Concrete Flag Pavements

Design and Construction Guide

Walling
Concrete Masonry

Single-Leaf Masonry

Design Manual

Concrete Masonry Association of Australia

Queensland Promotions Committee
 Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Click on this heading to return to ‘Contents’

CONTENTS
Click on subject to go to it

1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 General 2
1.2 Application of Designs 2
1.3 Material Properties 3
1.4 Earthquake Loading 3
1.5 Typical Details 3

2 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF EXTERNAL WALLS 5

3 TABULAR DESIGN OF EXTERNAL WALLS 11

4 BRACING DESIGN 17
4.1 Method 17
4.2 Racking Forces 17
4.3 Bracing Wall Location 20
4.4 Bracing Wall Capacities 21

5 CONNECTION DETAILS 23
5.1 Truss Tie Down 23
5.2 Fixing to Gable Ends 25
5.3 Timber Floor Fixing 25

6 BASEMENT WALLS 26
6.1 General 26
6.2 Drainage 26
6.3 Tanking 27

7 WATERPROOFING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOUSING 28

7.1 Joint Finishing 28
7.2 Weatherproofing Application 28
7.3 Window Installation 28

Prepared by: Ron Marshall Consulting Pty Ltd

Disclaimer: The Concrete Masonry Association of Australia Limited is a non-profit organisation sponsored by the concrete
masonry industry in Australia to provide information on the many uses of concrete masonry products. Since the information
provided is intended for general guidance only and in no way replaces the service of professional consultants on particular
projects, no liability can be accepted by the Association for its use.
Industry Support. Most of the manufacturers of quality concrete masonry products in Australia are members of the Concrete
Masonry Association of Australia (CMAA). It is recommended that advice be obtained from local CMAA members to adapt or
supplement information contained in this Guide.
Remember, when working with cement and concrete/mortar or manufactured or prefabricated concrete products, ALWAYS follow
the manufacturer's instructions and seek advice about working safely with the products from the manufacturer, your nearest
WorkCover Authority or Worksafe Australia.

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Design Manual

1 Introduction NOTE: Lintels are always designed to span the

full opening width.
■ Bond beams are provided at intermediate floor
1.1 General and roof levels. The floor and ceiling systems are
This design manual has been prepared for the connected to the bond beams and act as
Concrete Masonry Association of Australia, diaphragms to transfer the racking forces
Queensland Promotions Committee for use by horizontally to bracing walls. Cathedral ceilings
building designers. The information is intended with a slope exceeding 35° and unlined ceilings
primarily for single-leaf concrete masonry houses, do not act as a diaphragm unless wind bracing is
but the tables are applicable to other buildings. provided.
■ Uplift forces on the roof are resisted by
Designs for single-leaf buildings in this manual have
connecting the roof to bond beams and lintels
been provided on two levels. The first level is
with connections designed to carry the uplift
simplified diagrams that are suitable for most
forces. The bond beams span between vertical
houses or for initial designs. Where the house is
reinforcement that transfers the uplift to the
more complex or it is required to fine-tune the
foundations. A typical bond beam/lintel layout is
design, then the Tabular Design is provided.
shown in Figure 1.1.
■ The amount of load applied to the top of the wall
1.2 Application of Designs is determined by the width of roof it supports.
The design details in this manual are applicable to This width (called Dimension “A”) is determined
buildings complying with the following: in accordance with Figure 1.2.
■ The size of the building complies with the
geometric limitations given in Australian Standard 'A1' 'A2' 'A3'
AS 4055–1992 Wind loads for housing, except Load and Load and
the floor-to-ceiling height, may go to 3.0 m with Load and tie-down tie-down
the appropriate increase in applied forces. tie-down point '2' point '3'
point '1'
■ The footings are in accordance with Local
Authority requirements with starter bars cast in
and lapping with all vertical reinforcement in the
walls.
■ Grouted reinforced cores provide the bending
strength to resist the wind pressure on the
external walls by spanning vertically between Figure 1.2 Determination of Dimension “A”
floors or a floor and a roof. Vertical wall
reinforcement is anchored into bond beams.
Figure 1.1 shows a typical layout of wall
reinforcement
■ Wind loads on openings are transferred to the
side of the opening or to a central frame or
mullions in the opening. Where there is no central
frame or mullion, such as a roller door or similar,
the effective “opening width” for wall design will
be the full opening size. Where there is central
frames or mullions, the “opening width” for wall
design is the width of the panel adjacent to the
edge of the opening.

Lintel reinforcement Bond beam reinforcement Lintel reinforcement

Opening Window Opening

Pier between
openings

Bar at corners Reinforced cores at Vertical bars in grouted One-course bond beam
sides of all openings cores spaced along wall under all windows

Figure 1.1 Typical Wall and Reinforcement Layout

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1.3 Material Properties 1.4 Earthquake Loading

The design tables in this Manual are based on Buildings designed for wind loading N2 and greater
materials with the following properties: will satisfy Earthquake Design Categories H1 and
H2, applicable in Queensland.
■ Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength
of concrete masonry units, f’uc = 15 MPa
■ Characteristic Compressive Strength of grout,
1.5 Typical Details
f’c = 20 MPa Typical details for various components are shown in
Figures 1.3 to 1.7. Where an N16 bar is required in
■ Yield Strength of reinforcement, f’sy = 500 MPa the details, 2-N12 bars may be used as an
■ Mortar Type, M3 alternative.

140 140 140

or 190 60 to or 190 60 to or 190 60 to
bar bottom bar bottom bar bottom
Minimum
1-N16 bar Minimum 1-N12 bar
260
1-N12 bar Knock-out
to bar
Knock-out bottom block 460
bond beam to bar
Minimum
block Standard bottom
1-N12 bar
Knock-out block
bond beam
Standard blocks Minimum
blocks 1-N12 bar Knock-out block

Standard Standard blocks

blocks
TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3

Figure 1.3 Typical Details for Bond Beams Supporting a Roof

Wall vertical Starter-bars at same size Wall vertical Vertical wall reinforcement above
reinforcement and location as wall vertical reinforcement floor level, lapped 450 min. with
above floor level reinforcement, lapped 450 min. above floor level reinforcement from below
Wall vertical reinforcement from below
floor level bent into top face of floor slab

1-N12 bar 1-N12 bar

1-course 1-course
bond beam using bond beam using
knock-out block Block saw-cut at floor soffit level knock-out block Bearer bolted to bond beam

CONCRETE FLOOR TIMBER FLOOR

Figure 1.4 Typical Details for Bond Beams Supporting a Floor

Wall vertical reinforcement Wall vertical reinforcement

Starter-bars at same
Wall vertical reinforcement Starter-bars at same
size and location as wall
size and location as wall
vertical reinforcement,
vertical reinforcement,
lapped 450 min. Starter-bars at same size lapped 450 min.
and location as wall vertical
reinforcement, lapped 450 min. Floor slab
Floor slab
reinforcement
reinforcement Floor slab reinforcement

Knock-out block with

L6 ties at 600 centres inside face removed

Integral footing Strip footing L8 or N10 ties at

600 centres

Strip footing

Figure 1.5 Typical Details of Connections to Footings

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Top reinforcement Bottom reinforcement 140*

carried beyond the support carried beyond the support or 190 60 to
bar bottom
1-N12, N16 or N20 bar 215
3/4 lintel to bar
290 L8 fitments at 150 crs 290
block* bottom
with N16 & N20 bars
L8 fitments at 150 crs for full width of opening
with N16 & N20 bars 1-N12, N16 or N20 bar
* for 140-mm-thick walls, use 15.02
block cut on site and turned on end
Cut out end
NOTE: For required and web 290
bar size, see Tables
3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 15.02 block
TYPE A – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE A – SECTION

Top reinforcement Bottom reinforcement 140

carried beyond the support carried beyond the support or 190 60 to
bar bottom
1-N12, N16 or N20 bar
260
L8 fitments at 200 crs Knock-out to bar
390 bottom 390
with N16 & N20 bars block
L8 fitments at 200 crs for full width of opening
with N16 & N20 bars 1-N12, N16 or N20 bar Lintel block

NOTE: For required

bar size, see Tables
3.5, 3.6 and 3.7
TYPE B – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE B – SECTION

