DIN en 15512 Worked Example1

Contents page
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 4
2. System.................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Material properties.................................................................................................................. 7
4. Properties of the components and connections ..................................................................... 8
4.1 Cross section values .......................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Upright ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.3 Bracing member ................................................................................................................. 9
4.4 Beam ................................................................................................................................ 10
4.5 Beam end connector ........................................................................................................ 11
4.6 Partial restraint of the upright base .................................................................................. 12
4.7 Shear stiffness of the upright frames ............................................................................... 13
5. Actions.................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1 Dead load ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Unit loads ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.2.1 Loading of the beams............................................................................................... 14
5.2.2 Bay load for check of down-aisle stability .................................................................... 15
5.2.3 Pattern loading ............................................................................................................. 15
5.2.4 Centre of gravity of the unit loads ................................................................................ 16
5.3 Placement load................................................................................................................. 16
5.3.1 Horizontal placement load in down-aisle direction ....................................................... 16
5.3.2 Horizontal placement load in cross-aisle direction ....................................................... 16
5.3.3 Vertical placement load ................................................................................................ 16
5.4 Actions due to impact ....................................................................................................... 17
5.4.1 Horizontal loads............................................................................................................ 17
5.4.2 Vertical loads ................................................................................................................ 17
5.5 Actions due to installation................................................................................................. 17
6. Imperfections ........................................................................................................................ 18
6.1 Global Imperfections ........................................................................................................ 18
6.1.1 Down-aisle direction ..................................................................................................... 18
6.1.2 Cross-aisle direction..................................................................................................... 18
6.2 Local imperfections .......................................................................................................... 19
6.2.1 Bracing imperfections............................................................................................... 19
6.2.2 Member imperfections.................................................................................................. 19
6.3 Application of global imperfections in the analysis....................................................... 19
7. Load combinations ...................................................................................................................... 20
7.1 General............................................................................................................................. 20
7.2 Global analysis in down-aisle direction ............................................................................ 20
7.3 Global analysis in cross-aisle direction ............................................................................ 21
7.4 Beam design .................................................................................................................... 21
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8. Modeling ............................................................................................................................... 22
8.1 General............................................................................................................................. 22
8.2 Bracing eccentricities ....................................................................................................... 22
8.3 Eccentricity between beam and upright ........................................................................... 22
8.4 Beam end connector ........................................................................................................ 23
8.5 Partial restraint of the upright base .................................................................................. 23
9. Global analysis ..................................................................................................................... 25
10. Checks.................................................................................................................................. 27
10.1 Beams .............................................................................................................................. 27
10.1.1 Strength, unit loads only.............................................................................................. 27
10.1.2 Strength, unit loads + placement loads ....................................................................... 28
10.1.3 Deflection..................................................................................................................... 29
10.2 Beam end connectors ...................................................................................................... 30
10.2.1 Downwards bending + downwards shear ................................................................ 30
10.2.2 Upwards bending + upwards shear.......................................................................... 31
10.2.3 Upwards shear due to impact................................................................................... 31
10.3 Uprights ............................................................................................................................ 32
10.3.1 General..................................................................................................................... 32
10.3.2 Buckling lengths ....................................................................................................... 33
10.3.3 Reduction factors χ................................................................................................... 35
10.3.4 Design buckling resistance....................................................................................... 37
10.3.5 Moment coefficients k............................................................................................... 38
10.3.6 Checks...................................................................................................................... 39
10.3.7 Effect of horizontal placement load between bracing nodes.................................... 40
10.3.8 Effect of horizontal accidental loads......................................................................... 41
10.4 Frame bracing .................................................................................................................. 42
10.5 Upright to floor connection ............................................................................................... 45
10.5.1 Partial restraint ......................................................................................................... 45
10.5.2 Anchorage ................................................................................................................ 45
10.5.3 Contact pressure on the floor ................................................................................... 46
10.5.4 Base plate................................................................................................................. 47
10.5.5 Effect of horizontal loads due to impact ................................................................... 47
10.6 Lateral deflection of the entire structure........................................................................... 48
Annex
A. Frame bracing ..................................................................................................................... A.1
B. Global analysis .................................................................................................................... B.1
C. Member check for upright with moment coefficients ...........................................................C.1

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1. Introduction
On behalf of the European Racking Federation (ERF) an example calculation of an unbraced pallet
rack structure is presented in this document. As per order the calculations are conducted in
accordance with EN 15512: 2009 “Steel static storage systems - Adjustable pallet racking systems
- Principles for structural design”.
The calculations are based on the following assumptions:

- The rack structure is standing in a closed building. Therefore environmental actions such as
wind or snow need not to be taken into account.
- The resistance against seismic action has not to be considered.
- The rack is loaded and unloaded with a typical frequency, so that the unit load can be deemed
to be predominantly static and effects of fatigue need not to be taken into account.
- The rack stands on concrete slab, which is sufficiently designed to carry the concentrated
upright forces.
- The slab is quasi fully rigid, so that the rack structure does not suffer additional forces due to
deformation of the slab
- The slab is sufficiently plane, so that the base plates of the uprights rest fully on the slab.
The values for strength and stiffness of the members and connections as well as the overall
dimensions of the structure are fictitious and have been specified by ERF.
For the determination of the inner forces (global analysis) the software RStab, Version 7.04.0940 is
used.
The undated references in this document relate to the following editions of the standards:
- EN 15512:2009
- DIN EN 1993-1-1:2010-12 (EN 1993:2005 + AC:2009)
- DIN EN 1993-1-3:2006
- DIN EN 1993-1-8:2005

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2. System
The rack consists mainly of the upright frames and the pallet beams. The upright frames are
trusses frames with cold formed -profiles as uprights. Into the open side of the -profiles the U-
shaped bracing members are bolted. The uprights have a continuous perforation at the front web
and at the rear flanges.
The pallet beams are box beams, that are composed of two channel sections nested into each
other. Connectors are welded at the ends of the beams, with which the beams can be hooked into
the front perforation of the uprights. The beam end connector has the semi rigid characteristic of a
rotational spring.
In down-aisle direction the rack is stabilized by the storey frame structure of the semi rigidly
connected beams and uprights and by a partial restraint of the upright base due to contact
pressure with the slab. In cross-aisle direction the stabilization is provided by the trussed upright
frames, which are anchored in the slab.
The system parameters are listed below:

Number of bays n = 8
Number of beam levels nb = 5
Bay width B = 3700 mm (c.t.c. upright)
Compartment heights h = 2000 mm
Clear compartment width L = 3600 mm
Frame width D = 1100 mm (outer dimension)
Frame width Dsys = 1040 mm (c.t.c. upright)
Frame height H = 10164 mm
Upright (Ω-profile) b/d/t = 100/75/2,5
Beam (box profile) h/b/t = 150/50/1,5
Frame bracing (U-profile) h/b/t = 50/30/1,5
Frame configuration irregular, see Figure 1
Splices none
Pallet backstop none
Protectors at aisle side uprights none
The rack is meant to be operated with fork lift trucks. The rack class is 400 according EN 15620.
So the following values for permissible tolerances and deflections apply:
Max. out-of-plumb / H (after installation) ≤ H / 350 (EN 15620, table 2)
Max. vertical deflection of the beam ≤ L / 200 (EN 15620, 5.3.2)
Max. horizontal displacement of the upright ≤ H / 200 (EN 15620, 5.3.3)
The loading parameters are defined as follows:

Pallet type Euro pallet 1200x800 mm
Max. compartment load = 4 x 850 kg = 3400 kg
Max. frame load = 5 x 3400 kg = 17000 kg
Max bay load for down-aisle stability = 0,8 x 17000 kg = 13600 kg
Number of unit loads handled simultaneously
by a fork lift truck = 1
Loading tolerance in cross-aisle direction = ± 50 mm
Access single entry rack, see Figure 1

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The frame bracing configuration is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
10000 36
100
1050
100
1050
8000
100
1050
100
6000 1050
100 Node detail (exemplary):

10164
750
100
4000 750
100
450
50
100 50
450
100
450
2000 100
450
100
450
50
50
900
0 50
64
3600
back side aisle side

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3. Material properties
For steel according to EN 15512, 8.1.3:

2
Modulus of Elasticity E = 21000 kN/cm
Shear Modulus G = E / [2(1+ ν)]
= 21000 / [2 (1 + 0,3)]
2
= 8077 kN/cm
3
Density ρ = 7850 kg/m
According to EN 1993-1-1, Table 3.1:

Steel S 235 JR (EN 10025-2)
2
- yield stress fy = 23,5 kN/cm
2
- tensile strength fu = 36,0 kN/cm
Steel S 355 J2 (EN 10025-2)
2
- yield stress fy = 35,5 kN/cm
2
- tensile strength fu = 49,0 kN/cm
According to EN 1993-1-8, Table 3.1:

Bolts, grade 8.8
2
- yield stress fyb = 64,0 kN/cm
2
- tensile strength fub = 80,0 kN/cm
The material safety factors are chosen in accordance with table 2 of EN 15512.

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4. Properties of the components and connections
4.1 Cross section values
Principally two types of cross section values are used:

- gross cross section values (index “g”)
- effective cross section values (index “eff”)
The different type of cross section values are used for the global analysis, i.e. determination of the
inner forces and for the member checks. Table 1 shows which type of value is used for which
purpose
Table 1
Cross section values Global analysis member checks
2)
Aeff, W eff x
1) 2)
Ag, Iy,g, Iz,g, It,g x x
2)
Iw,g, y0,g x
1)
see EN 15512 9.2.1
2)
see EN 15512, 9.7.4.1 + 9.7.5.2)
4.2 Upright
In Table 2 the cross section values used in this example are listed:
Table 2
Cross section Upright
properties  100/75/2,5 
Steel S355 J2
2
fy kN/cm 35,5
M 1,00
2
Ag cm 7,00
2
Aeff cm 6,40 Figure 2
4
Iy,g cm 88,0
4
Iz,g cm 33,0
4
It,g cm 0,120 ybr z
Iw,g cm
6
1300 yS
y0
y0,g cm 6,00
y
yS,g cm 3,00
3 M
W y,eff cm 18,6
+ 3
W z,eff cm 9,01
- 3
W z,eff cm 9,01
MRd,y,eff kNcm 660 = W eff,y ⋅ fy / γM
+
MRd,z,eff
+
kNcm 320 = W eff,z ⋅ fy / γM
-
MRd,z,eff
-
kNcm 320 = W eff,z ⋅ fy / γM
ybr cm 6,00
g kN/m 0,055

