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Combined Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields

of High Voltage Transmission Lines on Metallic
Pipelines

Book · January 2002

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21, rue d'Artois, F-75008 Paris
http://www.cigre.org 36-104
COMBINED EFEECT OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS OF HIGH
VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES ON METALLIC PIPELINES
by
R.M.RADWAN* R.Y.AMER
Cairo University
(Egypt)
ABSTRACT
The increasing capacity of modern electricity supply
systems as well as the higher voltages and currents have
been matched by an over-spreading networks of earth
return circuits (pipelines, cables,… etc.) close to the
high voltage installations. Several workers have studied
the effect of electric and magnetic fields separately, but
in this paper it is intended to study the electric and
magnetic effects of high voltage T.L. on metallic
pipelines simultaneously. The combined effect depends
on the conditions of power system (normal or fault
conditions) and the operating power factor. A laboratory
model is built to verify some of the theoretical results. A
computer program is designed to calculate the induced
voltage on metallic pipelines due to electric and
magnetic field effects separately then the combined
effect is calculated for different power factors. Also the
effect of coating the pipeline, with a thin film of
insulating material, is investigated.
Keywords: Electric Field – Magnetic Field – Pipelines
– Line Charges – Induced Voltage.
1-ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECT CALCULATIONS:
In this work the charge simulation method is used to
compute the induced voltage in metallic pipelines. All
calculations in this section use two-dimensional
analysis. All conductors are considered to be infinitely
long lines and parallel to flat earth. The metallic
pipeline is assumed to be parallel to the transmission
lines and coated by insulating material. Each phase of
the EHV transmission line consists of one or more
subconductors in a bundle (two in case of 220 kV
transmission system and three for 500 kV transmission
*Roshdy Radwan - Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University
Session 2002
© CIGRÉ
A.M.EMAM
system). The surface charges distributed on the surface
of each subconductor are simulated by line charges
located at the center of the subconductor. The surface
charges distributed on the surface of the pipeline are
simulated by Np unknown infinite line charges
uniformly distributed around fictitious cylinder of radius
RF inside the pipeline and coaxial with it. The air-
coating material interface is to be simulated by:
- Nd unknown infinite line charges uniformly distributed
around fictitious cylinder of radius Rd inside the
coating material and coaxial with the pipeline.
- Na unknown infinite line charges uniformly distributed
around fictitious cylinder of radius Ra outside the
coating material and coaxial with the pipeline. The
simulation is shown in figure (1).
Na
Nd
Coating Ra
Np
material
θ
Rd
Rf
Figure (1) The pipeline simulation
The choice of numbers and location of the simulating
charges are reached by following a long process of
iterative optimization [1,2].
In order to determine the simulating charges, a system computed pipeline voltage under a typical 500kV and
of equations is formulated by imposing the following 220kV Egyptian T.L. with configuration shown in Fig.2
boundary conditions: (a & b) respectively. It is noticed that the computed
pipeline voltage increases with decreasing the heights of
a-The potential of the contour points on the phases is T.L. conductors (Fig. (3) and Fig. (7)) where the
φ c and is given by: pipeline becomes in higher electric fields. It is noticed
also that the computed pipeline voltage increases with
N3
increasing the pipeline height(Hp) (Fig. (4) and Fig. (8))
∑ Q j • Pij = φ c (1) where the effect is similar to decreasing the conductor
j=1
height. Figures (5) and (9) show that the pipeline
b-The potential of the contour points on the surface of voltage increases with increasing its diameter and
sky wires must be zero. keeping the distance between the pipeline bottom end
N3
and the ground constant at 0.7m. This is again explained
∑ Q j • Pij = 0 (2)
to be due to the movement of the pipeline into a higher
j=1
electric field. Fig. (6) shows the computed pipeline
c-The potential of the contour points on the pipeline voltage for the 220kV T.L. under all possible
surface is unknown, but is constant and is equal to φ p transposition cases. It is noticed that the maximum
N2 +Np N3 + Na induced voltage occurs at transposition abc/a’b’c’ where
∑ Q j • Pij + ∑ Q j • Pij = φ p (3) the induced pipeline voltage for the two T.L. circuits
j=1 j= N 3 +1 tends to add to each other. For example the pipeline
d-The total charges on the pipeline surface must be zero voltage is twice that for other transpositions at the
N2 + Np center of transmission lines.
∑ Qj =0 (4)
j= N 2 +1
e-The potential is continuous on the air-coating material
interface
N2 +Np 12. 12.
N3 N3 + Na
∑ Q j • Pij = ∑ Q j • Pij + ∑ Q j • Pij
j=1 j=1 j= N 3 +1
or
N3 N3 + N a Pipeline
∑ Q j • Pij = ∑ Q j • Pij (5)
j= N 2 + N p +1 j= N 3 +1
f-The normal flux density is continuous on the air- 30.
coating material interface Dp
19.1
N2 +Np N3
∑ Q j • Fn ij + ∑ Q j • Fn ij =
Hp
j=1 j= N 2 + N p +1
N2 + Np Dimensions in meters
εr [ ∑ Q j • Fn ij + ∑
j=1
N3 + Na

