‘A Pearson Edication Print on Demand Edition SU RSL) Sita blonde eet Engineering rey in adeContents o 10 u 2 3 4 15 16 Foreword Suggested procedure for preparing structural calculations Road bridge over railway Highway roundabout overpass beains Factory for the production and storage of potythene Dockside potash store facility Libraryfexhibition halt building New grandstand at a football stadium Refurbishment of an existing building A néw office block in reinforced concrete with retained masonry facade Part conversion and extension of residential property into a wine bar/ restaurant Pre-cast concrete rigid framed office building Supermarket building in reinforced concrete, with offices and car-park ‘Rooftop swimming pool on an existing multi-storey hotel Muti-storey car-park with integral car parking Residential accommodation in foad-bearing masonry and reinforced concrete ‘National Park restaurant and gift shop Refurbishment and conversion of a fire-damaged domestic property into offices Appendix AD ‘Appendix A2 Chapter references W 29 47 37 B 91 102 8 133 8. 16 176 it 201 28 229 230sa a ae Foreword 1 was encouraged by the response to ‘Structural Design in Practice ~ Ist & 2nd Editions’ to publish a 3rd Edition, but with a difference. ‘Although stil based on calculations and drawings, this time, the emphasis is on different types of structures, rather than different Staictural Codes of Practice. ‘The structures are fictitious buildings and bridges, and have been chosen to provide ‘a wide range of design techniques and solutions similar to those encountered in a modern design office. ‘AS this task i more ambitious than before, I have a co-author in Derek Walker, who has contributed to the design philosophy and concepts, checked the calculations and prepared the drawings and details. ‘Derek is a part-time lectacer in Structural Design at the University of Bradford and has been & tutor on the Institution of Structural Engineers Part 3 Preparation Course, run by the University, for some years. Formerly with PSA Projects, he is now a senior professional civil and structural engineer with TBV Consult, which is a multi- Aisciplinary design consulzancy within the Tarmac Professional Services Group. "The calculations and drawings presented in this edition are by no means complete, but should provide Civil and Structural Engineering swdenss, Postgraduate MSc students, HND and Engineering Council Part 2 students with a good guide as to Row to approach real structural desiga projects in practice. For students preparing for the Part 3 professional examination of The Institution of Structural Engineers, the design examples should give useful assistance on bow 10 present calculations and drawings for a variety of building types and stuctures. However, it must be emphasised that the examples given are not presented as definitive solutions or mode! answers. “The beok should also provide a comprehensive reference for practising engineers who do not have the oppartunity to design the full range of buildings and structures covered in the text. Finally, my thanks go to those Engineers who bought the Ist and 2nd Editions (or both), and who took the srouble to waite and suggest this further edition July 1995 Roger Westbrook, University of Bradfordace REAR Suggested Procedure for preparing structural calculations 4.0 The purpose of the calculations are to:- |) Show that che design is in accordance with good structural practice, and, where appropriate, comply with the current and relevant National Standards and Building Regulations. fi) Demonsirate that the design is adequate in relation to stability, sumngth and serviceability requirements. — i) To aid, instruct and assist the draughtsman preparing the general arrangement and detaled