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It is assumed that:
- Aeff has been determined by stub column tests (EN 15512, A.2.1) and compression tests on
uprights (EM 15512, A.2.2) and therefore includes the effects of local buckling, distortional
buckling.
- W eff,y, W eff,z have been determined by bending tests (EN 15512, A,2.9), so that they contain the
effects of local buckling, distorsional buckling, lateral torsional buckling and flange curling.
However it has to be noted, that e.g. the resistance against distorsional bucking depends on the
bracing node distance and the resistance against lateral torsional buckling on the effective torsional
length. So care should be taken that the situation in the tests corresponds sufficiently with the
situation in the real structure. For a frame with irregular bracing it might be useful/necessary to
have different effective cross section properties e.g. depending on the distance of the bracing
nodes.
- +
The values W eff,z and W eff,z refer to compression due to bending at the front side or at the rear
flanges. Usually these values are not identical. However, often only the more unfavourable
situation is tested and the result of these tests is then used for bending in both directions.
4.3 Bracing member
The bracing member is a cold formed U-profile with the main dimension 50/30/1,5 mm. The
effective cross section values with respect to local buckling have been determined by ERF
analytically according to EN 1993-1-3. The following values have been given:
Table 3
Cross section Bracing
properties U 50/30/1,5
Steel S235 JR
2
fy kN/cm 23,5
M 1,00
Aeff cm
2
1,40 Figure 3
4 M
Iy,g cm 6,00
Iz,g cm
4
1,20 y0
4 ey yS z
It,g cm 0,0110
6
Iw,g cm 5,00
y0,eff cm 1,80 y
yS,eff cm 0,60
ey cm 0,90
+ 3
W z,eff cm 0,553
+ 4
MRd,z,eff cm 13,0
g kN/m 0,011
In contrast to the upright the shift of the center of gravity of the effective cross section is here taken
into account by the values yS,eff¸ y0,eff.

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4.4 Beam
Typical composed box beams used in pallet racking are asymmetric with respect to the horizontal
and vertical axes. So the main axes are often slightly inclined (< 5°). In the static calculations this
effect usually can be neglected. The cross section values in Table 4 refer to the horizontal and
vertical axes.
Table 4
Cross section Beam
properties Box 150/50/1,5
Steel S235 JR Figure 4
2
fy kN/cm 23,5
M 1,00
2
A cm 8,00 y
4
Iy cm 260
4
Iz cm 24,0
3
W y,eff cm 39,6 z
3
W z,eff cm 6,38
MRd,y 930,0
MRd,z 150,0
g kN/m 0,063
It is assumed, that W y,eff and W z,eff have been determined by testing, so that possible effects of local
buckling, distorsional buckling not to be considered in the member checks. It is further assumed
1
that tests showed that the beam is not subject to effects of lateral torsional buckling .
1
Usually lateral torsional buckling is not critical for this type of box beam. However, depending on the height
to width ratio of the profile, the number of welds which connect the channel sections the over the length of
the beam, and other parameters lateral torsional buckling might not be negligible.

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4.5 Beam end connector
The following values for the bending strength MRd, rotational stiffness kd, shear strength SRd and
looseness ϕℓ are given:
Table 5
Connector H4 Figure 5
properties
MRd,1 kNcm 230 upwards
kd,1 kN/rad 10000 bending
MRd,2 kNcm 200

kd,2 kN/rad 12500
downwards
MRd,3 kNcm 170 bending
kd,3 kN/rad 13000
VRd,up kN 5,50
VRd,down kN 18,0
ϕℓ  rad 0,00
All the values are determined by tests according to EN 15512 A.2.4 to A.2.6. For the bending
strength and stiffness three pairs of values are specified. That means that the stiffness has been
evaluated from the test curves not only for the maximum bending strength MRd,1 but also for
reduced values MRd,i = ηi ⋅ MRd,1 (ηi < 1, see EN 15512, A.2.4.5.1).
The values MRd,i and kd,i relate to downwards bending. For upwards bending no values are given,
since in this example upwards directed moments only appear at unloaded beams and are relatively
small. According to EN 15512, 9.5.1 for upwards bending separate values for MRd and kd need not
to be used in the analysis as long as these values are at least 50% of the values under downwards
bending.
VRd,down is the resistance against failure of the connector under a downwards directed shear force.
VRd,up is the resistance against disengaging of the connector under an upwards directed shear
force. VRd,up is determined by tests according to EN 15512, A.2.6. This value is usually limited by
the shear strength or the fit of the safety lock in upright and connector.

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4.6 Partial restraint of the upright base
The partial restraint of the upright base usually depends on the contact pressure between upright
base and slab. Rotational stiffness and bending strength are determined for different compressive
forces in the upright by tests according EN 15512, A.2.7.2. The results are given in Table 6 and in
the chart below. The values relate to bending about the y-axis of the upright.
Table 6
N kd MRd
kN kNcm/rad kNcm
30 7800 159,6
40 10400 208,0
50 13000 252,5
60 15600 292,1
70 20400 326,2
80 25100 354,0
90 29900 375,1
100 34600 389,0
110 39400 395,5
120 44100 394,5
130 48900 385,9
140 53600 369,9
60000 450
400
50000
350
40000 300
kd [kNcm/rad]
MRd [kNcm]
250
30000
200
20000 150
100
10000
50
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
N [kN]
For intermediate values of N, the values MRd and kd can be determined by linear interpolation.

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4.7 Shear stiffness of the upright frames
Figure 6
The shear stiffness SD is the ratio of the shear force in the frame V and
the angle of the shear deformation θ resulting from V, i.e. SD = V / θ. The V
shear stiffness is determined by tests according to EN 15512, A.2.8. It is
used in the global analysis to determine the second order effects on the
inner forces due to global imperfection in cross-aisle direction.
In the common software used for structural analyses, the shear stiffness θ
SD of a frame cannot directly be defined. In this case the axial stiffness of
the bracing members must be reduced. This can be done e.g. by using a
reduced cross section area of the bracing members or by applying V
longitudinal springs at the ends of the bracing members. For this example
the latter case was chosen. The table below contains the values of the
spring stiffness depending for two angles of inclination of the bracing.
Figure 7
α [°] Cv [kN/cm]
30 57,5
60 47,5
In the present example the spring only needs to be applied at one end of α
bracing members as shown in Figure 7.

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5. Actions
5.1 Dead load
Self-weight of frame bracing per upright (see annex A):

Gbr = 0,205 kN/2 = 0,10 kN
Self-weight of one upright
Gupr = H ⋅ g = 10,164 m ⋅ 0,055 kN/m = 0,56 kN
Self-weight of one beam:
Gbeam = L ⋅ g = 3,60 m ⋅ 0,063 kN/m = 0,23 kN
⇒ Dead load per inner upright inner frames

G = 0,1 + 0,56 + 5 ⋅ 0,23 = 1,81 kN
In the global analysis the dead load of the members being part of the static model is generated
automatically by the software.
5.2 Unit loads
5.2.1 Loading of the beams
In the present example the loading on the beams can be distributed uniformly over the length L of
the beam (see EN 15512, 9.4.2).
It is assumed that
- the centre of gravity is in the middle of the base area of the pallet Figure 8
- the placement imperfection in cross-aisle direction is not
systematic
2Q
- the placement tolerance is max. 50 mm.
So the most unfavourable loading situation would be as shown in
Figure 8. According to EN 15512, 6.3.2 the influence of the 50
placement tolerance on the actual beam load can be neglected, if
Qe / Q ≤ 1,12 Qe
1100
Here: 1200
Qe / Q = (1200 - 50) / (1100 - 50) = 1,095 ≤ 1,12
⇒ Placement imperfection can be neglected.
So the load to be applied on the beam is

2 -3
Qbeam = 4 x 850 kg ⋅ 9,81 m/s ⋅ 10 / 2 = 16,67 kN
Uniformly distributed over the beam length this becomes:

qbeam = 16,67 / 3,60 m = 4,63 kN/m

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5.2.2 Bay load for check of down-aisle stability
For this example is specified, that for the check of the global
down-aisle stability the average compartment load can be
assumed as 80% of the maximum compartment load. The
single upright frame and the beams however have to be
calculated for the full load. Figure 9
That means that the bending moments in uprights and the
moment at the beam end connectors arising from the global
4,63 kN/m
imperfection in down-aisle direction are calculated for the
situation, that the beams are 80% loaded. But the moments in
the uprights due to pattern loading and the moment at the beam
3,34 kN 3,34 kN
end connectors due to bending of the beam and all other inner
forces have to be determined for the full beam load.
In order to combine these requirements in the global analysis,
the loads on the beams are applied with the maximum value,
but the axial force in the uprights is reduced by 20% by means
of upwards directed single loads at each beam level with the
value of
0,2 ⋅ 16,67 kN = 3,34 kN
(see Figure 9). The axial forces of the uprights have to be
corrected later “manually” to 100% loading for the member
checks.
5.2.3 Pattern loading
For the upright design:

For a regular rack layout, it is usually sufficient, to consider the fully loaded rack structure with the
exception a single unloaded compartment near the middle of the structure at the lowest beam level
(EN 15512, 10.2.2.2, figure 27 a)). However for the present example an irregular braced upright
frame is specified. In this frame the buckling lengths of the upright are at the top of the frame are
significantly greater than at the bottom, which means in reverse, that the compressive strength of
the upright is significantly smaller at the top of the frame than at the bottom. So the unloaded
compartment in the lowest beam level is not inevitably the most critical situation. It might be
necessary to consider pattern loading also in the higher beam levels.
Never the less in the global analysis here only the case of an unloaded compartment in the lowest
beam level will be considered. The problem of pattern loading at the higher beam levels will be
treated in conjunction with the member checks of the uprights in section 10.
For the beam design:

For a regular rack layout, pattern loading at the top beam level with one loaded beam between to
unloaded beams can be deemed to be most critical. Pattern loading for the beam design will be
treated separately from the global analysis in conjunction with the member checks.