j= N 3 +1
Q j • Fn ij ] (6)
Figure (2-a) The Egyptian 500kV T.L. tower
Where N2 is the number of simulating charges that
simulate the phases subconductors and the skywires,
N3=N2+Np+Nd, Fnij is the normal field component to
the pipeline, ε r is the relative permittivity of the coating
material. Qj is the simulating line charges for the phases 6.7
subconductors, pipelines, coating material inside the .. 5.1 ..
coating and coating material in air for j=1~N2, N2+1~ 10.2
N2+Np, N2+Np+1~ N3 and N3+1~N3+Na respectively. Pipeline
Pij is the potential coefficient. .. 6.6 ..
9.2

.. 5.4 ..
1.2-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Dp
15.7
A computer program was built to solve the equations (1)
to (6) to compute the pipeline voltage. The results show Hp
that the pipeline voltage is not appreciably affected by Dimensions in meters
the coating material thickness and its permittivity so all
computations are made at 2mm coating thickness and 5 Figure (2-b) The Egyptian 220kV T.L. tower
relative permittivity. Fig. (3) through Fig. (9) show the
 10000 8000
Pipeline voltage, Volt

Pipeline voltage, Volt

H=15.7m
8000 H=10m H=12m
6000
H=12m H=10.95m
6000
H=14m H=6.2m
4000
4000 H=16m
H=19.1m 2000
2000
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from the center of T.L (m) Distance from the center of T.L (m)
Figure (3) Pipeline voltage near 500kV T.L. at different Figure (7) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different
conductors height (H), Dp=0.6m, Hp=1m lower conductors heights (H), Dp=0.6m, Hp=1m

12000 10000
Pipeline voltage, Volt

Pipeline voltage, Volt

10000 8000 Hp=0.5m
Hp=0.5m
8000 Hp=1m Hp=1m
6000
6000 Hp=2m
Hp=2m
4000
4000
2000 2000
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from the center of T.L (m) Distance from the center of T.L (m)
Figure (4) Pipeline voltage near 500kV T.L. at different Figure (8) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different
pipeline height (Hp), Dp=0.6m, H=14.5m pipeline height (Hp), Dp=0.6m, H=10.95m

6000 5000
Pipeline voltage, Volt

Pipeline voltage, Volt

5000 Dp=0.6m
Dp=0.6m 4000
4000 Dp=0.8m Dp=0.8m
3000
3000
2000 2000

1000 1000
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from the center of T.L (m) Distance from the center of T.L (m)
Figure (5) Pipeline voltage near 500kV T.L. at different Figure (9) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different
pipeline diameter (Dp), H=14.5m,pipeline bottom pipeline diameter (Dp), H=10.95m,pipeline bottom
height=0.7m height=0.7m