drawings. iv) Provide @ permanent record for future reference. ‘There is a requirement for the calculations to be comprehensive, self-explanatory and well presented, and in order to achieve these qualities, they must conform to:~ vy) a standard method of documentation vi) a logical sequence of presensation vii) a consistent set of units and noration 2.0 Structural Form Structural stability should be achieved by making on appropriate choice of the siruetural form and amangement. The use of additional and expensive features to achieve structural stability should be avoided, Benefits are gained if the structural engineer is involved in the design from the earliest possible moment, and the method of preventing disproportionate collapse established. 3.0 Health and Safety at Work Act and C.D.M. Regulations These regulions render every designer legally responsibie for the safety of structures under hisfhes ‘onto, and require a risk assessment to be caried out on every project. 4.0 Designing for Stability The following is a good guide in the process of designing for stability:= i) The overall stability of the structure ia the twansverse and longitudinal directions should be ___ checked using wind loads or notional Forces. ii) Check that the most adverse combination of unfactored toads do not exceed the safe bearing say “APOC oF the soil, fii) Any floor or roof acting as horizontal diaphragm should not have any discontinuities, ee) vii) vil) inh x) xi) xii) svch as expansion joints, which will nullify the design assumptions. Shear walls, bracing, etc., should be continuous throughout the height of the building, and any points of high stress concentrations (ie. ‘openings) should be checked. Check for adequate resistance to torsional moments on asymmetrical buildings by cafculating the shear centre of application of wind or other horizontal loadin Position ties in accordance with the relevant National Standards for reinforced concrete, strucrural steelwork, masonry and timber. ‘At bearings, or junctions of structural members, and in particular, pre-cast concrete, check that: (@) There is adequate overlop of steel reinforcement {b) Positive lateral and rorsional restraints {©} Adequate restraint on the longitudinal axis Check the site history fer any special features such as made-up ground, tunnels, gas mins, mining, contamination, etc. Ensure that the stobiity of the structure during construction is adequate, Consider the effect of expansion and construction joints on the stability of the structure, and ensure that they are provided where necessary. ‘When designing stability walls, rigid frames ete. for horizontal forces, ensure that the Following criteria are met: (@) Check stability against local overtuming 0 ensure that there is an adequate factor of safety {b) Any horizontal displacements at the top of the building, relative to the base, should be restricted t0 1/500 of the overall height Inter storey distortion should be limited to 1/7350 of the storey eight under consideration (e) In cerain cases, particularly tall steet framed buildings and steei chimneys, it may be necessary 10 check for windinduced ‘oscillations and provide damping systems Consider the following factors inthe design stage:- (a) Fire resistance required, and the effects of damage by fire (b) Compatibility of structural materials used with the required design life of the building {c) For cladding and facing materials ensure that the fixings can accommodate movement‘due to thermal effects and moisture, ete. The deficiencies or discontinuities at the fixings should be of a mechanical ‘fail-safe’ interface type, and be resistant :o corrosion (e) Carry out a risk assessment and ensure that (@) For large structures, where different sections the proposed