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5.2.4 Centre of gravity of the unit loads
The forces resulting from unit loads are applied in the static model directly at the beam levels. The
vertical distance between the beam level and the centre of gravity of the unit loads usually can be
neglected.
For the design under seismic action an exacter approach can be necessary.
5.3 Placement load
5.3.1 Horizontal placement load in down-aisle direction
The horizontal placement load shall be applied in down-aisle and cross-aisle direction but not
simultaneously in both directions (EN 15512, 6.3.4.1).
At racks over 6 m in height a horizontal placement load of either

- 0,25 kN at the top of the rack or
- 0,50 kN at any height up to 3 m
has to be applied (see EN 15512, 6.3.4.2).
According to section 6.3.4.3 of EN 15512 the horizontal placement load in down-aisle direction only
needs to be applied at beam levels.
5.3.2 Horizontal placement load in cross-aisle direction
In the cross-aisle direction the most unfavourable position for the placement load is considered as
a) the top of the upright frame
b) midway between to bracing nodes of the upright frame lattice
c) the mid-span of a beam, where the placement load can be distrusted equally on both beams of
a compartment. The load can be assumed acting in the neutral axis of the beam.
(see EN 15512 , 6.3.4.4)
As already set forth above, for the rack structure in this example section 6.3.4.2. of EN 15512 only
requires placement loads at the top of the frame and below 3 m. However, because of the non-
uniform spacing of the bracing, it seems to be rational, that the effect of horizontal placement load
acting midway between the bracing nodes should be considered at any height. For positions
between 3 m and 6 m the horizontal placement load will be determined by linear interpolation
between 0,50 kN and 0,25 kN.
The bending moments in the uprights resulting from the placement loads will be estimated on the
safe side in conjunction with the member checks.
5.3.3 Vertical placement load
The compartments are designed for 4 unit loads. It is specified that the fork lift trucks are handling
maximum one unit load simultaneously. So according to EN 15512, 6.3.3 vertical placement loads
need not be taken into account.

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5.4 Actions due to impact
5.4.1 Horizontal loads
According to EN 15512, 6.4.3 a horizontal load shall be applied on the aisle side upright at the
most unfavourable height between floor and 400 mm of either:
- 1,25 kN in down-aisle direction or
- 2,50 kN in the cross-aisle front to back direction
The horizontal load is assumed to occur not simultaneously in both directions.
5.4.2 Vertical loads
If goods are placed with manually operated mechanical equipment (e.g. fork lift trucks), rack
components above a unit load shall be able to absorb an accidental upwards directed vertical force
of 5,0 kN (EN 15512, 6.4.2). This force will usually be applied at the beam end, to verify that
connector does not disengage.
Following the standard, the force would consequently also have to be applied at mid-span of the
beam. However in comparison with the compartment load this will not be critical here.
5.5 Actions due to installation
Not specified here.

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6. Imperfections
6.1 Global Imperfections
6.1.1 Down-aisle direction
According to EN 15512, 5.3.2 an imperfection in the form of an inclination of the upright from
vertical shall be taken into account. The angle of the inclination is:
ϕ = ϕs + ϕℓ
≥ 1/500
In this is:
ϕs the maximum specified out-of-plumb divided by the frame height. The maximum out-of-plumb
of any upright in any direction shall not exceed H/350 measured in the unloaded condition
2
immediately after installation (EN 15512, 8.5.7.2 ). However, depending on the operational
method smaller values might be required. Maximum permissible values for the out-of-plumb
are also defined in EN 15620, tables 2, 7 and 11.
The designer may specify smaller values of ϕs, if correspondingly smaller installation
tolerances can be achieved in practice.
ϕℓ looseness of the connector, determined by tests according to A.2.5 of EN 15512.
So with the values given in section 2 of this document:
ϕ = 1/350 + 0
= 1/350
6.1.2 Cross-aisle direction
As in down-aisle direction an imperfection in the form of an inclination of the upright from vertical
shall be taken into account. However, for upright stabilized by bracing systems the angle of the
inclination is given in to EN 15512, 5.3.3.2 as:
ϕ = √(0,5 + 1/nf) ⋅ 2 ϕs
but
ϕ ≤ 2 ϕs
ϕ ≥ 1/500
Herein is
ϕs the specified out-of-plumb divided by the frame height as described in section 7.1.
nf the number of upright frames connected together
A single run of racking is assumed. Thus with the values given in section 2 of this document:
ϕ = √(0,5 + 1/nf) ⋅ 2 ϕs
= √(0,5 + 1/1) ⋅ 2 1/350
= 1/175
2
It is not quite clear, what is exactly meant by „any direction“: The limits for the out-of-plumb for the cross-
aisle and down-aisle direction Cx and Cz in EN 15620, table 2 are defined independently of each other. If
any direction means “cross-aisle, down-aisle and any direction in-between”, this would be a stricter limit for
the out-of-plumb than in EN 15620!

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Since the upright frames are usually asymmetric, it might be necessary to consider the effect of the
imperfection in both directions.
6.2 Local imperfections
6.2.1 Bracing imperfections
Local bracing imperfections according to EN 15512, 5.3.3.3 usually need not to be applied at
typical upright frames in cross-aisle direction. Local bracing imperfections become more critical, the
more uprights have to be stabilized by one bracing system. This might be e.g. in racking with
bracing in down-aisle direction, especially for the design of the horizontal bracing.
6.2.2 Member imperfections
Member imperfections are usually applied as bow imperfection and increase the inner moments of
an element under compression at mid-span and/or at its ends (depending on the support
conditions). The member imperfections usually are applied for two reasons.
- as a substitute for the check of a member with respect to flexural buckling. In conjunction with a
second order analysis, only needs to be checked that the stresses do not exceed the design
value for the yield stress.
- for structures with moment resisting joints, where the moments at the joints are sensible to local
imperfections of the connected members under compression.
3
According to EN 15512, 5.3.5 member imperfections are generally not required . However for very
unusual rack configurations e.g. with extreme slenderness of the uprights and small number of
connectors stabilizing the system, it might be useful to take account of member imperfections.
6.3 Application of global imperfections in the analysis
Global imperfections can be taken into account

- geometrically (horizontal shift of the nodes of the static model)
- by substitute forces (see e.g. EN 1993-1-1, figure 5.3 and 5.4) perpendicular to an element with
axial load
In case of imperfections as described in section 7.1 and 7.2.1 both methods lead to the same
result.
The software used for this example allows to define imperfections as an individual load case. For
each load combination the axial forces are calculated first and then the substitute forces are
determined and adjusted for each further iteration step.
3
In this point EN 15512 deviates from other standards dealing with the design of steel structures (see e.g.
EN 1993-1-1, 5.3.2 (6))

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7. Load combinations
7.1 General
The required load factors are given in table 2 of EN 15512. In the following table the loads are
assigned to the relevant load factors. The values in brackets refer to a favourable effect of the
loads.
Table 7
Action type of action Ultimate limit state Serviceability
permanent or accidental load limit state
variable situation
load situation
Dead load permanent γG = 1,3 [1,0] γGA = 1,0 1,0
Unit load variable γQ = 1,4 [0,0] γQA = 1,0 1,0
Placement load variable γQ = 1,4 [0,0] -- --
Impact accidental -- γA = 1,0 --
The rules for load combinations are given in EN 15512, 7.2:
ΣγG Gk + γQ Qk,1
ΣγG Gk + 0,9 Σ γQ,i Qk,i
ΣγGA Gk + Σ γQA,i Qk,I + γA Ak
where
Gk characteristic value of permanent action
Qk,1 characteristic value one of the variable loads
Qk,i characteristic value of a variable loads
Ak characteristic value of an accidental load
7.2 Global analysis in down-aisle direction
The combination rules and the general guidelines in section 10.2.2.2 of EN 15512 lead to the
4
following load combinations (LG ):
LG1: 1,3 D + 1,40 P1 + ImpX

LG2: 1,3 D + 1,26 P1 + 1,26 H1 + ImpX
LG3: 1,3 D + 1,26 P1 + 1,26 H2 + ImpX
LG11: 1,3 D + 1,40 P2 + ImpX
LG12: 1,3 D + 1,26 P2 + 1,26 H1 + ImpX
LG13: 1,3 D + 1,26 P2 + 1,26 H2 + ImpX
LG21: 1,0 D + 1,00 P1 + Impx
in which is:
D Dead load
P1 Unit loads, fully loaded rack
4
The abbreviation “LG” refers to the term “load group“ which is used in the software RStab for load
nd
combinations in 2 order analyses.

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P2 Unit loads, pattern loading in the bottom beam level
H1 Horizontal placement load of 0,25 kN in down-aisle direction at the top beam level
H2 Horizontal placement load of 0,50 kN in down-aisle direction at the bottom beam level
ImpX Global imperfection in down-aisle direction
The effects of
- the accidental load and
- pattern loading at the higher beam levels
will be treated in conjunction with the member checks of the uprights.
7.3 Global analysis in cross-aisle direction
The combination rules and the general guidelines in section 10.2.2.3 in EN 15512 lead to the
following load combinations:
LG1: 1,3 D + 1,40 P + ImpZ

LG2: 1,3 D + 1,26 P + 1,26 H + ImpZ
LG11: 1,0 D + 1,00 P + ImpZ
D Dead load
P Unit loads, fully loaded rack
H Horizontal placement load of 0,25 kN in cross-aisle direction at the top of the frame
ImpZ Global imperfection in cross-aisle direction
According to EN 15512, 10.2.2.3, Note 1 pattern loading needs not be considered in the load
combinations for the cross-aisle directions. For the present example this is acceptable. However it
is recommended to take account of pattern loading, if it together with the effect of the imperfection
in cross-aisle direction becomes clearly critical for the member check of the uprights.
The effects of
- the accidental load and
- the horizontal placement loads in cross-aisle direction between at mid-span between to bracing
nodes
will be treated in conjunction with the member checks of the uprights.
7.4 Beam design
For the beam design the following load combinations are considered:
1,40 P
1,26 P + 1,26 H
with
P Unit loads, pattern loading
H Horizontal placement load of 0,25 kN in cross-aisle direction at mid-span of the beam
For simplification the dead load is neglected here, since it is only (0,23 kN / 16,67 kN) ⋅ 100% =
1,4% of the unit loads.

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8. Modeling
8.1 General
In the present example the global analysis is carried out on Figure 10

two plane models, which represent the behaviour of the
structure in cross-aisle and down-aisle direction. The system Upright
lines of the models correspond widely to the centroidal axes of

the gross cross section of the members (EN 15512, 10.1.1). Bracing member
However, in case of the frame bracing the system line is Centroidal axis
principally assumed to go through the bolts of the joints to the
uprights (see figure Figure 10). The eccentricity between
System line
system line and centroidal axis of the bracing member is later
taken into account in the member checks (EN 15512, 9.7.4.3
d).
8.2 Bracing eccentricities
According to EN 15512, 8.6 eccentricities of the frame bracing Figure 11

can be neglected, if they do not exceed the limits specified in du = 75 mm a)
figure 11b of EN 15512. In Figure 11 shows different types of
bracing nodes and the modification of the system lines doe to
the neglect of the eccentricities. The blue dash-dotted lines
are then the system lines that would be used as static model.
Being consequent, the nodes of the static model are at the
100 mm
height of the intersection points of the original system lines as ≤ 1,5 du
shown e.g. in Figure 11 a). However, in most cases it will be
accurate enough, to assume the nodes of the static model in
the middle between the joints of the bracing. The latter
approach is used in these calculation. The “exact” positions of b)
the nodes are determined in annex A.
For the decision, if an eccentricity can be neglected, bracing
members, which do not participate in transmitting the shear
force in the frame, should be considered as being not existent
(see Figure 11 b)). In the given frame the second horizontal ≈ 0 kN 2 x 50 mm
≤ 1,5 du
would be such a member.
Following EN 15512 the bracing eccentricities can be

neglected for the given frame configuration.
8.3 Eccentricity between beam and upright c)
According EN 15512, 8.7 the horizontal distance e between

the centroidal axes of upright and beam can be neglected, if e
50 mm
is smaller than 0,25 du. It is assumed, that the front of the box ≤ du
beam is in one plane with the front of the uprights. So with:
e = ys,upright - dbeam/2 = 30 - 50/2 = 5 mm 64 mm
≤ 0,25 du = 0,25 ⋅ 75 = 18,8 mm ≤ 1,5 du
follows, that this eccentricity can be neglected.