5000 2-MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT CALCULATIONS

Pipeline voltage, Volt

abc/a'b'c'
4000 2.1 GENERAL
abc/b'c'a'
3000 abc/c'a'b'
Calculations of the voltage appearing on the pipeline
2000
due to magnetic field effect is normally worked out in
1000 two steps [3-7]:
0
-determination of the electromotive forces (EMF)
induced along the pipeline.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from the center of T.L (m) -calculation of voltages to earth in response to the
induced EMF’s.
Figure (6) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different
possible transposition cases, H=10.95m, Dp=0.6m,
Hp=1m
 2.2-DETERMINATION OF THE EMF x starts at the starting point of parallelism (end 1).
Two different situations in power network have to be L= length of pipeline (m).
considered: fault and normal (balanced) conditions. γ= zy =propagation coefficient of the pipeline earth
The induced EMF in fault conditions are calculated by
the formula[3,4 ]: circuit.
E=-Zm I K (7) z, y are the impedance and admittance per unit length of
where the circuit pipeline-earth respectively.
Zm=mutual impedance per unit length of the circuit The maximum and minimum of this voltage occurs at
phase conductor /earth and pipeline/earth (Ω/m). the ends of the pipeline and is equal to
I= Inducing current (A). E − γL
± (1 − e ) see Fig. (10).
E=EMF induced per unit length. 2γ
K = screening factor due to earth wires [3 ].
Zm is given by Carson-Clem formula [3,4] which is: 2.4-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Zm= μ0 f ( π/4+ j ln[1.85/(α d)] (Ω/m) (8) Fig. (11) through Fig.(13) show the pipeline end
ωµ 0 voltage for a pipeline of 1km length and 0.3m radius
α= where located near the 500kV and 220kV transmission lines.
ρ
Fig. (11) shows the pipeline end voltage during a single
μ0= magnetic permeability of air=4π x10-7 line to ground fault in the outermost phase (the most
f =frequency (Hz) severe conditions)with a s.c. current of 10kA for the
ρ=Soil resistivity (Ω.m) 500kV T.L. and for lower conductor of the 220kV T.L.
d=Geometrical distance between conductors (m). It is noticed that the maximum pipeline end voltage
ρ occurs when the pipeline is directly beneath the faulted
this formula is valid for d ≤ 90 .
f phase (5.4m and 12m for 220kV and 500kV T.L.
By the same way, the induced EMF in normal operation respectively) where the distance between the pipeline
can be calculated by: and the faulted phase is minimum. It is noticed also that
E=Z’ Ip+Z’m Ie (9) the pipeline end voltage for the 220kV T.L. is higher
Where Z’ represents an equivalent mutual impedance than that for the 500kV T.L. where the heights for the
between the HV lines and the circuit pipeline/earth. computed phases are 15.7m and 19.1m at the towers
Ip= the amplitude of the line current respectively. Fig.(12) shows the pipeline end voltage
Z’m=the mutual impedance per unit length of the circuit for balanced currents of 1kA. It is noticed that the
earth wire/earth and pipeline/earth pipeline end voltage is not exactly zero(4 volt) for the
Z’ Ip= the EMF induced in the pipeline due to the 500kV T.L. at the center of T.L., i.e. incomplete
current of the three phases a,b,c cancellation of the three phase induced voltage. This is
Z’m Ie= the induced EMF due to the current Ie in the due to the different distances between the pipeline and
earth wire. the phases conductors at this position. Fig. (13) shows
the pipeline end voltage for the 220 kV T.L. for
various transposition cases. It is noticed that the pipeline
2.3- CALCULATION OF PIPE LINE VOLTAGE voltage for transposition abc/a’b’c’ is twice that for the
other two cases at the center of T.L., where the induced
The pipeline is assumed to be extended for a few EMF’s tend to cancel each other for the later cases.
kilometers beyond the parallel route without earthing as
shown in Fig. (10).
E 1400
+ (1 − e − γL ) 500kV
Pipeline end voltage,

1200
2γ 220kV
Pipeline voltage 1000
800
Pipeline
Volt

end 1 600
end 2
400
I HV line
200
E
− (1 − e − γL ) 0
2γ 0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from the center of T.L (m)
Figure (10) The pipeline near the HV line
Figure (11) The pipeline end voltage near the 500kV
The pipeline voltage at any point along the pipeline and 220kV T.L. during single line to ground fault
length is given by [3,5,7 ] : (If=10kA)
E − γ ( L− x )
V(x)= (e − e − γx ) (10)
2γ
 80 7000

Pipeline end voltage, Volt

Pipeline end voltage,

70 500kV end 2, 500 kV

6000
60 220kV end 1, 500 kV
50 5000
end 2, 220 kV
4000
Volt

40 end 1, 220 kV
30 3000
20
10 2000
0 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 0
Distance from the center of T.L (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from the center of T .L (m)
Figure (12) The pipeline end voltage near the 500kV
and 220kV T.L. during balanced currents (Ip=1kA) Figure (14) The combined pipeline voltage at both ends
of the pipeline for 500kV and 220kV T.L.
80
70 abc/a'b'c'
Pipeline end voltage,

7000
60 abc/b'c'a'
abc/c'a'b' 6000 p.f=0.3

Pipeline end voltage,

50
5000
Volt

40 p.f=0.1
30 4000

Volt
20 3000
10 2000
0 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 0
Distance from the center of T .L (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from the center of T .L (m)
Figure (13) The pipeline end voltage near 220kV T.L.
during balanced currents for different transposition Figure (15) The combined pipeline end voltage for the
cases (Ip=1kA). 500kV T.L. at different p.f.’s.