Top reinforcement Bottom reinforcement 140

carried beyond the support carried beyond the support or 190 60 to
bar bottom
1-N12, N16 or N20 bar
Knock-out
block 460
590 L8 fitments at 200 crs to bar
with N16 & N20 bars Standard bottom 590
L8 fitments at 200 crs for full width of opening block
with N16 & N20 bars
1-N12, N16 or N20 bar
Lintel block

NOTE: For required

bar size, see Tables
3.5, 3.6 and 3.7
TYPE C – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE C – SECTION

Figure 1.6 Typical Details for Lintels Supporting a Roof

140 140
or 190 60 to or 190 60 to
bar bottom bar bottom
1-N16 bar
or 1-N20 bar 1-N16 bar
315 or 1-N20 bar
L8 fitments Knock-out to bar Knock-out
block bottom 390 block 515
at 200 crs
Lintel block to bar
1-N16 bar L8 fitments Standard
bottom 590
or 1-N20 bar at 200 crs block

Lintel block
1-N16 bar
or 1-N20 bar

NOTE: For required NOTE: For required

bar size, see Table 3.8 bar size, see Table 3.8
TYPE BB – TYPICAL SECTION TYPE CC – TYPICAL SECTION

Figure 1.7 Details of Lintels Supporting Timber Floors

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2 Simplified Design Table 2.1

Leaf
Summary of Design Parameters
Wall
of External Walls Figure
number
thickness
(mm)
Wind
Classification
height
(mm)
Page
number
External wall reinforcement may be detailed using
Figures 2.1 to 2.14 for the wind classification and 2.1 140 N1, N2 & N3 2400 5
dimensional limitations as noted on the drawings 2.2 140 N1, N2 & N3 2500 5
and summarised in Table 2.1. 2.3 140 N1, N2 & N3 2700 6
2.4 140 N4 & C1 2400 6
For earthquake classifications H1, H2 and H3, the
2.5 140 N4 & C1 2700 7
details given for wind category N2 are suitable. The
lintel details are only suitable for standard roof truss 2.6 140 N5 & C2 2500 7
loading. Where there is either floor loadings or 2.7 140 N5 & C2 2700 7
girder-truss loadings, use lintel design tables 2.8 190 N1, N2 & N3 2400 8
(Tables 3.8 and 3.9) in Chapter 3 of this manual. 2.9 190 N1, N2 & N3 2500 8
Where the building geometry is other than shown, 2.10 190 N1, N2 & N3 2700 9
design should be in accordance with Chapter 3. 2.11 190 N4 & C1 2400 9
2.12 190 N4 & C1 2700 10
2.13 190 N5 & C2 2500 10
2.14 190 N5 & C2 2700 10

1-N16 L8 fitments L8 fitments 1-N16

at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300

1-N16 1-N16
2400

1-N12

1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier at edge 2000 crs all openings
of opening in wall

600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum

Figure 2.1 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2400-mm Wall Height

1-N16 L8 fitments L8 fitments 1-N16

at 200 crs 400 at 200 crs 400

1-N16 1-N16
2500

1-N12

1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier at edge 2000 crs all openings
of opening in wall

600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

Figure 2.2 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2500-mm Wall Height

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1-N12 600 1-N16 1-N12 600

1-N12 1-N12
2700

1-N12

1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier at edge 2000 crs all openings
of opening in wall

600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum
DOUBLE GARAGE WITH PIER

1-N16 L8 fitments at 200 crs 600 1-N16 1-N12 600

1-N20 1-N12
2700

1-N12

1-N12 at edge of opening 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N12 at corners at edge 2000 crs all openings
of opening in wall

600 5400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

DOUBLE GARAGE WITHOUT PIER

Figure 2.3 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2700-mm Wall Height

1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16

at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300

1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2400

1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings
1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier openings 1800 crs ≤ 1.2 m, 2-N12 for
≤ 2.4 m in wall > 1.2 m ≤ 2.4 m
600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum

Figure 2.4 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2400-mm Wall Height

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1-N20 L8 fitments at 200 crs 600 1-N12 1-N12 600

1-N20 1-N12 1-N12

2700

1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 3-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings

1-N12 at corners at edge 1400 crs ≤ 1.2 m, 2-N12 for
of opening in wall > 1.2 m ≤ 3.0 m
600 5400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

Figure 2.5 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2700-mm Wall Height

1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16

at 200 crs 400 at 200 crs 400

1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2500
600 x 300 T-pier

1-N16 in stem of pier 1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in face of pier 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 2-N12 at edges of
1-N12 at corners edge of 1200 crs openings
opening in wall

600 2400 600 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum

Figure 2.6 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2500-mm Wall Height

1-N12 1-N12 1-N12

600 600

1-N12 1-N12 1-N12

2700
600 x 300 T-pier

1-N16 in stem of pier 1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in face of pier 3-N12 at 1-N12 at 2-N12 for openings
1-N12 at corners openings 1000 crs ≤ 1.8 m, 3-N12 for
≤ 2.4 m in wall > 1.8 m ≤ 2.4 m
600 2400 600 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum

Figure 2.7 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2700-mm Wall Height

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1-N16 L8 fitments L8 fitments 1-N16

at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300

1-N16 1-N16
2400

1-N12

1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier at edge 2000 crs all openings
of opening in wall

600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum

Figure 2.8 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Categories N1, N2 and N3 and
2400-mm Wall Height

1-N12 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16

400 at 200 crs 400

1-N12 1-N16
2500

1-N12

1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier at edge 2000 crs all openings
of opening in wall

600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

Figure 2.9 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Categories N1, N2 and N3 and
2500-mm Wall Height

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1-N12 600 1-N12 600

1-N12 1-N12
2700

1-N12

1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edges

1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier at edge 2000 crs of openings
of opening in wall

600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum
DOUBLE GARAGE WITH PIER

1-N16 L8 fitments at 200 crs 600 1-N12 600

1-N20 1-N12
2700

1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edges

1-N12 at corners at edge 2000 crs of openings
of opening in wall

600 5400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

DOUBLE GARAGE WITHOUT PIER

Figure 2.10 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2700-mm Wall Height

1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16

at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300

1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2400

1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 1-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edges of

1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier edge of 1800 crs openings
opening in wall

600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

Figure 2.11 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2400-mm Wall Height

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1-N20 L8 fitments at 200 crs 600 1-N12 1-N12 600

1-N20 1-N12 1-N12

2700

1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings

1-N12 at corners at edge 1800 crs ≤ 1.8 m, 2-N12 for
of opening in wall > 1.8 m ≤ 3.0 m
600 5400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

Figure 2.12 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2700-mm Wall Height

1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16

at 200 crs 400 at 200 crs 400

1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2500

1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings
1-N12 at corners 600 x 200 pier openings 1600 crs ≤ 1.2 m, 2-N12 for
≤ 2.4 m in wall > 1.2 m ≤ 2.4 m
600 2400 600 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum

Figure 2.13 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2500-mm Wall Height

1-N12 600 1-N12 1-N12 600

1-N12 1-N12 1-N12

2700

1-N12

1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings
1-N12 at corners 600 x 200 pier openings 1400 crs ≤ 1.2 m, 2-N12 for
≤ 2.4 m in wall > 1.2 m ≤ 2.4 m
600 2400 600 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum

Figure 2.14 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2700-mm Wall Height

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3 Tabular Design of
External Walls
The member sizes, reinforcement and general
detailing can be determined from the Figures and
Tables referred to in the following steps:

Step 1 Size and Distribution of Vertical Reinforcement

1.1 Maximum reinforcement spacing along walls
DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Table 3.1 Table 3.1 The amount of wall supported by a reinforced core is half the distance to the adjacent reinforced
(page 12) (page 12) cores. The distance to the next rod can be determined by adding it to the distance from the previous
rod, then checking that the sum does not exceed the maximum allowable given in Table 3.1.
Note the spacing between rods can be different.

1.2 Reinforcement in piers between openings

DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Table 3.2 Table 3.2 Where there is a pier between two openings, determine the size and reinforcement required in the
(page 12) (page 12) pier by adding the opening widths together and referring to Table 3.2.

1.3 Reinforcement beside openings

DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Table 3.3 Table 3.3 The maximum opening size depends on the wind area and the reinforcement beside the opening.
(page 13) (page 13) Use Table 3.3 to determine the reinforcement size and details.