System line with eccentricity
System line without eccentricity

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8.4 Beam end connector
In the static model the behaviour of the beam end connector is Figure 12
represented by a rotational spring. In the present example the
spring is assumed to be linear elastic. F M
In section 4.5 different sets of values for the bending strength
MRd,i and stiffness kd,i are given. With increasing values for the
stiffness, the values for the bending strength are decreasing.
For the global analysis any value for kd can be chosen. In
order to decide, which values to take, a pre-calculation
considering the down-aisle direction under full load has been b
carried out. It showed, that with the higher values of the
For evaluation of beam end
stiffness (kd,2 = 12500 kNcm/rad, kd,3 = 13000 kN/cm/rad) the
connector tests:
corresponding bending strengths MRd,2 and MRd,3 are M=b⋅F
significantly exceeded in all beam levels. So the global
analysis is carried out with kd,1 = 10000 kNcm/rad.
Figure 13
According to EN 15512, 10.1.1 the system lines of the models
kd
shall correspond to the centroidal axes of the members. On
the other hand according to EN 15512, 9.4.1 for beam check
analysis the beam length may be taken as the distance
between the faces of the two adjacent uprights, i.e. as the
clear compartment width. Further bending strength and
stiffness of the beam end connector are determined according
EIbeam
to EN 15512, A.2.4 related to the edge of the upright front as EI = ∞
shown in Figure 12. In order to be in line with these
requirements/assumptions, in the static model the beam is not
directly connected to the upright but by an rigid arm with a
length of half the upright width (see Figure 13) as proposed in
section 9.4.1 of EN 15512.
8.5 Partial restraint of the upright base
The stiffness of the partial restraint of the upright base depends on the axial design force NSd in the
upright. So for the global analysis of the down-.aisle analysis in a first step the axial forces in the
uprights have to be determined. They depend mainly on the load situation “fully loaded” or “pattern
loading” and on the load factors. It will be sufficient exact, if effects of the placement load, loads
due to impact and imperfections are neglected. So in this example the properties of the partial
restraint would have to be determined the for the following load combinations of down-aisle
direction (see section 7)
Table 8
Load combination Loading situation Load factor for unit loads
LG1 fully loaded (80%) 1,40
LG2, LG3 fully loaded (80%) 1,26
LG11 pattern loading (80%) 1,40
LG12, LG13 pattern loading (80%) 1,26
LG21 fully loaded (80%) 1,00

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So as an example for an inner frame and for the load combination LG1 the stiffness and bending
strength would be:
NSd = 1,3 ⋅ 1,81 + 5 x 1,4 ⋅ 0,8⋅ 16,67 = 95,7 kN
kd(NSd) = (119-110) / (120 - 110) ⋅ (44100 - 39400) + 39400 = 43630 kN
MRd(NSd) = (119-110) / (120 - 110) ⋅ (394,5 - 395,5) + 395,5 = 394,6 kNcm
The software used for the present example allows to define the rotational stiffness at the upright
base depending on the axial force in the upright. For this example the following settings were
made:
Figure 14
In the settings positive values of P-z’ correspond to compressive forces in the upright.

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9. Global analysis
The global analysis is documented in annex B, where the file name “DA-01” refers to down-aisle
direction and “CA-01” to the cross-aisle direction.
The documentation contains
- the input for system, load cases and load combinations,
- the settings for the calculation, and
- the inner forces and deflection for the critical elements.
The models used for the global analysis are shown below:
Figure 15 - DA-01
Figure 16 - CA-01
Shear deformations of the members are neglected in the calculation. So the relevant cross section
area for shear is set Az = 0.

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As described in section 8.4, in the static model the beam is not directly connected to the upright but
by a rigid arm with a length of half the upright width. In the software this rigid arm is not modeled as
a beam element with high rigidity, but as a so called eccentricity. This is practically the same as an
infinitely rigid element, but the internal forces in this element are not shown as a result of the
analyses. As a consequence, the moments at the beam ends and at the upright are not in
equilibrium.
In order to facilitate the member checks, in the model for the down-aisle direction additional nodes
have been introduced at the two critical uprights, which coincide with the bracing nodes.

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10. Checks
10.1 Beams
10.1.1 Strength, unit loads only
In section 4.4 is assumed that the bending strength has been determined by testing. So effects of
local buckling, distorsional buckling, lateral torsional buckling, concentrated transverse forces, the
interaction of bending and shear are already covered by the effective section moduli. So the values
MRd,y and MRd,z as given in section 4.4 can be used directly for the member check.
For the determination of the design moments MSd,y at mid-span of the beam, in this example
pattern loading at the top beam level will be critical. For this case in 9.4.3.3 of EN 15512 a formula
(13) is given:
 
 
Wd  L  2 / 3   
MSd,y =  m   1  
8    1  2EIb  
m 

  k e L  
where:
ke = 1 / (1/kb + h/3EIc) the effective stiffness, i.e. stiffness of the beam end connector
reduced by the effect of the flexibility of the upright
γQ = 1,4
Qbeam = 16,67 kN total load on the beam
L = 360 cm clear compartment width
β m, β θ = 1 values according annex F of EN 15512 for adjusting the formula
to non-uniform loading, see also FEM 10.2.02, 4.4.2
4
Ib = 260 cm second moment of area of the beam about the y-axis
2
Ic = 88 cm second moment of area of the upright about the y-axis
th th
h = 200 cm storey height, here between 4 and 5 beam level
kb = 10000 kNcm/rad stiffness of the beam end connector
with:
10000
ke =
10000  360
1
3  21000  88
= 7349 kNcm/rad
follows:
 
 
1,4  16,67  360  2 / 3  1,0 
MSd,y =  1,0  1 
8  2  21000  260  
 1,0  1  7349  360  
  
= 913,7 kNcm
≤ 930,0 kNcm
= MRd,y ⇒ o.k.

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It should be noted, that the static model assumed to determine ke does not comply with the
assumptions in global analysis, since:
1) The restraining effect due to the adjacent beam(s) is
neglected, which leads to a larger moment at mid-span Figure 17
compared to the global analysis.
2) The formula for ke based on the assumption that distance of
the uprights coincides with the clear compartment width.
Taking account of the real distance of the upright axes, e.g. by
rigid arm as in the global analysis, would result in a greater
bending moment in the upright than at the connector (see
Figure 17). That means in reverse, that the bending stiffness model assumed for
formula in EN 15512
of the upright h/3EIc in the formula of ke is overestimated,
which leads to a smaller moment at mid-span compared to the
global analysis.
However, usually the formula for MSd will give sufficient exact
results.
As counter check the bending moment in the beam is calculated
with the model of the entire structure in down-aisle direction in
annex B. The load case “Pallet P3” results in model complying with
the global analysis
MSd,y = 1,4 ⋅ 651,75
= 912,5 kNcm
≈ 913,7 kNcm.
So in this example both methods lead to nearly the same result.
10.1.2 Strength, unit loads + placement loads
The maximum horizontal placement load occurs at the bottom beam level. The formula (13) of
EN 15512 for MSd. In order to receive exacter results ke can be modified as follows:
ke = 1 / (1/kb + 1/kc)
with
kc = 3EIc / h1 + 3EIc / h2
in which
h1 = 192,5 cm is the storey height below the 1st beam level

st nd
h2 = 200,0 cm is the storey height between 1 and 2 beam level
With this modification follows:
ke = 8497
The load factor for the combined action of unit load and placement load is 0,9 ⋅ γQ. So with formula
(13) the design moment is:
MSd,y = 807,3 kNcm
About the vertical axis the connection of upright and beam is practically fully hinged. So the
moment at mid-span due to the horizontal placement load is:

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MSd,z = 0,9 ⋅ γQ ⋅ H ⋅ L / 4
= 0,9 ⋅ 1,4 ⋅ 0,25 kN ⋅ 360 cm / 4
= 28,4 kNcm
The member check for biaxial bending is then
1 ≥ MSd,y / MRd,y + MSd,z / MRd,z

= 807,3 / 930 + 28,4 / 150
= 1,057 ⇒ not o.k.‼
Thus, formally the beam is not designed sufficiently for the combined action of unit loads and
horizontal placement load. However the yield stress is only exceeded in two opposite edges of the
profile. So depending on the design of the beam it might be assessed, if this can be accepted.
10.1.3 Deflection
According to In section 9.4.5 of EN 15512 The maximum deflection at mid-span Δmax can be
determined as
 
 
5  Qbeam  L  0,8   
Δmax =     1  
384  EIb    1  2EIb  
 

  k e L  
βΔ is again a value to adjust the formula to non-uniform loading. For uniform loading βΔ equals 1.
The other parameters are as described in the section before. Thus:
 
 
5  16,67  360 3  0 ,8  1,0 
Δmax =  1,0  1 
384  21000  260  2  21000  260  
 1,0  1  
  7349  360  
= 1,56 cm
The counter check with the global analysis in annex B results in:
Δmax = 17,6 - (1,5 + 2,4) / 2

= 15,7 mm
The maximum permissible deflection is L / 200 = 360 cm / 200 = 1,80 cm. So the beam is designed
sufficiently with respect to the deflection.

