite User Agreements between NDWML, Consumers and NDITA

 Recovery of investment and profit through Connection and User

Charges by NDWML directly from Users (Consumers) over 30 years
 Project Structure

JUSCO Consortium Agreement VOLTAS

(Shareholder & (Shareholder &
Contractor in Contractor in
Construction Phase) Financing, Project Construction Construction Phase)

Administrative
Nabadiganta Naba Diganta Development Kolkata
Support, Land,
Industrial Water Agreement Metropolitan
Bulk Water
Township Management Development
Authority Development Limited Project Authority
(Urban Local Agreement (Project Development, (State Level
Body) Implementer & Monitoring & Nodal
Payment for Infra Service VGF Support Authority)
Bulk Water Provider)

Water Supply User Payment for

& Sewerage Agree- Services
Services ment

Users / Customers @
Salt Lake Sector – V
(Consumer of Services)
 Implementation & Achievement
 Construction works started in 2008 and were completed in about 2½
years. The project was commissioned in January, 2011. For the last 5
years, NDWML has been providing uninterrupted water supply and
sewerage services at Nabadiganta.

 NDWML’s customer base consists of mostly Corporate Organizations,

Institutional Bodies and Government Offices. Currently, it serves a
population of 1.5 Lakh and covers about 90% of 30 Million Sq.Ft. Built
Up Area spread over 432 Acres of Nabadiganta Command Area.

 NDWML uses best practices and modern technologies to provide quality

services and reduce carbon footprints. NDWML enjoys high customer
appreciation with 86% top-box rating in the last Customer Satisfaction
Survey.

 The Company’s business has remained profitable for the last 3 financial
years. It has secured ICRA BBB+ credit rating with Stable outlook.
Sewage Treatment Plant
 Revenue Model & Tariff
The tariff model consists of the following:

 Connection Charge: One Time @ Rs.10/- per square foot of Built Up

Area (non-refundable) payable either in 4 installments or payable
upfront with 8% rebate
 Combined User Charge: Monthly for on combined Water & Sewerage
Service @ Rs.33.90/- per kilo litre (KL) of Water supplied

The above is based on bulk water purchase cost of Rs.4/- per KL.
Provision for Tariff Revision is incorporated in Agreements which has
enabled us to increase tariff from Rs.25/- per KL in FY 2011-12 to
Rs.33.90/- per KL in FY 2016-17. However, Connection Charge rate has
not been revised till inception.
 Challenges & Risks
 Absence of Regulatory Framework in Water & Sanitation Sector: There
is no Central Act in this sector defining rights and responsibilities of all
concerned. Absence of statutory empowerment of the private partners
remains a concern.

 Lack of coordination between Government Agencies: There is a

multitude of Government Authorities involved in development, design,
approval, land allotment, permission for right of way, execution,
certification, disbursement of Grants & operation. Therefore, gaps,
overlaps and conflicts exist here as procedures lack clarity.

 Mindset towards municipal services: General unwillingness to pay for

such services and propensity for overlooking or aversion of contractual
terms at all levels pose serious threats to sustainability.

 Ambiguity in accounting treatment of assets, taxes etc.: There exists

vagueness in accounting treatment of assets in Income Tax Laws and
laws related to Bank Mortgage. Taxability and Exemptions with respect
to Indirect Taxes also need specific attention.
 Learning
 Urban Infrastructure PPP Projects offer affordable solutions to ULBs and
Public, as well as a long term business opportunities for Private
Investors. It is possible to register profits within a short term.
Achievement of desired ROI, however, remains a subject of very long
term perseverance.

 Business opportunities in this sector pose some serious risks which can
be mitigated with proper and timely measures. A central regulatory
framework would be helpful to ensure sustainability.

 Reforms in Direct and Indirect Tax laws will attract more investments in
Urban Infrastructure PPP projects.

 A well-thought customer sensitization programme and reliable quality

service with transparency in billing can earn customer patronage. This,
we hope, will ensure desired level of success of our venture.