1.4 Maximum reinforcement spacing adjacent to openings

DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Table 3.4 Table 3.4 The maximum distance to the first rod from the side of an opening depends on the opening size and
(page 13) (page 13) the reinforcement at the edge of the opening. Use Table 3.4 to determine to determine spacing.

1.5 Reinforcement at girder trusses

DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
– – Place a vertical bar within 100 mm of all girder trusses.

Step 2 Reinforcement and Details of Lintels

2.1 Lintels supporting roofs
DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Figure 1.6 Table 3.5 For standard trusses, the maximum amount of roof that can be carried is given in Table 3.5 (metal
(page 4) (page 14) roofs} and Table 3.6 (tile roofs). Where possible, girder trusses landing on a lintel should be
Table 3.6 avoided, even over small openings, and not permitted over long openings. Where girder trusses
(page 15) landing on lintels cannot be avoided, Table 3.7 gives the maximum area of roof, including any
Table 3.7 standard trusses, that can be carried by the lintel.
(page 16)

2.2 Lintels supporting floors

DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Figure 3.1 Table 3.8 The maximum amount of supported floor width to be carried by a lintel is given in Table 3.8.
(page 16) (page 16)

Step 3 Reinforcement and Details of Bond Beams

3.1 Bond beams supporting roofs
DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Figure 1.3 Table 3.9 Roof bond beam acting vertically transfers uplift forces from the roof trusses to the
(page 3) (page 16) vertical reinforcement. The minimum number of courses in a bond beam supporting a roof depends
on the wind area and the span of the roof trusses. For standard roof trusses see Table 3.9. If a
girder truss lands on the bond beam, a tie-down rod must be placed within 100 mm of the truss.

3.2 Bond beams supporting floors

DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Figure 1.4 Use Bond Beams supporting floors need only to provide positive attachment for the floor. Normally one
(page 3) 1-N12 bar course deep with 1-N12 bar will be sufficient.

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Table 3.1 Selection and Detailing of Maximum Reinforcement Spacing Along Walls
Maximum sum of adjacent bar spacing, s1 + s2 (m)
140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
Wall details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
140 or 1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in N3 4.0 4.0 3.5 2.9 2.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.4
190 grouted core grouted core grouted core N4 3.7 2.9 2.4 2.0 1.6 4.0 4.0 3.3 2.8 2.3
N5 2.6 2.0 1.6 – – 3.6 2.9 2.3 1.9 1.6
N6 – – – – – 2.7 2.1 1.7 – –
C1 4.0 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.0 2.5
s1 s2 C2 2.7 2.2 1.7 – – 3.9 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.7
C3 1.9 – – – – 2.7 2.1 1.7 – –
C4 – – – – – 2.0 1.6 – – –
N2 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
1-N16 bar in 1-N16 bar in 1-N16 bar in N3 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.4
190 grouted core grouted core grouted core N4 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
N5 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 2.8
N6 – – – – – 4.0 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.1
C1 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
s1 s2 C2 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.0
C3 – – – – – 4.0 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.1
C4 – – – – – 3.4 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.5

Table 3.2 Selection and Detailing of Pier Reinforcement

Maximum allowable sum of openings, w1 + w2 (m)
140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
Pier details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2 5.2 4.0 3.2 2.6 2.1 9.9 7.7 6.2 5.0 4.2
1-N12 bar N3 3.2 2.5 1.9 – – 6.3 4.9 3.9 3.1 2.6
in grouted N4 2.0 – – – – 4.1 3.1 2.5 2.0 –
140 or core N5 – – – – – 2.7 2.1 – – –
190 N6 – – – – – 1.9 – – – –
C1 2.3 – – – – 4.5 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.8
w1 190 w2 C2 – – – – – 2.9 2.2 – – –
C3 – – – – – 1.9 – – – –
C4 – – – – – – – – – –
N2 10.8 8.5 6.7 5.5 4.5 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.4 8.6
2-N12 bars N3 6.8 5.3 4.2 3.3 2.7 10.8 10.0 8.0 6.5 5.4
in grouted cores N4 4.4 3.3 2.6 2.0 – 8.4 6.5 5.2 4.2 3.4
140 or N5 2.9 2.1 – – – 5.7 4.4 3.4 2.7 2.2
190 N6 1.9 – – – – 4.0 3.0 2.4 1.8 –
C1 4.9 3.7 2.9 2.3 1.8 9.4 7.3 5.8 4.7 3.8
w1 390 w2 C2 3.1 2.3 1.8 – – 6.1 4.7 3.6 2.9 2.4
C3 2.0 – – – – 4.0 3.1 2.4 1.9 –
C4 – – – – – 2.8 2.1 – – –
N2 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
190 N3 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
N4 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.7 8.9 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
Medium-duty
ties at 400 crs 1-N16 bar N5 10.8 10.8 8.9 7.3 6.0 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
290 N6 – – – – – 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 9.2
140
C1 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 9.9 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
2-N12 bars C2 10.8 10.8 9.6 7.8 6.4 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
C3 10.4 8.1 6.4 5.2 4.3 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 9.3
w1 590 w2 C4 – – – – – 10.8 10.8 9.9 8.0 6.7
140-mm-LEAF WALL
190

Medium-duty
ties at 400 crs 1-N16 bar
390
190

2-N12 bars

w1 590 w2
190-mm-LEAF WALL

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Table 3.3 Selection and Detailing of Reinforcement Beside Openings

Maximum allowable opening size, w1 (m)
140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
Opening details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2 5.4 5.4 4.6 3.7 3.0 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.6
1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in N3 4.6 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.7 5.4 5.3 4.2 3.4 2.7
140 or N4 2.9 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.0 4.5 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.7
grouted core grouted core
190
N5 1.9 1.3 1.0 – – 2.9 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.0
N6 – – – – – 2.0 1.4 1.1 – –
C1 3.3 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.1 5.0 3.8 3.0 2.4 1.9
C2 2.0 1.5 1.1 – – 3.2 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.1
w1
C3 1.2 – – – – 2.0 1.5 1.1 – –
C4 – – – – – 1.3 0.9 – – –
N2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
N3 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.3 3.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
2-N12 bars in 2-N12 bars in
140 or N4 5.4 4.3 3.3 2.6 2.0 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.2 3.4
grouted cores grouted cores
190 N5 3.7 2.7 2.0 1.5 1.1 5.4 4.4 3.4 2.6 2.0
N6 – – – – – 4.0 3.0 2.2 1.6 1.2
C1 5.4 4.9 3.8 2.9 2.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 3.8
C2 4.0 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.2 5.4 4.7 3.7 2.8 2.2
w1 C3 2.5 1.8 1.2 – – 4.1 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.2
C4 – – – – – 2.7 1.9 1.4 1.0 –
N2 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
2-N16 bars in 2-N16 bars in N3 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
grouted cores grouted cores N4 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
190
N5 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.9 3.9
N6 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.6
C1 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
C2 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.2 4.2
w1
C3 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.6
C4 – – – – – 5.0 3.8 2.9 2.2 1.7

Table 3.4 Selection and Detailing of Maximum Reinforcement Spacing Adjacent to Openings
Maximum adjacent bar spacing plus opening, s1 + w1(m)
140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
Wall and opening details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2 7.4 6.2 5.0 4.1 3.4 7.4 7.4 7.2 5.9 5.0
1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in N3 5.0 3.9 3.2 2.6 2.1 7.3 5.7 4.6 3.8 3.1
140 or
grouted core grouted core N4 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.4 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.5 2.1
190
N5 2.3 1.7 1.4 – – 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.4
N6 – – – – – 2.4 1.8 1.5 – –
C1 3.7 2.9 2.3 1.9 1.5 5.4 4.2 3.4 2.8 2.3
s1 w1 C2 2.4 1.9 1.5 – – 3.6 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.5
C3 1.2 – – – – 2.4 1.9 1.5 – –
C4 – – – – – 1.7 1.3 – – –
N2 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
1-N12 bar in 2-N12 bars in N3 7.4 7.4 5.8 4.7 3.9 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.1 5.9
140 or
190
grouted core grouted cores N4 6.2 4.7 3.7 3.0 2.4 7.4 7.4 5.7 4.6 3.8
N5 4.1 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.5 6.2 4.8 3.8 3.0 2.4
N6 – – – – – 4.4 3.4 2.6 2.0 1.6
C1 6.9 5.3 4.2 3.3 2.7 7.4 7.4 6.3 5.1 4.2
s1 w1 C2 4.4 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.6 6.7 5.1 4.1 3.2 2.6
C3 2.9 2.2 1.6 – – 4.5 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.6
C4 – – – – – 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.4 –
N2 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
1-N16 bar in 2-N16 bars in N3 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
190
grouted core grouted cores N4 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.5
N5 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 6.5 5.3 4.3
N6 – – – – – 7.4 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0
C1 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.8
s1 w1 C2 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.0 5.6 4.6
C3 – – – – – 7.4 5.9 4.6 3.7 3.0
C4 – – – – – 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.1