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10.2 Beam end connectors
10.2.1 Downwards bending + downwards shear
The design moments at the connectors are determined in the global analysis in (DA-01, annex B).
The maximum moments occur at the bottom beam level for the load combination
LG1: 1,3 D + 1,40 P1 + ImpX
as
MSd ≈ 244 kNcm
The corresponding design shear force is:
VSd = 12,2 kN
The global analysis has been carried out with the connector stiffness kd,1. So the bending strength
is:
MRd,1 = 230 kNcm
The shear strength is
VRd = 18,0 kN
5
According to EN 15512, 9.5.4 is has to be verified, that
1 ≥ MSd / MRd + (VSd - MRd / a) / VRd
Herein the value “a” corresponds to the length of the cantilever arm in the beam end connector
tests (“b” in figure A.2.5), which is defined as 400 mm. So for this example follows:
244 / 230 + (12,2 - 230 / 40) / 18

= 1,41
≫ 1,00 ⇒ not o.k. ‼
So following EN 15512 the beam end connector would be significantly too weak!
MRd would have to be increased by 39%, to satisfy the check. So a redistribution of 15% of the
6
moments at the beam ends, as shown in figure 17 of EN 15512, will not solve the problem here .
However, it must be pointed out, that in the past (see FEM 10.2.02) the strength of the connectors
was checked separately for bending and shear, i.e.
MSd / MRd ≤ 1
VSd / VRd ≤ 1
5
In the formula the letter “V” instead of “S” is used in accordance with EN 1993.
6
Also, the try to reduce the connector stiffness, in order to take account of plastic reserves and show that at
least MSd ≈ MRd can be achieved, was not successful. Reducing the stiffness at the connectors iteratively,
where MSd > MRd only lead to higher values of MSd. So in a global analysis, taking account of a non-linear
M-θ-curve for the connector, the system would be instable.

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This approach was justified by the experience from Figure 18
beam end connector tests, which showed, that the
bending strength of connectors usually is not affected
M
too much by the shear force, at least for a ratio M/V ≥ {MSd,2 ; VSd,2}
ca. 20 cm. But of course this cannot be seen as a
{MRd,1 ; VRd,1}
universal rule, which can be applied on any type of {MRd,2 ; VRd,2}
connector.
An alternative way of proving a sufficient load bearing {MSd,1 ; VSd,1}
capacity might be, to determine the bending strength by
testing the connector with a short cantilever arm (≪ 400
mm), instead of carrying out shear tests. In this way,
one would achieve different pairs of {MRd,i ; VRd,i}. Figure
18 illustrates the check resulting from this procedure, in
V
which {MRd,i ; VRd,i} are determined for two different
cantilever lengths. The connector would then be
designed sufficiently for the combined action of {MSd,1 ;
VSd,1} but not for {MSd,2 ; VSd,2}.
10.2.2 Upwards bending + upwards shear
In the present example the moments and forces due to upwards bending and the upwards shear at
the unloaded beams are small and need therefore not to be considered any further.
10.2.3 Upwards shear due to impact
Accidental vertical load due to impact : VSd,up = 5,0 kN (see 5.4.2)

Shear resistance VRd,up = 5,5 kN
≥ 5,0 kN ⇒ o.k.

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10.3 Uprights
10.3.1 General
Principally two checks have to be considered:
(1) Bending and axial compression without lateral-torsional buckling (EN 15512, 9.7.6.3)
N Sd k y  M Sd,y k z  M Sd,z
1 ≥  
 min  A eff  f y /  M W eff ,y  f y /  M W eff ,z  f y /  M
N Sd k y  M Sd,y k z  M Sd,z
=  
Nb,Rd,min MRd,y MRd,z
χmin is defined as “the lesser of χdb, χy and χz, where χdb is the reduction factor calculated in
9.2.7.c and χy and χz are the reduction factors from 9.7.4 for the y-y and z-z axes
respectively.”
(2) Bending and axial compression with lateral-torsional buckling (EN 15512, 9.7.6.4)
N Sd k LT  MSd,y k z  MSd,z
1 ≥  
 min  A eff  f y /  M  LT  W eff ,y  f y /  M W eff ,z  f y /  M
N Sd k LT  MSd,y k z  MSd,z
=  
N b,Rd,min Mb,Rd,LT MRd,z
χmin is defined as “the smallest of χdb (from 9.2.7c). χy and χz, (from 9.7.4) and of the reduction
factors corresponding to the distorsional and flexural torsional buckling modes.” χLT is the
reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling.
χy and χz are the reduction factors for flexural buckling. For easier understanding the reduction
factor for flexural-torsional buckling will be named in this document χFT. As specified in section 4.2
the beam is not subject to effects of lateral-torsional buckling. Thus χLT equals 1.
χdb obviously relates to distorsional buckling. Concerning the calculation of χdb the standard refers
to clause 9.7.2 c). However, this clause describes, how to modify the effective area of the upright to
take account of distorsional buckling. A value χdb is neither defined there nor anywhere else in the
standard. As set forth in section 4.2 of this document, the effects of local buckling and distorsional
buckling are already taken into account by the effective cross section properties Aeff and W eff. A
further reduction by a value χdb is therefore not necessary.
For comparison, in EN 1993-1-3 the material thickness of those parts of the cross section that are
subject to distorsional buckling are reduced by a factor χd. The checks with respect to flexural
buckling and flexural-torsional buckling are then calculated with this reduced area. That means,
that distorsional buckling is considered in interaction with flexural or flexural-torsional buckling and
not as an completely separate failure mode, as suggested by the clauses 9.7.6.3 and 9.7.6.4 of EN
15512.
NSd, MSd,y and MSd,z are the maximum values of the inner design forces regardless at which location
of the considered member length the maximum of each single value occurs.

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The values ky, kz and kLT are defined in the sections 9.7.6.3 and 9.7.6.4. ky and kz can be assumed
to be ≤ 1, if the inner forces (NSd, MSd,y, MSd,z) are result of a second order analysis. kLT is generally
≤ 1 (see also 10.3.5 in this document).
So setting ky, kz and kLT as 1 a simplified design rule may be used in this example, which is slightly
on the safe side:
N Sd M Sd,y M Sd,z
(3) 1 ≥  
 min  A eff  f y /  M W eff ,y  f y /  M W eff ,z  f y /  M
N Sd MSd,y MSd,z
=  
N b,Rd,min MRd,y MRd,z
in which χmin = min{χy ; χz ; χFT}
10.3.2 Buckling lengths
The definition of the buckling length is connected to the term of the “system length”. However the
“system length” is not clearly defined in the standard, which is problematic especially in conjunction
with bracing eccentricities.
So following an own interpretation, the system lengths for the uprights in this example are assumed
as:
a) for flexural buckling in down-aisle direction - Ly: Figure 19
the distance from the upright base to the system
line (= centroidal axis) of the bottom beam or the
vertical distance of the system lines of two beam Lz
levels located above each other
b) for flexural buckling in cross-aisle direction - Lz:
Ly
the distance of the bracing nodes in the static
model. (Note: the system lengths are greater, if
Lz
bracing eccentricities are neglected)
7
c) for torsional buckling - LT :
the distance of the bracing nodes in the real LT
structure
Exemplarily the system lengths are shown in Figure
19.
For the determination of the buckling lengths section 9.7.4.3 of EN 15512, gives the following
general rule:
“If the axial forces and bending moment in the plane of buckling of a member have been
determined on the basis of a second-order analysis, they are already enhanced by second order
effects and the buckling length may be considered as equal to the system length. When second
order global analysis is used it is permissible to use in-plane buckling lengths for the non-sway
mode for member design.”
7
It is discussed controversially, if the connection of the beam to the upright can be considered as a torsional
restraint for the upright. Since this surely depends on the type of connector and no information was
provided by ERF concerning this point, no torsional restraint is assumed.

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Decisive for the fact, if axial forces and bending moment are determined in the plane of buckling, is
the direction, in which the global imperfection is applied. Precondition is, that the global
imperfection is sufficient similar to the global buckling mode of the structure in the considered
plane.
Concerning the case of buckling out of the plane of the applied global imperfection the paragraph
could be interpreted so, as if the real buckling lengths of global buckling of the structure have to be
used. However, it is assumed, that this is not intended and that the system lengths can be used.
This would correspond to the procedure, which is nowadays usually used for design calculations of
pallet racking.
Concerning the buckling lengths of braced frames the clauses a) to e) in section 9.7.4.3 of EN
15512 give additional information.
The buckling lengths with respect to torsional buckling are defined in 9.7.5.2 of EN 15512 as
“ - 1,0 × distance between bracing points when connections provide full torsional restraint;
- 0,5 × distance between bracing points when connections provide full torsional restraint and full
warping restraint.”
For typical bracing member connections additional information is given in figure 24 of EN 15512.
For this example the following buckling lengths in-plane buckling length are not taken into account.
So the buckling length used are
Table 9
Direction of Buckling mode Buckling length Comment
global imperfection and direction Le..
on the safe side in conjunction
flexural buckling Ley = βy × Ly
with global imperfection in down-
down-aisle βy = 1,0
aisle direction
Lz = length from upright base to
Lez = βz × Lz st
the 1 bracing node in static
βz = 0,9
flexural buckling model (EN 15512, 9.7.4.3 b)
down-aisle +
cross-aisle Lz = length between the bracing
cross-aisle Lez = βz × Lz st
nodes above the 1 bracing node
βz = 1,0
in static model
LeT = βT × LT
torsional buckling EN 15512, figure 24 a)
βT = 0,7
flexural-torsional Ley = βy × Ly
buckling βy = 1,0
The buckling length Lez could be reduced further for those parts of the upright, where the spacing
between two bracing nodes crosses a beam level, so that the axial force is not constant over Lz.

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10.3.3 Reduction factors χ
The determination of the reduction factors χy, χz for flexural buckling is given in 9.7.4.1 of EN 15512
as follows:
1
χ =
   2  2
ϕ = 0,5 [1+ α (  -0,2) ⋅ 2 ]
A eff  f y
 =
N cr
 2  E  Ig
Ncr =
L2e..
herein is:
Aeff = effective area of the upright

Ig = second moment of area of the gross cross section area for the relevant axis
Le.. = buckling length for the relevant axis
α = imperfection factor according to table 9 of EN 15512 (= 0,34 for a Ω-shaded cross
section)
With 9.7.5.1 and 9.7.4.2 of EN 15512 the reduction factor with respect to flexural-torsional buckling
can be determined as:
1
χFT =
   2  2
ϕ = 0,5 [1+ α (  -0,2) ⋅ 2 ]
A eff  f y
 =
Ncr ,FT
 2 2 
Ncr,y  Ncr,T  Ncr,T  y  Ncr,T 
Ncr,FT =  1   1    4   0,g  
2 Ncr,y  Ncr,y   i 0,g  Ncr,y 
     
1   2  E  I w ,g 

Ncr,T =  G  I 
i 02,g  
T ,g
L2eT 
2
 y 0 ,g 
β = 1  
 i 0,g 
 
2 2 2 2
i0,g = iy,g + iz,g + y0,g

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I y ,g
iy,g =
Ag
I z,g
iz,g =
Ag
with:
IT,g = Torsional constant of the gross cross section

Iw,g = warping constant of the gross cross section
y0,g = distance between shear centre and centre of gravity of the gross cross section along
y-axis
Iy,g, Iz,g = second moment of area of the gross cross section
Ncr,y = critical force for flexural buckling about the y-axis, see 10.3.3
Ncr,T = critical force for torsional buckling
Ncr,FT = critical force for flexural-torsional buckling
α = imperfection factor
α is not specified explicitly for flexural torsional buckling in EN 15512! For this example is assumed,
that the Ω-section behaves similar to a channel section. So, in accordance with clause 6.2.3 (4) of
EN 1993-1-3 buckling curve b with α = 0,34 will be used.