solution complies with the of the work are designed and detailed by C.D.M. Regulations. different designers, ensure that there are noChapter 1 ‘A Local Authority propose to develop & site atthe far Gide of an existing overpass and existing railway from the nearest trunk road. in order to assess the feasibility Of developing the site (for Industrial purposes), you fave been approached, as Consultant, co provide a preliminary design for the main span beams and slab- The proposed scheme is to be compasite steel plate girders at 3 m, centres and a reinforced concrete deck, fs shown in Fig. 1/001. The bridge is not to be contiguous because the piles necessary for the fbutments and piers are in weak/siff clays and the predicted seulement of the supports is significant (say, Exceeding span/1000) (Ref 1/1). To_aveid overstiess the stucture should be made staicelly determinate by ‘of sm fge is to be 3 Thnes, with a 2 m. pathway cach side, as shown in Fig, 001, and the proposed scheme 25 shown has a ~ minimum clearance of 5.7 m. under the existing viaduct, and has a minimum clearance under of 5.0 m. to the railway tracks. Loading ~ live ‘Traffic loading to be taken as 10 kN/m? for = preliminary design, An altemative load is 10 be ~ considered, for elervent design, of 100 XN whee! load on a 0.3m, x 0.3m. square contact ‘area, Footway Toading is to be 5.0 kN/m™ - Loading - wind ‘The Local Authority do not require a check For wind foading at this ime. Road bridge over railway Loading ~ impact Tr can be assumed that the feof piors and abutments shown on Fig. 1/001 are sufficiently far back (4.5 m.), and protected from the railway tacks for accidental impact not to be a consideration. Loading - superdead ‘Take average characteristic loading of surfacing as 2.4 kN, Loading ~ dead ‘Take unit weight of concreie as 24 kN/m? Site conditions Fill, alluvium and weak clay downto 12.0 m., where stiff clay (undrained Cu = 75 kNéw?) was encountered toa large depth. Design Code of Practice BS 5400 Pans 3 & 5 ~ Composite Stee! Bridges Materials Stee! plates ~ EN 10025 Grade Fe 510B ~ fy = 353 Nimm* Concrete deck - feu = 49. Nimm® reinforcement ~ fry = 469 Nim? and for650 Fig. 1/001 __ 25250 Yo racks se ‘280 34/25 i ExisrinG Viabvcr over 34,400 3 ap gis onder Yeats. depth S090Mm| 23.00 max| 5700 erm gSogoit| onder | construche for Raihiay PrERS 13000 Long x 800 wide ee t Section .vse Rel, (9 Qek 1 f2 Ref 2 ef ft VA Ref Ya Initiad givdew size. Shaun over vaal trees, #4 vt bearings =z Bbe0 - Wo 2 Byers Ee Cemtves st OQwdews 3 Bewo me Practical Pavaumtter: Contes: Fuaty in Yorge UWeo ww 2 Bfeo wun.) Simpy - Svppevted Spans, neo heme, Spices in middle. (Practica Prvemeter plates vette fas eutied| ayvesker Phan Zu. long). Deck Hkty Zomm. average Unictrness (Practicad paramere min: Fritumees © 220 mar on basis of cover ¢ cme Wiolh. crite) From Ha Veet, cous tuetion epi” — beau! tne F Su facing P thew em si The aveve evitevia 4 cone lti a hav ot ange & wee Sco In Qed 17) fev Spey “supperredt loibt(er, Aceumwing = D) Dest, Hato Dour Av. thickness (= tht) 2) Super Acad loadd (Suter viedo bo! looum. of Hed CEES 3) Steet: Em lees avane Fob. Bas 4) Spanko- givdev Aeprn vatios Zo2 Zo (BY > USE we) ete | Low coninvour, Span ~ bo- Qicder Aeprn vuedleg lori S) Wee have Stiffenevs ab appro. Zion. ort, wheve Suet stitteming is Vequired, G) Blawric Stvest Analysis. 