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Table 3.5 Selection of Lintels Supporting Standard Trusses with Metal Roofing Material
Maximum allowable value of dimension ‘A’ (m)
140-mm-wide lintels 190-mm-wide lintels
(1) Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with: Type A(1) with: Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with:
Wind Opening Type A with:
class. (m) N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20
N1 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N2 1.8 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 6.3 9.0 9.0 7.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 5.0 8.5 8.5 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 4.2 8.3 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0 – – – 3.7 8.2 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.7 5.6 6.3 5.5 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.1 5.4 8.5 4.7 9.0 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 3.7 8.5 9.0 – – – – – – 2.9 7.8 9.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.5 6.4 9.0 – – – – – – 1.6 5.7 9.0
N3 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 8.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 6.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 5.3 9.0 9.0 7.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 4.5 8.3 8.3 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 4.2 8.3 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0 – – – 3.7 8.2 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.7 5.6 6.3 5.5 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.1 5.4 8.5 4.7 9.0 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 3.7 8.5 9.0 – – – – – – 2.9 7.8 9.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.5 6.4 9.0 – – – – – – 1.6 5.7 9.0
N4 0.9 7.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C1 1.8 4.6 9.0 9.0 6.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.6 8.0 8.0 5.3 9.0 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0 4.8 8.7 9.0 7.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 3.1 5.7 5.7 4.5 8.8 9.0 7.8 9.0 9.0 3.9 6.3 7.8 5.6 8.3 9.0 8.2 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 3.9 6.6 8.6 6.6 9.0 9.0 – – – 3.7 7.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.7 5.0 6.3 5.1 8.3 9.0 – – – 2.1 5.3 7.5 4.7 8.7 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 3.7 6.7 9.0 – – – – – – 2.9 7.1 9.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.5 5.7 8.1 – – – – – – 1.6 6.1 8.7
N5 0.9 4.3 9.0 9.0 6.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 3.4 9.0 9.0 5.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.4 9.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C2 1.8 2.7 8.1 8.1 3.9 9.0 9.0 7.2 9.0 9.0 3.5 8.7 9.0 5.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.1 4.7 4.7 3.1 7.3 9.0 5.5 9.0 9.0 2.8 5.1 6.4 4.1 7.0 9.0 7.4 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.8 3.4 3.4 2.6 5.2 6.8 4.6 8.7 9.0 2.3 3.7 4.6 3.3 5.5 7.9 5.4 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.3 3.9 5.0 3.9 6.5 9.0 – – – 2.5 4.1 5.9 4.1 6.8 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.0 2.9 3.8 3.0 4.9 7.1 – – – 2.0 3.1 4.4 3.2 5.1 7.5
4.8 – – – – – – 2.5 4.0 5.7 – – – – – – 2.6 4.2 6.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.1 3.4 4.8 – – – – – – 1.6 3.6 5.1
N6 0.9 4.1 9.0 9.0 6.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 3.2 9.0 9.0 5.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.5 6.3 7.9 3.8 9.0 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.0 3.7 4.6 3.0 5.5 8.0 5.3 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.6 2.7 3.3 2.4 3.9 5.7 3.9 6.5 9.0
3.6 – – – 1.8 3.0 4.3 3.0 4.9 7.2
4.2 – – – 1.4 2.3 3.2 2.3 3.7 5.4
4.8 – – – – – – 1.9 3.0 4.4
5.4 – – – – – – 1.6 2.6 3.7
C3 0.9 3.8 9.0 9.0 5.8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 2.9 9.0 9.0 4.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.3 5.8 7.3 3.5 8.7 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0
2.4 1.9 3.4 4.2 2.7 5.1 7.4 4.9 8.4 9.0
3.0 1.5 2.4 3.0 2.2 3.6 5.3 3.6 6.0 8.9
3.6 – – – 1.7 2.7 3.9 2.7 4.5 6.6
4.2 – – – 1.3 2.1 2.9 2.1 3.4 5.0
4.8 – – – – – – 1.8 2.8 4.0
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 2.4 3.4
C4 0.9 'A1' 'A2' 2.7 9.0 9.0 4.3 9.0 9.0 8.8 9.0 9.0
1.2 2.1 7.1 9.0 3.4 9.0 9.0 7.4 9.0 9.0
1.8 1.7 4.2 5.3 2.5 6.3 9.0 4.6 9.0 9.0
2.4 Lintel '1' Lintel '2' 1.4 2.5 3.1 2.0 3.7 5.4 3.6 6.1 9.0
3.0 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.6 2.7 3.8 2.6 4.4 6.5
3.6 – – – 1.2 2.0 2.9 2.0 3.3 4.8
4.2 Standard truss with metal roofing – – – 1.0 1.5 2.1 1.5 2.5 3.6
4.8 – – – – – – 1.3 2.0 2.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.1 1.7 2.5
(1) See Figure 1.6 (page 4) for details

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Table 3.6 Selection of Lintels Supporting Standard Trusses with Tile Roofing Material
Maximum allowable value of dimension ‘A’ (m)
140-mm-wide lintels 190-mm-wide lintels
(1) Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with: Type A(1) with: Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with:
Wind Opening Type A with:
class. (m) N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20
N1 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N2 1.8 4.9 9.0 9.0 6.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.7 7.4 7.4 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.6 8.5 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.9 4.9 4.9 3.6 7.0 7.7 7.2 9.0 9.0 2.9 5.6 6.7 3.5 7.1 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.8 5.3 4.9 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 7.3 4.4 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 6.7 9.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 6.4 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 5.0 8.1 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 7.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 6.4 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 6.1
N3 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 4.9 9.0 9.0 6.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.7 7.4 7.4 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.6 8.5 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.9 4.9 4.9 3.6 7.0 7.7 7.2 9.0 9.0 2.9 5.6 6.7 3.5 7.1 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.8 5.3 4.9 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 7.3 4.4 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 6.7 9.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 6.4 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 5.0 8.1 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 7.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 6.4 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 6.1
N4 0.9 8.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 6.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C1 1.8 4.9 9.0 9.0 6.2 8.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.7 7.4 7.4 4.5 6.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.6 8.5 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.9 4.9 4.9 3.6 5.5 7.7 7.2 9.0 9.0 2.9 5.6 6.7 3.5 7.1 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.7 5.3 4.9 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 7.3 4.4 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 6.7 9.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 6.4 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 5.0 8.1 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 7.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 6.4 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 6.1
N5 0.9 4.9 9.0 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 3.8 9.0 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C2 1.8 3.1 9.0 9.0 4.5 9.0 9.0 8.2 9.0 9.0 4.0 9.0 9.0 5.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.4 5.3 5.3 3.5 8.3 9.0 6.3 9.0 9.0 3.2 5.8 7.3 4.7 8.7 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.1 3.8 3.8 3.0 5.9 7.7 5.2 9.0 9.0 2.6 4.2 5.2 3.5 6.2 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.4 5.3 4.4 7.4 8.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 6.7 4.4 7.7 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 5.6 6.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 5.9 8.5
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 4.5 4.9 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 6.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 4.1 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 5.8
N6 0.9 4.5 9.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 3.5 9.0 9.0 5.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.8 6.9 8.7 4.1 9.0 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.2 4.0 5.0 3.3 6.0 8.2 5.8 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.9 2.9 3.6 2.6 4.3 6.3 4.3 7.2 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.0 3.3 4.7 3.3 5.4 7.9
4.2 – – – 1.2 2.5 3.5 2.5 4.1 5.9
4.8 – – – – – – 1.7 3.3 4.8
5.4 – – – – – – 0.9 2.8 4.0
C3 0.9 4.1 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 3.2 7.6 8.0 5.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.5 6.0 6.3 3.8 9.0 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.0 3.7 4.6 3.0 5.5 7.5 5.3 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.7 2.7 3.3 2.4 4.0 5.7 3.9 6.6 9.0
3.6 – – – 1.8 3.0 4.3 3.0 4.9 7.2
4.2 – – – 1.2 2.3 3.2 2.3 3.7 5.4
4.8 – – – – – – 1.7 3.0 4.4
5.4 – – – – – – 0.9 2.6 3.7
C4 0.9 'A1' 'A2' 2.9 7.0 7.3 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 2.3 5.4 5.7 3.6 9.0 9.0 7.9 9.0 9.0
1.8 1.8 4.3 4.5 2.7 6.7 6.9 4.9 9.0 9.0
2.4 Lintel '1' Lintel '2' 1.4 2.6 3.3 2.1 3.9 5.4 3.8 6.5 9.0
3.0 1.2 1.9 2.4 1.7 2.8 4.1 2.8 4.7 6.9
3.6 – – – 1.3 2.1 3.0 2.1 3.5 5.2
4.2 Standard truss with tile roofing – – – 1.0 1.6 2.3 1.6 2.7 3.9
4.8 – – – – – – 1.4 2.2 3.1
5.4 – – – – – – 0.9 1.9 2.6
(1) See Figure 1.6 (page 4) for details