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10.3.4 Design buckling resistance
In the following table the design buckling resistance Nb,Rd = χ ⋅ Aeff ⋅ fy / γM of the upright for flexural
and flexural-torsional buckling are determined:
Table 10
Profile : Upright 100/75/2,5 Unit
Position : U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6
Beam level : 0-1 0-2 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5
fy = 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5 [kN/cm2]
M = 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
E = 21.000 21.000 21.000 21.000 21.000 21.000 [kN/cm2]
G = 8.077 8.077 8.077 8.077 8.077 8.077 [kN/cm2]
Ag = 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 [cm2]
A= 6,40 6,40 6,40 6,40 6,40 6,40 [cm2]
Iy = 88,0 88,0 88,0 88,0 88,0 88,0 [cm4]
Iz = 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 [cm4]
IT = 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,120 [cm4]
Iw = 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 [cm6]
y0 = 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 [cm]
Ly = 192,5 192,5 200,0 200,0 200,0 200,0 [cm]
Lz = 106,4 110,0 140,0 200,0 230,0 235,0 [cm]
LT = 95,0 100,0 130,0 190,0 200,0 220,0 [cm]
y = 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
z = 0,90 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
FT = 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70
NRk = 227,2 227,2 227,2 227,2 227,2 227,2 [kN]
y = 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34
z = 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34
FT = 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34
Ncr,y = 492,2 492,2 456,0 456,0 456,0 456,0 [kN]
Ncr,z = 745,9 565,3 349,0 171,0 129,3 123,9 [kN]
y,rel = 0,679 0,679 0,706 0,706 0,706 0,706
z,rel = 0,552 0,634 0,807 1,153 1,326 1,354
y = 0,812 0,812 0,835 0,835 0,835 0,835
z = 0,712 0,775 0,929 1,326 1,570 1,613
y = 0,795 0,795 0,780 0,780 0,780 0,780
z = 0,860 0,820 0,720 0,504 0,415 0,402
Nb,Rd,y = 180,7 180,7 177,3 177,3 177,3 177,3 [kN]
Nb,Rd,z = 195,5 186,2 163,6 114,6 94,2 91,2 [kN]
i0 = 7,300 7,300 7,300 7,300 7,300 7,300 [cm]
 = 0,324 0,324 0,324 0,324 0,324 0,324
Ncr,T = 1162 1050 629 304 276 231 [kN]
Ncr,FT = 373,0 362,8 289,3 199,4 187,6 166,6 [kN]
FT,rel = 0,780 0,791 0,886 1,067 1,101 1,168
FT = 0,903 0,914 1,009 1,217 1,259 1,346
FT = 0,736 0,730 0,670 0,555 0,535 0,496
Nb,Rd,FT = 167,3 165,8 152,2 126,1 121,5 112,7 [kN]
The upright positions U1, U2, .. are shown in the report for the model CA-01 in annex B.

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10.3.5 Moment coefficients k..
The in the member checks the design moments MSd,y and MSd,z can be reduced by moment
coefficients ky, kz and kLT. ky and kz are defined in section 9.7.6.3 of EN 15512 as follows
 y  N Sd  z  NSd
ky = 1- kz = 1-
 y  A eff  f y  z  A eff  f y
μy =  y ⋅ (2 βM,y - 4) μz =  z ⋅ (2 βM,z - 4)
≤ 0,9 ≤ 0,9
ky and kz can be assumed to be ≤ 1, if the inner forces (NSd, MSd,y, MSd,z) are result of a second
order analysis. For a linear moment diagram (MQ = 0 in figure 25 of EN 15512) ky and kz are
smaller than 1 only, if the ratio of the end moments ψ is smaller than -0,286.
kLT shall be determined according to 9.7.6.4 of EN 15512 as:
 LT  NSd
kLT = 1-
 Z  A eff  f y
≤ 1
μLT = 0,15 ⋅  z ⋅ (2 βM,LT - 4)

≤ 0,9
According to EN 15512  z in the formula for μLT may be determined for a flexural buckling length
equal to the maximum vertical spacing of the beams. This seems not to be logical, since the upright
is held against deflection in z-direction and torsion at the bracing nodes. So in this example the
value  z is used as for the determination of the buckling reduction factor χz.
The values βM,.. are the equivalent uniform moment factors depending on the moment diagram over
the considered system length of the upright. The values shall be determined with the formulae
given in figure 25 of EN 15512. In the following table the bending moments and relevant system
lengths are assigned to the values βM,..
Table 11
Factor Moment diagram of buckling reduction System length for
factor moment diagram
βM,y MSd,y χy Ly
βM,z MSd,z χz Lz
βM,LT MSd,y χz Lz

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10.3.6 Checks
(1) Pre-calculation
For the check of the uprights the simplified design rule (3) given in section 10.3.1 is used.
Since the frame bracing is irregular, first a pre-calculation is carried out in the following table, in
order to assess which part of the upright might be critical for the member check:
Table 12
Beam nb NSd Nb,Rd,min NSd / Nb,Rd Reserve
level kN kN 1 - NSd / Nb,Rd
4-5 1 23,9 91,2 0,261 0,739
3-4 2 47,7 94,2 0,506 0,494
2-3 3 71,6 114,6 0,624 0,376
1-2 4 95,4 152,2 0,627 0,373
0-1 5 119,3 165,8 0,719 0,281
with:
NSd = nb ⋅ (γG ⋅ G/5 + γQ ⋅ Qbeam)
nb = number of beam levels above the considered part of the upright
Qbeam = 16,67 kN
G = 1,81 KN
The term 1 - NSd / Nb,Rd,min is the reserve of the upright, that can be used to carry bending moments.
The bending moments in the uprights due to imperfection and placement loads decrease in the
upper beam levels. The bending moments due to pattern loading are in a rack with constant
compartment heights similar for all beam levels, with exception of the top beam level, where the
bending moments are approximately twice as high. That shows that it will be sufficient to consider
the uprights below the second beam level for the member checks.
(2) Checks, down-aisle direction

The axial forces of the uprights in the down-aisle model DA-01 are calculated for average frame
load resulting from 80% of the maximum compartment loads. However for the single frame the full
load has to be considered. So to the axial loads NSd,80% determined in global analysis, NSd,20% for
the missing 20% has to be added, so that NSd = NSd,80% + NSd,20%.
Table 13 contains the results of the global analysis, the determination of NSd, the relevant buckling
resistance from section 10.3.4 and the member check.

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Table 13
Beam Pos. Load nb Load NSd,80% NSd,20% NSd MSd,y Nb,Rd,min Check
level comb. factor kN kN kN kN kN -
*)
0-1 U1 LG1 5,0 1,40 95,6 23,3 118,9 122,8 167,3 0,897
U1 LG2 5,0 1,26 86,3 21,0 107,3 107,9 167,3 0,805
U1 LG3 5,0 1,26 86,3 21,0 107,3 107,6 167,3 0,804
U2 LG11 4,5 1,40 86,3 21,0 107,3 150,9 165,8 0,876
U2 LG12 4,5 1,26 77,9 18,9 96,8 138,1 165,8 0,793
U2 LG13 4,5 1,26 77,9 18,9 96,8 143,0 165,8 0,801
1-2 U2 LG11 4,0 1,40 76,5 18,7 95,2 168,8 165,8 0,830
U2 LG12 4,0 1,26 69,1 16,8 85,9 152,2 165,8 0,749
*) on the safe side taken from the upright base. Since Nb,Rd,min = Nb,Rd,FT , MSd,y could be taken from x = 64 mm = position
of 1st bracing node of the real structure.
Check = NSd / Nb,Rd,min + MSd,y / MRd,y + 0 kNcm / MRd,z

NSd,20% = nb × (Load factor × Qbeam)
(3) Checks, cross-aisle direction
Table 14
Beam Pos. Load NSd MSd,z Nb,Rd,min Check
level comb. kN kNcm kN -
0-1 U1 LG1 128,2 5,1 167,3 0,774
Check = NSd / Nb,Rd,min + MSd,z / MRd,z + 0 kNcm / MRd,y
⇒ The upright is designed sufficiently
10.3.7 Effect of horizontal placement load between bracing nodes
The inner forces for the load combination with horizontal placement load are determined for a
safety factor that is approximately 10% smaller than for the case of without horizontal placement
load. So, if it can be proved that the moments due to the horizontal placement loads are not bigger
than 10% of the bending strength of the upright, the load combinations with horizontal placement
load will not be decisive for the member check. The table below contains this proof:
Table 15
h(H) H Lz Lez Ncr,z nb NSd  MSd,z Check
mm kN mm mm kN kN kNcm
532 0,50 1064 958 745,9 5,0 107,4 1,17 19,6 0,061
1614 0,50 1100 1100 565,3 5,0 107,4 1,23 21,4 0,067
3964 0,42 1400 1400 349,0 4,0 85,9 1,33 24,6 0,077
4664 0,36 1700 1700 236,7 3,0 64,4 1,37 26,6 0,083
5664 0,28 2000 2000 171,0 3,0 64,4 1,60 28,1 0,088
6664 0,25 2300 2300 129,3 2,0 42,9 1,50 27,1 0,085
8989 0,25 2350 2350 123,9 1,0 21,5 1,21 22,4 0,070

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with:
h(H) = position of the placement load in height