1) Sveet beams Yum bob beat % 8) Lateral erlionar bucteling nga preblen dveto sutticient creer bracing . tehote)? lnihat ovevalt Aeptr, of bean governed coutpruehion Aepth. A leoowu beau will Weave 1320 - ieee = Jooum far Stave + fuismmes vow. Also within consti tion (us)et Lire, Crave (Ref i) , i (25 Sue) fev Ls Reblym j LA = Reve = Uley, : Aad attunri Ha leading ae bet Cleseet fe the pretintnansy Aeigu odin Age « Golem” 5 Affe = comm ~ Seo tots | ty a top Pinge Seo xtonn| i ae 2 Goo Kuo + O-O2mw" i | To Cece) : Wee i Try a bottom lange: b8 x UOmm 2 i Afos yon wo ote lo eS +t} ] i ve | Also by = ieee, Fig. | ee Il feotpeted. Seetionn | Aft, = Wro/i2 « 1] ae «tt Aw = 1820 x12 2 o-O1B mu” | jo@ TeteA avian 2 0-010 + 0-0 0-018 z Octo wy wexvcotate Self weiguie = TT x Cote = So h/n. Benign Parameters : Steet! Ec :terK wi Aur? Bey Nw Coneveke furs USN Arar Bes = ted me | I : | | Bens IS KR ION Aruar | Ceinfoveememte | fry = UOT tmns mein. Gover = 3S mw kop) A UOmwm (bottom Pes | Maret Larter weel, Vine bev Tarn , Section bropervinet few tues bear 4000 5 | Modules vatior + a Tat be Shove tev, € H s&s oT | beng Ferm, Ee Zev = 13-2 | = Wwe Ria /oo8 L Equivelene aay width, bey dew te. Grevt 2 Bevo /ote > USimn. Leng + 3ero/ibr + 22] me, Eqvived ene Section|Pek. [Steet erty [A Cam) [y(mm)] Ay Kiem) Ay Cote) [T Geter) @xSitoe)|T; [Seox uo |Zorwo live | 2ieeo 43978 | tr lizx Szol (BtHo| Boo | tuSds bite lee | B12 Bflesonuo|Ze te fe cow an figvert. | EE powe. dhe / tp = MO/uo = B SIL~ ‘compact! 'aen- compact’! Couvpotite (9 Valves fron Tame iA) Short tevin [A (mmr] Yun) [Ay HOP) [Aug (lo 8) Toe) Hae Sux Bollourize|i Ty | 119 eR0 Be 123 Lite dean ® [O42U0 [727 Uw 2 e1ei2 [39 Tadley E> leboro 22225492 2-8e8]er £-39]9 Tos sUsqey + 2079 - (229792*) sous] x10” ° loBee ve D2 Tot K lot un oe Section Una = 2IS197 KIO” = BES ee, 1b GeoLong Tern [AGam ly Cans) [Ay (let) Ag Cot) Tos Slalg 224 230\S7210 | is Base ISByed4t lho bean fouque| Tt] | Uwelie ererz wy Teule Yo Ee Worse 2: 13e2sz 22 USTI2 ess Tz 218173 + 3749 - (12 e2s2" \ 2 vase x ich Ware oo De S88 x IO ma? Yoa = Ibe tee 6 10% 2 WO uu, Meso Seetion moduli 2 22 10° oP (iee= = 71) Qype 2 24-2 10° 727 2 (top xt ot. Fost 110°, 14 3.5e1o a? Ge ) y 1830 - 1338) oF = YDB x ION |e ote wt vat) “lous 158. Tox 1% wi (tose - 1338 3 2 Tow 21d4, Ste lon 39 Jocann bok) © TO tt £10 's Sb tox lOune eT! é ye 1339 = 3 : 2 op xt chev) = Say ct? = do.tK 1o Mb | (830-1) 4 + Tod xt sto) “Gees 5, xe ae | oe bet <-) SB nto Son xo, eet wo tiny Strestes. Pleve Qinder Comp rection (¥2p) frenge is Contin vowel en bonis en. © comevete alee Sarg ~: BSu x ees Mewravle Comprertian t Fenton in Fleet beam = GG = eT 2 Bay = ~ Man ES ("eR >) Be] nn” Plrenwitle conevele Strecr = od fer + OK UO = 18-2 Yam” Vby reRel | Clever Anatysis of dencing mr omentr, (KM) LA Novurdd clecumstances, a plate ee wevid be Undevtsier an the deck Bite + beams. Few thir preVimimeny Aeign, bre conservative appre of taker ene beaw + supperted Hate Wa be) Otek. (B=. witha) Sis. Spe = SUES Steel beaw: seif- weigink = Sot [me cote leek. previewriy Jo ULL. mgeent se LOM K Sex Sule Jee ew, (te = bes. B Wet concvete | Sit, = OZR KR Bx UE = Nelo, So VLG moment = bly x leon BULLY, CBYBH| Oe res) re Supe cleat leat : Surfacing = D0 let fue See ven ioe CaAcd. We Ue, mounente = 17S ¢ (Aut x 3) Bu “S (Wr = 8 i Le Live load lo uvin~ (tee brief) Ls, meemenk bSK (loxd) KEES Cyan, CMe + Use) B _ Teotat combination It TTA Ln Geet hearin. toler steel + Conceete = ]Si+ 2898 Top flange Srvest » Zoue nic ~ Bede STK 1 21021 Tne Betton flange Stree = Merten lot = BSS een Ute « tee Saber dent load (tes term) Stvest in bop of etate (concvete vwitz) sh = 1b31x 10% > & Ofen” BovK |O%K 18-2 5 = Stvess in ot beaw (Steet unitt 7 hy = oa ge 2 IBD Mls 13B-a « 1o* . Steet im bottom ef Ante (conevete onits) 2 BT /iy.g ON en® 2Ret. (Ex sue9] Stvees wy botton st bea (Pret emitt) = 18Sl nto. saul So.B x 10% Live loa (Shove evan) Street im bop wt Hate (comete unite = G12 « lov = ©) Se 12.8 KR 1K ee Stveet iw bop ot been (steel onitr) = 612 K 10% Lae Yt ze Kw TO Stvese in bottom of stan (concrete. onitr) = *8/ew 2 2:6 Mle: Stress in bette ef bea (steei ois = GBR KY 2 IDF Ss