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Design Manual

Table 3.7 Selection of Lintels Supporting Girder Roof Trusses

Maximum supported roof area, including standard trusses (m2)
140-mm-wide lintels 190-mm-wide lintels
Opening Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with: Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with:
Wind class. (m) N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20
N1 and N2 0.9 33 34 75 80 36 38 76 89
1.2 30 31 58 65 31 34 59 72
1.8 20 22 40 54 21 30 40 59
2.4 15 16 30 45 15 23 30 46
3.0 12 13 23 36 12 17 23 37
N3 0.9 33 34 75 80 36 38 76 89
1.2 30 31 58 65 31 34 59 72
1.8 20 22 40 54 21 30 40 59
2.4 15 16 30 45 15 23 30 46
3.0 12 13 23 36 12 17 23 37
N4 and C1 0.9 28 28 60 61 30 31 64 68
1.2 25 26 50 51 28 29 50 57
1.8 20 22 35 44 21 27 36 48
2.4 16 16 27 40 17 23 28 42
3.0 12 13 22 33 12 17 23 34
N5 and C2 0.9 18 18 39 40 20 20 41 44
1.2 16 17 32 33 18 19 33 37
1.8 13 16 22 28 14 18 23 31
2.4 10 14 17 26 11 16 18 27
3.0 – 11 14 21 – 13 15 23
(1) See Figure 1.6 (page 4) for details

Table 3.8 Selection of Lintels Supporting a Timber Floor

Maximum supported width (m)
140-mm-wide lintels 190-mm-wide lintels
Determination of Opening Type BB(1) with: Type CC(1) with: Type BB(1) with: Type CC(1) with:
supported width (m) N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20
0.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Assumed floor loadings: 1.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Dead load – 2 kPa (including partitions) 1.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Lintel
Live load – 1.5 kPa 2.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0
3.0 1.7 1.9 2.9 3.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.0
= = 3.6 1.4 1.5 2.2 2.3 1.7 1.8 2.4 2.7
First 4.2 – – 1.8 1.9 – – 1.8 2.2
Supported width support 4.8 – – 1.5 1.6 – – 1.4 1.8
5.4 – – 1.2 1.4 – – 1.1 1.6
(1) See Figure 1.7 (page 4) for details

Table 3.9 Selection of Bond Beams Supporting Standard Truss Roofs

Maximum allowable value of dimension ‘A’ (m)
140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm leaf-wall
Determination of Wind Bond beams(1) Bond beams(1)
dimension ‘A’ Class. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
N2 9 9 9 9 9 9
'A1' 'A2'
N3 7 9 9 9 9 9
N4 – 9 9 5 9 9
Bond Bond
beam '1' beam '2' N5 – 6 9 – 7 9
N6 – – 7 – 5 9
C1 – 9 9 – 9 9
C2 – 6 9 – 9 9
C3 – – 7 – 5 9
C4 – – – – – 7
(1) See Figure 1.3 (page 3) for details

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4 Bracing Design 4.2 Racking Forces

4.1 Method
Bracing walls of sufficient number and strength
must be located through the building to resist the
racking forces from the wind and earthquake. The
sum of the capacities of all bracing walls in each
direction must exceed the total racking force in the
relevant direction. The bracing walls can be either
all masonry, other wall types or a combination of
both. The external walls will act as bracing walls in
either direction.
Determine the racking forces imposed on the
building in both directions from Tables 4.1, 4.2 and
4.3 for the wind classification
For earthquake loads on housing, H1 racking forces
can be taken as equivalent to N2 wind classification
and H2 and H3 racking forces equivalent to N3
wind classification.
Note, these tables are extracts from Australian
Standards AS 1684.2–1999 and AS 1684.3–1999
and are limit state loads (ultimate loads based on
AS 1170.2) for consistency with limit state design.

Table 4.1 Wind Force Per Unit Length, Normal to Length of Buildings with Hip or Gable Ends
Wind force to be resisted (kN/m) [Total force (kN) = building length (m) x wind force (kN/m)]

Hip or gable
Hip or gable Length
Length

n
tio
n tio
ec ec
Dir ind Dir ind
Width w Width
of
w of

Single-storey or upper-storey Lower-storey of two storeys

Roof slope (degrees) Roof slope (degrees)
Wind Building
Class. width (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N1 4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.5
6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.7 3.8
8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.6 3.9 4.2
10 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.9 4.2 4.6
12 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.4 4.2 4.5 5.0
14 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.6 4.4 4.8 5.4
16 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.4 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.8 4.7 5.1 5.9
N2 4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.2 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.4 4.7 4.9
6 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.7 5.1 5.3
8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.8 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.2 5.0 5.4 5.9
10 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 4.5 5.4 5.8 6.4
12 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 2.5 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.7 5.7 6.2 6.9
14 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.9 2.7 3.5 4.0 5.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.1 5.0 6.1 6.6 7.5
16 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.0 2.9 3.8 4.4 5.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.3 5.3 6.5 7.1 8.1
N3 4 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.1 3.4 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.9 7.4 7.6
and 6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.6 3.3 3.6 4.3 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.2 7.3 7.9 8.3
C1 8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.3 3.1 3.9 4.3 5.2 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.6 7.9 8.5 9.1
10 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.5 3.5 4.4 5.0 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.0 7.0 8.4 9.0 10
12 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.7 3.9 5.0 5.7 7.0 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.2 7.4 9.0 9.6 11
14 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.9 4.2 5.5 6.3 7.8 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.8 9.5 10 12
16 1.8 1.8 1.8 3.1 4.6 6.0 6.9 8.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.7 8.2 10 11 13
N4 4 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.3 4.1 4.5 5.1 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.9 10 11 11
and 6 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.9 4.9 5.4 6.3 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.7 9.2 11 12 12
C2 8 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.4 4.6 5.8 6.5 7.7 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.8 9.8 12 13 14
10 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.8 5.2 6.6 7.5 9.1 8.5 8.5 8.7 9.0 10 13 13 15
12 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.1 5.8 7.4 8.5 10 8.5 8.5 8.7 9.2 11 13 14 16
14 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.3 6.3 8.1 9.4 12 8.5 8.5 8.7 9.6 12 14 15 18
16 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.6 6.8 8.9 10 13 8.5 8.5 8.7 10 12 15 16 19
N5 4 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.9 6.0 6.7 7.4 13 13 13 13 13 15 16 17
and 6 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.5 5.7 7.3 8.0 9.3 13 13 13 13 14 16 17 18
C3 8 3.9 3.9 4.0 5.0 6.7 8.5 9.5 11 13 13 13 13 14 17 19 20
10 3.9 3.9 3.9 5.6 7.7 9.7 11 13 13 13 13 13 15 18 20 22
12 3.9 3.9 3.9 6.0 8.5 11 12 15 13 13 13 14 16 20 21 24
14 3.9 3.9 3.9 6.4 9.3 12 14 17 13 13 13 14 17 21 23 26
16 3.9 3.9 3.9 6.7 10 13 15 19 13 13 13 15 18 22 24 28