H = placement load
2 2
Ncr,z = π E Iz,g / Lez
nb = number of beam levels above h(H)
NSd = nb × (γG G/5 + 0,9 ⋅ γQ ⋅ Qbeam)
G = 1,81 kN
Qbeam = 16,67 kN
η = 1 / (1 - NSd / Ncr,z) (amplification factor 2
nd
order)
MSd,z = η ⋅ 0,9 ⋅ γQ ⋅ H ⋅ Lz / 4 (on the safe side pinned ends assumed)
Check = MSd,z / MRd,z
All checks ≤ 0,1 ⇒ Effect of horizontal placement load between bracing nodes is not critical here.
10.3.8 Effect of horizontal accidental loads
The inner forces for the load combination with horizontal accidental load are determined for a
safety factor that is approximately 1 - 1/1,4 = 28,5% smaller than for the case of without accidental
load. So, if it can be proved that the moments due to the horizontal placement loads are not bigger
than 28,5% of the bending strength of the upright, the load combinations with horizontal accidental
load will not be decisive for the member check:
(1) Accidental load A in down-aisle direction, 400 mm above the floor:
A = 1,25 kN
Ly = 192,5 cm
Ley = 192,5 cm
2 2
Ncr,y = π E Iy,g / Ley
= 492,2 kN
NSd = 107,4 kN (see 10.3.5)
nd
order)
= 1,28
MSd,y = η ⋅ A ⋅ (Ly - 40 cm) / Ly ⋅ 40 cm (on the safe side pinned ends assumed)
= 50,7 kNcm
Check = MSd,y / MRd,y
= 50,7 kNcm / 660 kNcm
= 0,077
< 0,285
⇒ Accidental load in down-aisle direction is not critical here

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(2) Accidental load A in cross-aisle direction, 400 mm above the floor:
A = 2,5 kN
Lz = 106,4 cm
Lez = 0,9 ⋅ 106,4 cm
= 95,8 cm
2 2
Ncr,z = π E Iz,g / Lez
= 745,2 kN
NSd = 107,4 kN (see 10.3.5)
nd
order)
= 1,17
MSd,y = η ⋅ A ⋅ (Lz - 40 cm) / Lz ⋅ 40 cm (on the safe side pinned ends assumed)
= 73,0 kNcm
Check = MSd,y / MRd,y
= 73,0 kNcm / 320 kNcm
= 0,228
< 0,285
⇒ Accidental load in cross-aisle direction is not critical here
10.4 Frame bracing
In the global analysis in model CA-01 the imperfection and horizontal placement load was only
applied in one direction. It is assumed, that the tensile forces in the bracing members will occur as
compression forces with the same magnitude, if imperfection and horizontal placement load are
applied reversely.
The determination of the buckling resistance is based on the following assumptions

- the bracing member is a U-profile. So it is assigned to buckling curve “c” ⇒ αy = αz = αFT = 0,49
- The buckling lengths for flexural buckling correspond to the system length (on the safe side)
- the connection to the upright provides full torsional but no warping restraint (axis of the bolt
close to the zero crossing of the warping ordinate) ⇒ βT = 1,0.
- Ag has not been specified for this example ⇒ Ag = Aeff is assumed
So the buckling resistance is determined for the critical members as follows:

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Table 16
Profile : Bracing U 50/30/1,5 Unit
Position : 1 10 13
fy = 23,5 23,5 23,5 [kN/cm2]
M = 1,00 1,00 1,00
E= 21.000 21.000 21.000 [kN/cm2]
G= 8.077 8.077 8.077 [kN/cm2]
Ag = 1,40 1,40 1,40 [cm2]
Aeff = 1,40 1,40 1,40 [cm2]
Iy = 6,00 6,00 6,00 [cm4]
Iz = 1,20 1,20 1,20 [cm4]
IT = 0,01 0,01 0,01 [cm4]
Iw = 5,00 5,00 5,00 [cm6]
y0 = 1,80 1,80 1,80 [cm]
Ly = 148,8 155,1 158,8 [cm]
Lz = 148,8 155,1 158,8 [cm]
LT = 148,8 155,1 158,8 [cm]
y = 1,00 1,00 1,00
z = 1,00 1,00 1,00
T = 1,00 1,00 1,00
NRk = 32,9 32,9 32,9 [kN]
y = 0,49 0,49 0,49
z = 0,49 0,49 0,49
FT = 0,49 0,49 0,49
Ncr,y = 56,2 51,7 49,3 [kN]
Ncr,z = 11,2 10,3 9,9 [kN]
y,rel = 0,765 0,798 0,817
z,rel = 1,711 1,784 1,826
y = 0,931 0,965 0,985
z = 2,335 2,479 2,566
y = 0,684 0,664 0,652
z = 0,255 0,238 0,229
Nb,Rd,y = 22,5 21,8 21,4 [kN]
Nb,Rd,z = 8,39 7,83 7,53 [kN]
i0 = 2,895 2,895 2,895 [cm]
 = 0,613 0,613 0,613
Ncr,T = 16,2 15,7 15,5 [kN]
Ncr,FT = 14,3 13,8 13,5 [kN]
FT,rel = 1,517 1,544 1,560
FT = 1,973 2,022 2,049
FT = 0,309 0,301 0,296
Nb,Rd,FT = 10,2 9,89 9,74 [kN]
The effect of the accidental load “A” (400 mm above the floor) on the bottom frame bracing
member is determined here as follows:
A = 2,5 kN
Lz,upr = 106,4 cm (system length of upright)
Lz,br = 148,8 cm (system length of bottom bracing member)
Dsys = 104 cm (width c.t.c. of upright frame)

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2
NSd,A = A ⋅ (3 - (40cm / Lz,upr) / 2) ⋅ 40 cm / Lz,upr ⋅ Lz,br / Dsys Figure 20
8
= 1,92 kN
With the axial force from load combination LG11 follows:

NSd = 1,92 kN + 1,56 kN NSd,A
= 3,48 kN
A
The bending moments due to the eccentricity e of the bolted connection
and the centroidal axis of the bracing members is calculated as follows:
e = ey - yS,eff
= 9 mm - 6 mm
= 3 mm
2 2
Ncr,z = π E Iz,g / Lz
nd
η = 1 / (1 - NSd / Ncr,z) (amplification factor 2 order)
MSd,z = η ⋅ e ⋅ NSd
For the check the simplified design rule (3) of 10.3.1 will be used. With MSd,y = 0 follows:
Check = NSd / Nb,Rd,min + MSd,z / MRd,z
4
With Iz,g = 1,20 cm and MRd,z = 13,0 kNcm the checks are given in the table below:
Table 17
Pos. Load NSd Lz Ncr,z  MSd,z Nb,Rd,min Check
comb. kN mm kN kNcm kN
1 LG2 2,65 1488 11,2 1,309 1,040 8,39 0,396
1 LG11+A 3,48 1488 11,2 1,4449 1,513 8,39 0,531
10 LG1 1,56 1551 10,3 1,178 0,551 7,83 0,242
13 LG1 0,81 1588 9,9 1,089 0,265 7,53 0,128
Actually also the effect of a horizontal placement load of 0,5 kN in a height of ≤ 3000 mm would
have to be considered for the check of the bracing. However, it can be expected, that this does not
lead here to a more critical situation as the accidental load.
⇒ The bracing members are designed sufficiently.
The design of the bolted connections between bracing member and upright usually can checked
using the design rules of EN 1993-1-8, table 3.4. Where the distances ei or pi do not fall within the
limits of table 3.3 in EN 1993-1-8, testing might be necessary.
8
In cases where the shear stiffness SD of the frame is low compared to the maximum frame load
nd
Qframe, NSd,A should be multiplied by an amplification factor η for 2 order effects, as e.g.
η = 1/(1 - QFrame/SD). In the present example, it is not necessary.

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10.5 Upright to floor connection
10.5.1 Partial restraint
It has to be showed, that for a given NSd at the upright base, MRd(NSd) is not exceeded, i.e.
Check = MSd,y / MRd(NSd)

≤ 1
With the inner forces in DA-01 follows:
Table 18
Position Load NSd MSd,y MRd(NSd) Check
comb. kN kNcm kNcm
LG1 95,6 122,8 382,9 0,321
inner LG2 86,3 108,1 367,3 0,294
upright LG11 86,3 138,0 367,3 0,376
LG12 77,9 119,5 348,2 0,343
outer LG1 49,1 80,7 248,5 0,325
upright LG2 44,4 70,4 227,6 0,309
The check of the partial restraint does usually not include the check of the contact pressure on the
concrete floor. The contact pressure has to be considered separately (see 10.5.4).
10.5.2 Anchorage
According to section 9.10.4 of EN 15512 each “upright to floor connection shall be able to transfer
a minimum un-factored force of 3 kN in tension and 5 kN in shear”. Is assumed that the 3 kN and 5
kN are two components of one force and therefore have to be taken into account simultaneously.
The wording “un-factored force” leaves space for interpretation, if the force has to be multiplied by
a load factor or not. The value of the load factor, would also not be clear: 1,4 as for a placement
load, 1,5 as for a live load or 1,0 as for a accidental load?
Since the force is not intended to be combined with other forces, it would have been much clearer,
if a design load (including the intended load factor) had been specified.
The term “upright to floor connection” allows the interpretation, that also the upright to base plate
connection and the base plate itself shall be designed for the given force. Probably this is not
intended, since the headline of section 9.10.4 is “Design of anchorages”.
According to section 7.6 of EN 15512 the stability against overturning shall be verified. The empty
rack shall remain stable under the action of single horizontal placement load in the most
unfavourable position and direction, which is usually the top of the end frame and the cross-aisle
direction. The anchors shall be designed to resist the uplift force FT,Sd resulting from this
consideration.
In the present example the uplift force can be determined as follows:
Self-weight of the end frame:
G = 2 ⋅ (Gupr + Gbr) + 10/2 ⋅ Gbeam (see 5.1)

= 2 ⋅ (0,53 + 0,10) + 10/2 ⋅ 0,23
= 2,41 kN

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Uplift force:
FT,Sd = γQ ⋅ QHp ⋅ H / Dsys - γG ⋅ G / 2

= 1,4 ⋅ 0,25 kN ⋅ 10164 mm / 1040 mm - 1,0 ⋅ 2,41 kN / 2
= 2,22 kN
⇒ The force of 3 kN in tension + 5 kN in shear is decisive for the design of the anchors.
10.5.3 Contact pressure on the floor
According to EN 15512, 9.9.1 the contact pressure is determined neglecting the bending moments
resulting from to the partial restraint of the uprights. The compression force in the upright is
distributed uniformly over the effective contact area Abas. According to section 9.9.2 of EN 15512
Abas follows the contour of the cross section of the upright. The stress in the upright is distributed
over a width of maximum 2 ⋅ e, where
fy
e = tb ⋅
3  fj
in which:
tb = thickness of the base plate
fy = “design strength of the base plate”
fj = design strength of the floor material
fy is defined is defined in section 4 of EN 15512 as “yield strength”. In conjunction with a base plate
the term “design strength” could be interpreted as fy,d = fy / γM. However, since γM is given as 1,0
the result for e will be the same regardless if fy or fy,d will be used.
fj is given for concrete in 9.10.1 of EN 15512 as
fj = 2,5 fck / γM
with:
fck = characteristic compressive cylinder strength for concrete

γM = 1,5
If the distance from the upright face to the edge of the base plate is less than e, a reduced value of
e equal to the distance from the upright face to the edge of the base plate shall be used. Figure 21
illustrates this issue exemplarily.