be Be.0f- 1 Beawat Leng — Strevr Finat steeceer Gevevete Tevn Teen TA eB Lo Mate Dirder One. im longitvdinad benci ca. 2/9924) Stiflened Wels Meee vesistance ak ue Allowing 52 mun. Cleavance AK each tno vt the gira, frm Hy \/oct, i PAL eam lengths 21900 - So+loo-So = BSeCD nu » BOW, Steel beta . Var = Lorn Sox3G . Sten. Veo be 4 | Conerervre Musas LINK Ie 6K Hs 2h, One vey) a Swperereadioed'Vewre » VIER (Lated) coe @ 221 ws, Ore ys) z Live lead: Vewwe 2 V5 (ema)coe = akin) (YA + bse) 2 Es ages |Spa fig “cl kek ee: a oa Ee cl Fe. a.32. a ize gal Ty = Boe 2 fos Mleee a iS wl For mMpie oO te 2 owe [> 2121, Ge leo % fo Tes O.olox Ley 2 ipsa Ae x B62. ZIRT] en. Terxine “le Po My DD Vem (237) Cas) Fig. 8 Bg tfeoe ) the if a Tews these P iseo love | Zeve | Zew os Voz It Wre ne. Zero 182 ae | Elevation on internestiate Hiffenevr. ete! stiften. avatlng Hittenw. eee Ee Top Ae ge web ont) Design A tntameniate ; Efectve Seetion: from Ry. 1/20d, anueing Znse, Wo Kir plates eo. Kade st wet # Pas > 26y Minn, povtion ot wee ean side wb otilt one contvotine Ae > 12 (2« Isa) e 2x ivenits BOB uw” Ten © IDK BIZ" 2 2037 w lof ve RIS = betes 192u0. Gob mm, ° leads efters be be considevedt @) Dre be tension fier aetion. Mew, Greer ak tnd, mrvent = dere, Giro fn le 23.6 tor ro? [te tgael” x (8 = Seo, ISZo, Lee WO ManaRet. Average tear Mvect in wets, Te lS 107 15.4 (Gsu04) iwient (201 ae TH, ne foe fen bension fed Aon in stifteue. Hl () Arias force fren clestuui I noes ao ony the faves Cy in aetien, ge if + vo 4.1R.te, : a“ Stiftenews ox, if Ge < Meo. Anew. ts | Ke. ta Le Ve Via Achion — ia White, Gee Te = T8e Yl (t) Mes Blob was (co previour cates Biri = WSO win, a. Ses is bvetring Street wt etittene ; 9.12903, n= As 2 iste we fea Ke @o6 — oo Few Rig. 23, Sas = 37d.08NTOU Ke fem RY. 2%, = oy : Dus = St0tK ISoo xdie.es 2 Tove Yu ‘D.0K eM Ste" Lerelio o- Les c¢ Cus. (Nb) (test) | Stitteners eK IL K 2m0o, ote, , fq. | Design ot chee connectors. | Ll tq tvewr rf dee t it Pil headed Sstyas mK loom. lg, fess L | Sop oa Oe | Oy = lod es | Taute]| Fig, \foro Desi ; Boe | Mgr Strengre / pe i (Sheaw sets) | OK Or l0§ 2 Zo, Gren Connectovr nee nat be considered a ak ULS, Hace the Seetion if net compact, | iS/e3a| novis Dhere vpntr.: z : Sus. thea fovees (ond ot bear) xB o B} swe) Steed bean = beng tevin! Vows |o% Mie = =) 7% Canevete - bewy Fevm Vena ® box Iletex 3h" = 2 de-N kw, Chee be Set Super dead, - lot Hever! Vase» 1:2 (2-cbeg) 26 = ISt-2teo) Vie + b2o) @ Teta Vatew (Long en) = S28.tee. Live load = ohh ov teem’ Vinwat = b2.x (iox 2) 038) [Boren “a ae eee AERC Ree (ae b20) Fetal View (Srovt fever) 2 Saou, Comidear rewnedeed Keeton) Ranch Conservativety ignoving gheav tag i 3 AY (rong tern) = Seze (11S- Wo )« ou x10 = ~ ) Sa.ynio7 (an? AG (Gre Fever) = LOU (stur- 830) « ostex io r Fou no? Cant le als: 7 o-Ste 3 Drews few ( x 209s = WE wit fn io* Ole, Chace. on bean Carnber Defteerions Sust*) ave Saher latent Osing Btu et S.L.8. Viger vatves i Skeet bean We LOK Sos Sle la. out 4g + Swtt 2. SK SK Lie So TET] ae aguer BSE x Zos Keto «3Lxto? = Concvete; wrt Lio « lle-le = lb w/e. Klwile x (BUbSo) t BB uy. aguet Buxtesnlox Aree Super dead | wr = V2 2K Be Piet W/m. Swe | SK Bocex (guleve)*? = IB BRK. 28uer FFa Kk DOS Kl SHS CIO” Live lead pW = PDK OK Be Be en Suet 2 SK Mex (sibso)t Ube Fe, BguGl PiaKtexxKioKpeusnio Tetet = [23-6 we, oe Poe Camber im beams of 1Somm.Hea i Chapter 2 |A Highway Authority requires an elevated 4-lane dual faningeway road access, t0 and from an Industrial Estate, (0 be built on & level site, The scheme is Shown in Figure 2/001, and consists of two ramps (maximum gradient 1:20), together with 2 flat Qverpiss. The height to the eaviageway of the overpass, shown on Figure 2/001, is to give a clearance of 3.1 m. to the underside