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Table 4.2 Wind Force on End of Buildings with Gable End

Wind force to be resisted by gable end (kN)

Width Width

Di Di
r r
of ecti of ecti
Length wi on Length wi on
nd nd

Single-storey or upper-storey Lower-storey of two storeys

Roof slope (degrees) Roof slope (degrees)
Wind Building
Class. width (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N1 4 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.2 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13
6 5.2 5.7 6.2 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.5 9.2 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 22
8 6.9 7.8 8.7 9.6 11 12 13 14 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31
10 8.6 10 11 13 14 16 18 20 29 30 32 33 35 37 39 41
12 10 12 14 17 19 21 24 26 35 37 39 41 43 46 49 52
14 12 15 18 20 23 27 30 34 41 43 46 49 52 56 59 63
16 14 17 21 25 29 33 37 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 71 76
N2 4 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.1 7.6 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19
6 7.5 8.2 8.9 9.7 10 11 12 13 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30
8 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 20 32 33 35 36 37 39 41 42
10 12 14 17 19 21 23 26 29 40 42 44 46 48 51 53 56
12 15 18 21 24 27 30 34 38 48 51 54 57 60 64 67 71
14 17 21 25 30 34 38 43 49 56 60 64 68 73 77 82 88
16 20 25 30 36 41 47 54 61 64 69 75 80 86 92 98 105
N3 4 7.8 8.3 8.8 9.3 9.9 10 11 12 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29
and 6 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 21 38 39 40 41 42 44 45 47
C1 8 16 18 20 22 24 26 29 32 50 52 54 56 58 61 63 66
10 19 23 26 29 33 36 40 45 63 66 69 72 76 79 83 88
12 23 28 32 37 42 48 53 60 75 80 84 89 94 99 105 111
14 27 33 40 46 53 60 68 77 88 94 100 107 113 121 128 137
16 31 39 47 56 65 74 84 96 100 108 116 125 134 143 153 165
N4 4 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43
and 6 17 19 21 23 24 26 28 31 56 58 59 61 63 65 67 69
C2 8 23 26 29 32 36 39 43 47 75 78 81 84 87 91 94 99
10 29 34 38 43 48 54 60 66 93 98 103 108 113 118 124 131
12 35 41 48 55 63 71 79 89 112 119 125 133 140 148 156 166
14 41 50 59 69 79 89 101 114 131 140 149 159 169 179 191 204
16 46 58 70 83 96 110 125 142 149 161 173 186 199 213 228 245
N5 4 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 26 55 56 57 58 59 61 62 64
and 6 26 28 31 33 36 39 42 45 82 85 87 90 93 96 99 102
C3 8 34 38 43 48 52 58 63 69 110 114 119 123 128 133 139 145
10 43 49 56 64 71 79 88 98 137 144 151 158 166 174 183 192
12 51 61 71 82 92 104 117 131 165 175 185 195 206 218 230 244
14 60 73 87 101 116 132 149 168 192 206 219 234 248 264 281 300
16 68 86 104 122 142 162 185 209 220 237 255 274 293 314 336 361

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Table 4.3 Wind Force on End of Buildings with Hip End

Wind force to be resisted by hip end (kN)

Width
Width

Di Di
r r
of ecti of ecti
Length wi on Length wi on
nd nd

Single-storey or upper-storey Lower-storey of two storeys

Roof slope (degrees) Roof slope (degrees)
Wind Building
Class. width (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N1 4 3.6 3.6 3.6 6.7 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.9 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13
6 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.7 6.6 7.3 7.8 8.6 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 20
8 7.2 7.2 7.2 8.1 9.6 11 12 13 23 23 23 24 25 26 27 29
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 11 13 15 16 19 29 29 29 30 32 34 35 38
12 11 11 11 13 17 19 21 25 35 35 35 36 39 42 44 47
14 13 13 13 16 21 24 27 32 41 41 41 43 47 51 54 58
16 14 14 14 19 25 29 33 39 46 46 47 50 56 61 64 70
N2 4 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.5 6.0 6.4 6.8 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 18
6 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.9 9.1 10 11 12 24 24 24 24 25 26 27 28
8 10 10 10 11 13 15 16 18 32 32 32 33 34 36 38 39
10 12 12 12 15 18 20 22 26 40 40 40 41 44 47 49 52
12 15 15 15 19 23 27 29 34 48 48 49 50 54 59 61 66
14 17 17 17 22 28 33 37 44 56 56 57 59 65 71 74 81
16 20 20 20 26 34 41 45 54 64 64 65 69 77 84 88 97
N3 4 7.8 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.6 9.4 10 11 25 25 25 25 26 26 27 28
and 6 12 12 12 12 14 16 17 19 38 38 38 38 39 41 43 44
C1 8 16 16 16 18 21 23 25 29 50 50 50 51 53 57 59 62
10 19 19 19 23 28 32 35 40 63 63 63 64 69 73 76 81
12 23 23 23 29 36 41 46 54 75 75 76 78 85 91 95 103
14 27 27 27 35 44 52 58 68 88 88 88 93 102 111 116 126
16 31 31 31 41 53 63 71 85 100 100 101 108 120 131 138 152
N4 4 12 12 12 12 13 14 15 16 37 37 37 37 38 39 41 41
and 6 17 17 18 18 21 24 25 28 56 56 56 56 58 61 63 65
C2 8 23 23 23 26 31 35 37 42 75 75 75 76 80 84 88 92
10 29 29 29 35 42 48 52 60 93 93 94 95 102 109 114 121
12 35 35 35 43 53 62 68 80 112 112 113 116 126 136 142 153
14 41 41 41 52 66 77 86 102 131 131 131 138 152 165 173 188
16 46 46 46 62 80 94 106 126 149 149 150 161 179 195 206 226
N5 4 17 17 17 17 19 21 22 23 55 55 55 55 56 58 60 61
and 6 26 26 26 27 31 35 37 41 82 82 83 83 85 89 93 96
C3 8 34 34 34 39 45 51 55 62 110 110 111 112 117 124 129 135
10 43 43 43 51 61 70 76 88 137 137 138 140 151 161 168 178
12 51 51 51 64 79 91 100 117 165 165 166 170 196 200 209 225
14 60 60 60 77 97 114 127 150 192 192 194 203 224 242 254 277
16 68 68 68 91 117 139 156 186 220 220 221 236 263 287 303 332

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4.3 Bracing Wall Location Table 4.5 Spacing of Bracing Walls Supporting
a Floor (Lower Storey)
Bracing walls must be distributed approximately
evenly along the length and width of the building. Wind Minimum building Maximum spacing of
The maximum distance between bracing walls Classification width (m) bracing walls (m)
supporting a roof is given in Table 4.4 for the N1 4.8 14.0
various wind classifications. Where bracing walls
N2 4.8 14.0
cannot be spaced to comply with Table 4.4, then
additional cross bracing needs to be included in the N3 and C1 6.0 14.0
ceiling to distribute the racking forces. N4 and C2 6.0 11.5
The maximum distance between bracing walls N5 and C3 6.0 10.0
supporting a floor is given in Table 4.5. Where the
width of floor exceeds the value in Table 4.5, then
the spacing of the bracing walls shall be as given in
Table 4.4.
Note, these tables are extracts from Australian
Standards AS 1684.2–1999 and AS 1684.3–1999.