3- COMBINED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC EXPERIMENTAL WORK

FIELD EFFECTS
In computation of both electric and magnetic field
effects, the pipeline voltage is computed as a phasors
(magnitude and angle w.r.t. the system voltage in the
case of electric effect and w.r.t. the line current in the
case of magnetic effect). The induced pipeline voltage
to earth due to magnetic effect is referred to the system
voltage using the power factor (p.f.). Since the induced
voltages due to electric and magnetic fields become
referred to the same reference (system voltage) both are
summed to obtain the combined effect (the total induced
voltages in the pipeline). Fig. (14) shows the combined
pipeline voltage at both ends of the pipeline for the
500kV and 220kV T.L. under a single line to ground
fault of 10kA on the outer most phase with p.f.=0.3. It is
noticed that both induced electric and magnetic
voltages are approximately added to each other at the
A laboratory model was built to verify the calculated
results. The model represents a line having a conductor
of 1cm diameter and 5m length and a metallic pipeline
of 2.54cm outer diameter and 5m length. The conductor
and pipeline heights from ground level are 53cm and
18cm respectively. Fig. (16) shows the measured and
calculated values of the induced pipeline voltage due to
electric field effect for an applied voltage of 5kV to the
conductor. It is noticed that the measured values agree
with the calculated values, with a maximum error of
7%. Fig. (17) shows the measured and calculated values
of the induced pipeline voltage due to magnetic field
effect for a current of 414A in the conductor. It is
noticed that the maximum error between the calculated
and measured values is about 48% and this may be due
to the inaccuracy of measuring very small induced
1000
Pipeline voltage, Volt

Vcalculated
end of parallelism point (end 2) and subtracted at the 800
starting point of parallelism (end 1). Fig. (15) shows the Vmeasured
600
effect of p.f. on the combined voltage for the 500kV
T.L. It is noticed that the combined voltage does not 400
appreciably change for the normal s.c. p.f.’s at fault
conditions. The combined voltage in case of balanced 200
load conditions is approximately equal to the electric 0
field effect only where the magnetic field effect is very 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
small. Distance from the center of T.L (m)
Figure (16) The measured and calculated pipeline
voltage due to electric field effect (Vn=5kV)
 Pipeline voltage, Volt
0.35
5- The maximum pipeline voltage for the double circuit
Vcalculated transmission line occurs when the two circuits of the
0.3
0.25 Vmeasured T.L. have the same sequence.
0.2
0.15 REFERENCES:
0.1 [1]Mazen Abdel-salam and Abdallah Al-shehri,”
0.05 Induced Voltages on Fence Wires and Pipelines
0 by AC Power Transmission Lines,”IEEE Trans. on
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Industry Applications, vol.30, No.2, March/April,
Distance from the center of T.L (m) 1994, pp.341-349.
[2]M.Abdel-Slam, H.Anis, A. El-Morshedy and
R.Radwan, “High Voltage Engineering: Theory and
Figure (17) The measured and calculated pipeline
Practice,” Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2000,
voltage due to magnetic field effect (I=414A)
pp.25-30
[3]Cigre’s working group 36.02,”Guide on The
voltage (mV) and external field effects. It should be
Influence of High Voltage AC Power Systems on
mentioned that the laboratory model is a single phase
Metallic Pipelines,” Cigré 1995.
model. However the calculation procedure is the same
[4]Uno Jonsson,Kjell Isaksson and Bernt Hansson,”
as that for the three phase systems .
AC Potentials Induced by Power Lines in Gas
Pipelines,” Middle East power system conference
4-CONCLUSIONS Mepcon 89-paper no. EE19-104,Cairo,Egypt.
[5]F.P. Dawalibi and R.D. Southey “ Analysis of
1-The maximum induced voltage on pipelines due to
Electrical Interference From Power Lines to Gas
simultaneous electric and magnetic fields may be
Pipelines, part 1:Computation Methods,” IEEE
less or greater than that due to electric field only.
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, July
2-The induced voltage due to the electric field is more
1989.
significant at small distances between the pipelines
[6]Earl L. Kirkpatrick “Basic Concepts of Induced AC
and T.L., while at large distances the induced voltage
Voltages on Pipelines,” Material Performance, Vol.
due to magnetic field is predominant.
24, No. 7, July 1995, p14-18.
3-The induced voltage due to magnetic fields at normal
[7]H.J.Haubrich, B.A.Flechner and W.Machcynski “ A
conditions is very small and can be neglected, while
Universal Model For the Computation of the
under short circuit conditions it has relatively large
Electromagnetic Interference on Earth Return
values.
Circuits,” IEEE transaction on Power Delivery,
4- Coating of pipelines by an insulating material does
Vol.9, No. 3, July 1994.
not affect the value of the voltage induced by the
electric fields.

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