of the structural members, The structure itself comprises of 16 No. Class 1 M9 beams, with e composite deck slab 250 mm. thick, together with an average of 165 mm, of fnrfacing. The beams-on-piers scheme has been thosen to minimise disruption to the busy carsiageway fand roundabout undemeath, Pier centres of 21m. are ideal for ramp slopes, and for clearance wo the sides of, and in the middle of, the roundabout. The client requires a preliminary design of the bridge beams, and tas alfowed the following assumptions to be used: (i) ‘Simply supported spans, with continuity for shrinkege and temperature stresses in a final design; (i) An isolated intemal beam to be designed before final analysis is carvied out using o finite element plate progrum; (ii) checks are satisfactory for composite beam flexure in SLS, shear connector design, shear checks in ULS, and beam flexure check in ULS using, the intial SLS design results. Highway roundabout overpass beams Loading ‘The client requires either (but not both) of: (a) Type HA loading. (b) The load from a line of 32 tonne vehicles, shown on Figure 2/001, which may form queues cither entering, or leaving, the Industzal Estate. Site Conditions Site investigations revealed that there is 0.5 m. of made ground lying over 2.5 m, of loose sand (N=8) over a substantic bof yd (N=40), Tt is proposed to use Gisplacement piles founded jn the dense sand, supporting PIE-Caps onder the piers for she final design. Design Code of Practice ‘The Bridge is to be designed to BS 5400, Part 2 (Loading), Pan. 4 (Concrete Bridges) and’ Pan. 3 (Composite Bridges) Materials Concrete in pre-cast beams (Class 1).- fe Nima’, feu = 60 Nim”. In-situ concrete ~ feu = 50 Nimam?. Prestressing wires: area = (Simm: fpy = 1657 Nemun*; initial prestress por wire = 210 KN, 3000/2 614 owas Cw SPO8tI uol9ag $s0s9 Ost7 aE] uol9ag jDUIPN}bU07 fa oe a oud i iL | ~~ Sbore 4 “ooo Tt _ 000% e001rig. 27Uu ih a VAL ‘ | Frou, manvtactive rt Atte : thee | He dee brepertion ave | Areas Uterus ue” i - cerhwe, = lout tev fm. LL toorm | Yy (nevtvedr ants depth fF | row vis ot beam) = Sit mn. Cr Ten Beenie a her let. Sto x 10? we fig. t/ooz | Beep = 1OF OS x lot a? Slate pvepeni Atetan batee wrodvlar vatio vercase £ Inn sity eonevetre = lo, Ettective breath : DiS = 128mm (Wear Comtves). For Sus, De = Span + Witte = Zier + leo a’ Lo 10 be 2 22eo we Pe Tene be = Bean contues = |Moun. Fo Fem Fig 2 foot, Dave sven = WWox 1280 = BIvCOmN” To= won wre” = isn wom” . 2/002) Peomp = U2YUSS + B2TEe0 = 737 d8 wa” Ycomp (tee Ry recor) : Fateing momenty ot Aven Meorvt beau. Soffit — Geomp = (urease x 12) 4+(212860 « aay) 727 oS Geomp = BUT ee. Deomp = BtSx 10% + Hesuye (eT 4- S82)" + bax 10% 4 24200 (isyy- eT)” oe Leep = 219 x 10” nt bs Zoeomp = DIS KIO BITE = Ludiexick? Zebeam = 2-18K 10" (ave. BT) = F718 x IK] Zrslab 2 2-19 x to" Al%eo-8Ny) B51 Kt 19bef. cl S.b.1 4 OOS EE Fema fovee, Pi" db on. Cotevlation ef initat fo . Eccentviciry Tt encom : Ga Tener, bean na.| 2 tone Seat tik 30 me, Wives at 2 [ tha gil Gz Boe /wive (see eal re 30% 210 | fig .2/eea™ GReo in (Tendon Tagevt) Tadeang wromnentT rt Aven avo coftit sticaul 30% = I2K60 + 12x42 (loot tise ee) we Re 2 ee. ee ee yy = SI We 2 BIB oe SiS. bencting Moment 4 Sheaw fowe Valves fice 9 EFtestive Spann is alittenrce ; between, centver st beawings, 1 Frew. Aig. C/feou = | Le = tev - 2(eeotee ; = Zeoteo wn ov 15-2 j Lengie (evewatt) ot bean | « View - 2K bo = Zoro Fig. Z/oou or 20. BD mw, (seeter a teh of | Preliminary Agriqa- babe pier, | 28a oF Stee /btaan: (eve) Ceenrr beam (Sete 2 OOF teed Jun SF (man) = lo.cux 20.88 = le Bun. (Va so 2 BA. (max) = loot x (t0.36)" 2 $20.2 lonm. Decke Nev: Vd. = Oe x ER mbhoxlyysls hy = 25e 20.88 = 18.23 un. z BM. (40%) = Se (2030) 2 288 be, & (Vee cm)