Table 4.4 Spacing of Bracing Walls Under Roofs

Maximum spacing of bracing walls (m)
Roof slope (degrees)
Wind Building
Class. width (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N1 4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N2 4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.8 6.7 6.4
6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 7.9
8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N3 4 6.2 6.6 7.4 7.5 6.4 5.1 4.4 4.2
and 6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 6.7 5.6 5.1
C1 8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.6 6.7 5.7
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.4 7.9 6.2
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.9 6.6
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 6.7
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 6.9
N4 4 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.0 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.7
and 6 5.9 6.6 7.3 7.3 5.8 4.4 3.7 3.4
C2 8 7.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.7 5.0 4.4 3.8
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.3 5.5 5.2 4.1
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.9 5.9 5.2 4.3
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.2 6.1 5.5 4.4
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.5 6.5 5.7 4.6
N5 4 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.9
and 6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.1 3.1 2.6 2.4
C3 8 5.5 6.3 6.7 6.5 4.7 3.5 3.1 2.6
10 6.8 7.9 8.3 7.8 5.1 3.9 3.6 2.9
12 8.2 9.0 9.0 8.5 5.5 4.1 3.7 3.0
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.7 4.3 3.8 3.1
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 4.6 4.0 3.2

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4.4 Bracing Wall Capacities Table 4.6 Bracing Capacity of Typical Walls(1)
up to 3.0-m High
The capacities of masonry acting as bracing walls
are given in the following Tables: Walls reinforced
Unreinforced walls with tie-downs
■ Table 4.6 for walls that comply with the details Wall
Leaf thickness (mm) Leaf thickness (mm)
shown in Figure 4.1. length
(m) 90 110 140 190 140 190
■ Table 4.7 for wind at right angles (normal) to
reinforced walls. 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.9 2.9
0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 5.8 5.8
■ Table 4.8 for reinforced piers. 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 8.7 8.8
The bracing capacities given in Tables 4.6 to 4.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 12 12
1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 15 15
rely on the tie-down reinforcement being effectively 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.9 24 25
fixed into the foundations and the foundations being 2.4 3.5 3.7 4.3 5.1 34 35
of sufficient size to resist overturning.
3.0 5.5 5.8 6.7 7.9 45 46
4.0 10 10 12 14 64 66
5.0 15 16 19 22 85 88
Bond beam 6.0 22 23 27 32 107 111
Wall height (≤ 3.0 m)

7.0 30 32 37 43 130 137

8.0 39 41 48 56 155 164
Bracing 9.0 50 52 61 71 182 192
wall 10.0 61 64 75 88 210 222
length Bracing wall length
(1) As detailed in Figure 4.1
Floor level

BRACING LENGTH FOR EXTERNAL REINFORCED WALLS

Bracing wall length Bracing wall length

External wall
Wall height (≤ 3.0 m)
Wall height (≤ 3.0 m)

A A

Masonry mesh, 500 long

every second course

Floor slab Floor slab

Footing External wall

WALL NOT CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION WALL CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION SECTION A–A
INTERNAL WALLS WITHOUT TIE-DOWNS (UNREINFORCED)

Bracing wall length Bracing wall length

1-N12 bar grouted into top External wall

course bond beam and
Wall height (≤ 3.0 m)

turned down 200 mm

Wall height (≤ 3.0 m)

into end cores A A

L8 ties every second course,

bent down 100 mm
into grouted cores

1-N12 grouted into end cores

Starter bars anchored in slab

Slab thickening under wall Slab thickening under wall

Footing External wall

WALL NOT CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION WALL CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION SECTION A–A
INTERNAL WALLS WITH TIE-DOWNS

Figure 4.1 Typical Bracing Wall Details

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Table 4.7 Bracing Capacity of Walls with Wind Normal to Wall

Bracing capacity per reinforced core (kN)
Wall Height (mm)
Wall details 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600

Wind direction 1-N12 bar in grouted core

140
4.4 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.7

Wind direction 1-N12 bar in grouted core

190
6.2 3.1 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.0

Wind direction 1-N16 bar in grouted core

190
10.9 5.5 3.6 2.7 2.2 1.8

Table 4.8 Bracing Capacity of Reinforced Piers with Wind in Either Direction
Bracing capacity of reinforced pier (kN)
Pier Height (mm)
Pier details 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600

190 1-N12 bar in grouted core

190 5.4 2.7 1.8 1.3 1.1 0.9

290 1-N12 bar in grouted core

290 9.2 4.6 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.5

290 1-N16 bar in grouted core

290 16 7.8 5.2 3.9 3.1 2.6

290 4-N12 bars in grouted core

290 27 13 9.1 6.8 5.5 4.5

290 4-N16 bars in grouted core

290 44 22 15 11 8.8 7.3

390 4-N12 bars in grouted cores

390 38 19 13 10 7.7 6.4

390 4-N16 bars in grouted cores

390 66 33 22 17 13 11

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5 Connection Details
5.1 Truss Tie-Down
Trusses must be tied down to the top bond beam to
prevent both uplift and horizontal movement. This
can be achieved by either directly fixing the truss to
the bond beam (where the walls are 2500 mm or
higher) or by bolting a top plate to the bond beam
and then attaching the truss to the top plate. Typical
details and design capacities are given in the
following Tables:
■ Table 5.1, using threaded rod
■ Table 5.2, using timber top plate
■ Table 5.3, using truss plates.

Table 5.1 Truss Tie-Down using Threaded Rod

Uplift capacity (kN) with following timbers:
Threaded Unseasoned Seasoned
Connection detail rod details J2 J3 J4 JD4 JD5 JD6

75 x 10-mm GS plate 25
drilled to suit max.
size of rod
2-M10 rods 36 36 36 30 24 18
Threaded rods
with end cogged,
extending down two
courses, bent to suit
ELEVATION 2-M12 rods 54 54 52 40 32 24

Table 5.2 Truss Tie-Down using Timber Top Plate

Uplift capacity (kN) with following timbers:
Unseasoned Seasoned
Connection detail Description J2 J3 J4 JD4 JD5 JD6

Framing anchor (single or

double) with 4-2.8-mm dia.
nails to each end
NOTE: Single framing anchor 4.9 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.9 2.2
Refer to AS 1684.3
for top plate
tie-down details

Double framing anchor 8.3 5.9 4.2 5.9 4.9 3.7

30 x 0.8-mm GI strap (single or

double) with 3-2.8-mm dia.
nails to each end
NOTE: Single strap 6.5 4.7 3.3 4.7 3.8 2.9
Refer to AS 1684.3
for top plate
tie-down details

Double strap 12 8.4 5.9 8.4 6.9 5.2

30 x 0.8-mm GI looped strap

(single or double) with nails
as shown below
Nails required NOTE: Single looped strap 13 13 13 13 13 13
for each end of Refer to AS 1684.3
looped strap: for top plate
3-2.8-mm dia. for J2 tie-down details
4-2.8-mm dia. for J3 and JD4
5-2.8-mm dia. for J4, JD5 and JD6
Double looped strap 25 25 25 25 25 25

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Table 5.3 Truss Tie-Down using Truss Plates

Uplift capacity (kN) with following timbers:
Unseasoned Seasoned
Connection detail Description J2 J3 J4 JD4 JD5 JD6

M16 bolt through

head plate

50 x 5 x 200 GS truss plate

threaded over bond beam
reinforcement Single truss plate,
single roof truss 20 15 10 16 11 8

50 x 3-mm GI strap
M16 bolt through
head plate

Overstrap 50 x 5 x 200 GS truss plate

must be tight or threaded over bond beam Single truss plate
packed with non- reinforcement and with overstrap and
compressive packing anchored in second course single roof truss 35 25 16 23 18 15

Double roof trusses

M16 bolt through
head plates

50 x 5 x 200 GS truss plates

threaded over bond beam
reinforcement and Double truss plate,
anchored in second course
double roof truss 49 44 28 44 36 28

50 x 3-mm GI strap Two or three

roof trusses
M16 bolt through
head plates

Overstrap 50 x 5 x 200 GS truss plates

must be tight or threaded over bond beam Double truss plate
packed with non- reinforcement and with overstrap and
compressive packing anchored in second course 2 or 3 roof trusses 76 54 34 54 43 34
2 roof trusses 3 roof trusses

REF: An Investigation of Truss Hold Down TR44 James Cook University, Cyclone Structural Testing Station October 1996.

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5.2 Fixing to Gable Ends Top chord of roof truss

Gable walls must be supported by the roof

Bond beam
diaphragm by anchoring of end roof trusses at 50 x 8 GS 'Z' bracket, fixed to truss chord
regular centres. The attached end truss must then by coach screw and masonry by 12-mm
be braced back to internal trusses with trimming Ramset fixings or equivalent, at spacings
not exceeding those given in the
joists. Typical details and design capacities are table below
given in the following Figures:
■ Figure 5.1, for timber gable fixings
■ Figure 5.2, for block gable fixing.
Bottom chord 50 x 8 GS 'Z' bracket, fixed as above
of roof truss

FC sheeting, min.
100 mm below Top chords of trusses Ceiling
top of blockwork
Sheeting battens
fixed to truss
Noggins between end two
78 x 38 trimming trusses at fixing points
joist, on flat, not exceeding spacing given
screwed to bottom in table below Wind Classification Maximum spacing of fixings (m)
chords of truss
N1 3.6
N3 3.6
Seal blocks before N3 2.4
FC sheeting is
fixed in place N4 and C1 1.8
M12 threaded rod cogged in bond beam, N5 and C2 1.2
passing through trimming joist and nogging N6 and C3 0.9
Approved sealant at spacings not exceeding those given in
table below
Figure 5.2 Blockwork Gable Fixing

METHOD 1
5.3 Timber Floor Fixing
A pole plate supporting a timber floor must have
FC sheeting, min. sufficient anchors to carry the shear load imposed
100 mm below Top chords of trusses by the floor. Typical fixing is shown in Figure 5.3.
top of blockwork

Sheeting battens
fixed to truss Noggins between end two
trusses at fixing points
not exceeding spacing given Timber or steel pole plate
78 x 38 trimming in table below
joist, on edge
Bond beam
with 1-N 12 bar
Seal blocks before Hilti HSA stud anchor or equivalent
FC sheeting is
fixed in place
50 x 50 x 8 steel angle threaded over
bond beam reinforcement and bolted with
Approved sealant M12 bolts through bottom chord of truss
and trimmer joist at spacings not exceeding
those given in table below

Figure 5.3 Pole Plate Fixing for Timber Floor

METHOD 2

Wind Classification Maximum spacing of fixings (m)

N1 3.6
N3 3.6
N3 3.6
N4 and C1 2.4
N5 and C2 1.8
N6 and C3 1.2

Figure 5.1 Timber Gable End Fixing

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Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual

6 Basement Walls 6.2 Drainage

6.1 General
The foundation slab of a basement can be modified
to provide an efficient footing for a retaining wall. In
addition, a concrete floor slab will provide a “prop”
to the top of the wall, simplifying the wall details
compared to a timber floor. All backfill must be with
granular material. Details of typical basement walls
are shown in the following Figures:
■ Figure 6.1, with concrete floor
■ Figure 6.2, with timber floor.
As with all retaining walls it is critical that the
backfill is prevented from becoming saturated.
Steps to be taken to achieve this include:
■ A drainage system within the backfill. This should
preferable take the form of a 300-mm width of
gravel immediately behind the wall with a
continuous agricultural pipe located at the base
of the wall. The pipe must discharge beyond the
ends of the wall or be connected to the
stormwater drain.
■ Sealing the backfill surface. This can be done by
placing a compacted layer of low-permeability
material over the backfill and sloping the surface
away from the house.
It is also important to prevent hydrostatic pressure
under the floor slab. Where there is the possibility of
groundwater under the slab, then a subfloor
drainage system is advisable.

Starter bar to match

Floor slab N12 at 200 crs
wall reinforcement
reinforcement
above
One-course bond
beam with N12 bar
20.20 knock-out block
saw-cut at floor soffit level

Tanking to back
face of wall

190-thick NOTE:
blockwork Wall blocks and
2700 reinforcement as for
max. 'Typical Details'
20.48 'H' blocks
at horizontal Horizontal reinforcement,
reinforcement N12 at 400 crs
20.01 standard
blocks between Vertical reinforcement,
N16 at 400 crs, central* NOTE:
No tanking required

False wall

600
Floor slab N16 at min. lap Drained cavity
reinforcement 400 crs*
Ag drain

200 200

N12 at 400 crs 55 cover * N12 at 200 crs may be used instead of N16 at 400 crs
1000
TYPICAL DETAILS ALTERNATIVE DETAILS

Figure 6.1 Typical Basement Wall Supporting a Concrete Floor

26
 Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual

6.3 Tanking
Where it is required that the basement be kept dry,
a proper tanking system needs to be installed
behind the wall before backfilling. An alternative to
this is to provide a drain and a false wall in front of
the wall (see Figures 6.1 and 6.2).

140-thick
Timber floor blockwork Timber floor
One-course bond beam
using 20.20 knock-out
block with 1-N12 bar

Pole plate fixed to

bond beam

Vertical reinforcement,
N16 at 400 crs, central 190-thick
blockwork
20.48 'H' blocks
at horizontal Horizontal reinforcement,
reinforcement N12 at 400 crs

Tanking to back NOTE:

190-thick face of wall Reinforcement as for
blockwork 'Typical Details'
2700 max. to
ground level

290-thick
blockwork
290-thick
blockwork

NOTE:
55 cover to back face No tanking required
1200
30.48 'H' blocks False wall
at horizontal
reinforcement 600
Floor slab N16 at min. lap Drained cavity
reinforcement 200 crs* Ag drain

300 300

N12 at 400 crs 55 cover * N20 at 400 crs may be used instead of N16 at 200 crs
1500
TYPICAL DETAILS ALTERNATIVE DETAILS

Figure 6.2 Typical Basement Wall Supporting a Timber Floor

27
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual

7 Weatherproofing Some alternative coating systems available include:

Recommendations
for Housing
7.1 Joint Finishing
It is essential that all mortar joints be filled to the
depth of the face shell and the surface compressed
by tooling, leaving no voids. Ironing with an ironing
tool of 12-mm diameter, 450-mm long, is generally
satisfactory. Particular care needs to be taken
around openings and window sills to ensure joints
are properly filled.
7.2 Weatherproofing
Application
It is recommended that a weatherproof coating be
applied to the outside of houses unless
waterproofing additives have been incorporated into
the blocks and the mortar. Where waterproofing has
been incorporated into the blocks, consult with the
manufacturer for advice and construction
specifications.
It is also recommended that the weatherproofing be
applied before fixing downpipes, etc and before the
windows are installed. The weatherproofing needs
to be taken around the window reveals. All coatings
must be applied strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
■ Textured or architectural finishes. There are an
number of proprietary weatherproof coating
systems available.
■ 100% acrylic-base exterior quality gloss paint.
Three coats are recommended, applied by brush
or roller. Suitable paints include Wattyl Solagard,
Dulux Weathershield, and Taubmans All Weather
Gloss.
■ Cement-based paint, eg Silasec. At least one full
coat of cement-based paint followed by two
coats of 100% acrylic-based exterior-quality
gloss paint, is recommended.
■ Clear coatings. Clear coatings are NOT generally
recommended but may be necessary for
coloured blockwork. If they are used then special
care must be taken to ensure that there are no
gaps or cracks that will allow water entry. These
coatings will also need more regular
maintenance.
7.3 Window Installation
Post fitting of windows is recommended in
accordance with Figure 7.1.

RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE
Weatherproof
Weatherproof 1 Weatherproof all of the external wall, including coating
coating
window reveals, before the windows are fixed
Ramset anchors
Lintel beam 2 Fix windows with Ramset ED642 anchors, or or equivalent
equivalent. Before the anchor is inserted, the
hole should be filled with sealant Sealant each side
Ramset anchors of window frame
or equivalent
3 Seal the whole perimeter of the window frame HEAD FIXING
Ramset anchors on the inside and the jamb and head sections on
or equivalent the outside, with Sikaflex 15LM or equivalent
Weatherproof
4 Door frames are to be fixed and sealed as set coating
Apply weatherproof out for windows, except the anchors should be
coating to all of the Ramset ED655 or equivalent.
opening surround Ramset anchors
before windows or equivalent
are fixed into
position Sealant each side
of window frame
JAMB FIXING
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Sealant on inside
Sill unit
Sill flap on outside

Bond beam Ramset anchors

or equivalent
Weatherproof
coating Weatherproof
coating

SILL FIXING

Figure 7.1 Installation of Windows

28
 Walling
Concrete Masonry

Concrete Masonry Association of Australia

Queensland Promotions Committee
IBM Centre 348 Edward Street Brisbane QLD 4000
Telephone 07 3831 3288

Besser Masonry
85 Christensen Road Stapylton QLD 4207
Telephone 07 3382 4100

Boral Masonry
62 Industrial Avenue Wacol QLD 4076
Telephone 07 3271 2922

ISBN 0 909407 46 0
March 2001
MA47

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