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Figure 21
a) b)
e
e
Abas
The effect of a possible eccentricity between the centres of gravity of Abas and of the cross section
of the upright is usually neglected. But it might be useful to avoid too extreme disproportions.
The design upright compression force NSd shall satisfy the following relationship:
NSd ≤ fj ⋅ Abas
10.5.4 Base plate
The base plate is designed sufficiently for the compression forces, if the check for the contact
pressure is fulfilled.
The base plate and its connection to the Figure 22

upright should also be able to carry the a) b)
uplift force determined in conjunction with
the stability against overturning. If the
supporting effect of the contact with the Ft,Sd Ft,Sd
concrete is taken into account the increase
of the anchor force should be taken in to
account into account in the check for the
anchor (see Figure 22 b). Ft,Sd Fc,Sd
Ft,Sd + Fc,Sd
10.5.5 Effect of horizontal loads due to impact
The effect of the horizontal load due to impact is usually not taken into consideration for the design
of the upright to floor connection. A reason for this might be, that in the loaded condition the friction
is usually big enough to transmit the specified horizontal force of max. 2,50 kN from the upright to
the floor. However, for the unloaded condition major deformations can occur. This applies
especially, if the base plate is fixed to the floor with only one anchor, which is located away from
the system line of the upright.

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10.6 Lateral deflection of the entire structure
From global analysis in down-aisle direction (DA-01)
δh = 26,6 mm
≤ H/200
= 9925 / 200
= 49,6 mm ⇒ o.k.
From global analysis in cross-aisle direction (CA-01)
δh = 6,6 mm
≤ H/200
= 10164 / 200
= 50,8 mm ⇒ o.k.

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A. Frame bracing
Dbr = 980 mm Abr = 1,40 cm2

ybr = 60,0 mm e1 = 25 mm
No Alignment hl hr Lbr hbr  abr e hsys G

[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [kN] [mm] [mm] [mm] kN
1 horizontal 64 64 980 0 0,0 0,011

50 0,0 64,0
2 diagonal 114 1014 1331 900 42,6 0,015
50 50,0 1064,0
3 horizontal 1064 1064 980 0 0,0 0,011
50 0,0 1064,0
4 diagonal 1564 1114 1078 450 24,7 0,012
100 50,0 1614,0
5 diagonal 1664 2114 1078 450 24,7 0,012
100 50,0 2164,0
6 diagonal 2664 2214 1078 450 24,7 0,012
100 50,0 2714,0
7 diagonal 2764 3214 1078 450 24,7 0,012
100 50,0 3264,0
8 diagonal 3764 3314 1078 450 24,7 0,012
100 37,5 3801,5
9 diagonal 3864 4614 1234 750 37,4 0,014
100 50,0 4664,0
10 diagonal 5464 4714 1234 750 37,4 0,014
100 41,7 5505,7
11 diagonal 5564 6614 1436 1050 47,0 0,016
100 50,0 6664,0
12 diagonal 7764 6714 1436 1050 47,0 0,016
100 50,0 7814,0
13 diagonal 7864 8914 1436 1050 47,0 0,016
100 50,0 8964,0
14 diagonal 10064 9014 1436 1050 47,0 0,016
100 100,0 10164,0
15 horizontal 10164 10164 980 0 0,0 0,011
(36)
G = 0,205
Dbr = horizontal distance of the bracing nodes
ybr = distance front of upright to bracing joint
yS = distance front of upright to axis of upright
hl = position of bracing node in height at left upright
hr = position of bracing node in height at right upright
Lbr = length of bracing member
= [Dbr2 + (hr-hl)2]0,5
abr,Y = distance of the joints at a bracing node in Y-direction
e = distance of intersection point of the bracing axes from the upright axis
= [ebr,Y / (tan ai + tan ai+1)] - (ybr - yS)
hsys = position of bracing nodes of the system lines
= max{hl,i ; hr,i} + e
G = Abr (Lbr + 2 e1) 78,5 kN/m3
see also Figure A.1

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StB-27-2011-I A.1
Figure A.1
hr,i+1
hbr,i+1
αi+1
hl,i+1 αi
abr
hl,i e
αi
hbr,i
hr,i
ybr Dbr

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B. Global analysis
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 1/29
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
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S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
CONTENTS CONTENTS
General Data 1 Graph. LC21: Placement load H1 12
Structure 2 LC 22 - Placement load H2 13
Graph. Structure 2 Graph. LC22: Placement load H2 13
Graph. Structure - Beam to upright connection 3 LC 31 - Imperfections ImpX 14
1.1 Nodes 3 Graph. LC31: Imperfections ImpX 14
1.2 Materials 4 Load groups 15
1.3 Cross-sections 4 Settings for non-linear analysis 16
1.4 Member Releases 4 Results - Load Cases, Load Groups 17
1.5 Member Eccentricities 4 Graph. Uprights 17
1.7 Members 4 Graph. Uprights 18
1.8 Nodal Supports 6 Graph. Uprights 19
1.8.5 Nodal Supports - Non-linearities - 6 Graph. Uprights 20
Stiffness Diagram 6 Graph. Uprights 21
Loads 7 Graph. Uprights 22
Load Cases 7 Graph. Beams 23
LC 1 - Dead load D 7 Graph. Beams 24
Graph. LC1: Dead load D 7 Graph. Beams 25
LC 11 - Pallets P1 8 Graph. Beams 26
Graph. LC11: Pallets P1 8 Graph. Beams 27
LC 12 - Pallets P2 9 Graph. Beams 28
Graph. LC12: Pallets P2 9 Graph. Deformations u-X, LG21: 1,0*G + 1,0*P1 29
LC 13 - Pallets P3 10 + ImpX 29
Graph. LC13: Pallets P3 10 Graph. Vertical deflection of the beam (Member 29
LC 14 - Pallets P4 11 10) 29
Graph. LC14: Pallets P4 11 Graph. Vertical deflection of the beam (Member 29
LC 21 - Placement load H1 12 6) 29
GENERAL DATA
COMPUTING METHOD
Structural Analysis Linear Static Analysis

Design Second-Order Analysis (Non-linear, Timoshenko)
Dynamic Analysis Large Deformation Analysis (Non-linear, Newton-Raphson)
Postcritical Analysis (Non-linear, Newton-Raphson)
Load Cases Design Cases

Load Groups Dynamic Cases
Load Combinations Buckling Curves
STRUCTURAL DATA PARAMETERS
1D Continuous Beam 72 Nodes 103 Elements

2D Construction Type 2 Materials 0 Cables
3D Construction Type 2 Sections 0 Tapered Elements
Grid 1 Element Hinges 0 Elastic Foundations
0 Element Partitions 0 Sets of Elements
RSTAB 7.04.0940 - Spatial Framed Structures www.dlubal.com
StB-27/2011-I B.1
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GRAPHICS
direction
STRUCTURE
Against Y-direction
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
1925.0
Y X
Z
3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0
3000 [mm]
Node Numbering Against Y-direction

6 12 18 24 39 54 60 66 72
5 11 17 23 38 53 59 65 71
4 10 16 22 37 52 58 64 70
36 51
3 9 15 21 35
34 50
49 57 63 69
33 48
32 47
31 46
2 8 14 20 30 45 56 62 68
29 44
28 43
27 42
1 7 13 19 26
25 41
40 55 61 67
Y X
3000 [mm]
Z
Member Numbering Against Y-direction

10 20 30 40 59 78 88 98
5 15 25 35 54 73 83 93 103
9 19 29 39 58 77 87 97
4 14 24 34 53 72 82 92 102
8 18 28 38 57 76 86 96
52 71
3 13 23 33 81 91 101
51 70
7 17 27 37 50 56 69 75 85 95
49 68
48 67
2 12 22 32 80 90 100
47 66
6 16 26 36 46 55 65 74 84 94
45 64
44 63
1 11 21 31 43 62 79 89 99
42 61
41 60
Y X
3000 [mm]
Z
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S T R U CTUR E
direction
STRUCTURE - BEAM TO UPRIGHT CONNECTION

Against Y-direction
kd = 10000 kNcm/rad
Eccentricity of 50 mm
50 [mm]
1.1 NODES
Node Reference Coordinate Node coordinates
No. Node System X [mm] Z [mm] Comment
1 - Cartesian 0.0 0.0
2 - Cartesian 0.0 -1925.0
3 - Cartesian 0.0 -3925.0
4 - Cartesian 0.0 -5925.0
5 - Cartesian 0.0 -7925.0
6 - Cartesian 0.0 -9925.0
7 - Cartesian 3700.0 0.0
8 - Cartesian 3700.0 -1925.0
9 - Cartesian 3700.0 -3925.0
10 - Cartesian 3700.0 -5925.0
11 - Cartesian 3700.0 -7925.0
12 - Cartesian 3700.0 -9925.0
13 - Cartesian 7400.0 0.0
14 - Cartesian 7400.0 -1925.0
15 - Cartesian 7400.0 -3925.0
16 - Cartesian 7400.0 -5925.0
17 - Cartesian 7400.0 -7925.0
18 - Cartesian 7400.0 -9925.0
19 - Cartesian 11100.0 0.0
20 - Cartesian 11100.0 -1925.0
21 - Cartesian 11100.0 -3925.0
22 - Cartesian 11100.0 -5925.0
23 - Cartesian 11100.0 -7925.0
24 - Cartesian 11100.0 -9925.0
25 - Cartesian 14800.0 0.0
26 - Cartesian 14800.0 -64.0
27 - Cartesian 14800.0 -400.0
28 - Cartesian 14800.0 -1064.0
29 - Cartesian 14800.0 -1614.0
30 - Cartesian 14800.0 -1925.0
31 - Cartesian 14800.0 -2164.0
32 - Cartesian 14800.0 -2714.0
33 - Cartesian 14800.0 -3264.0
34 - Cartesian 14800.0 -3802.0
35 - Cartesian 14800.0 -3925.0
36 - Cartesian 14800.0 -4664.0
37 - Cartesian 14800.0 -5925.0
38 - Cartesian 14800.0 -7925.0
39 - Cartesian 14800.0 -9925.0
40 - Cartesian 18500.0 0.0
41 - Cartesian 18500.0 -64.0
42 - Cartesian 18500.0 -400.0
43 - Cartesian 18500.0 -1064.0
44 - Cartesian 18500.0 -1614.0
45 - Cartesian 18500.0 -1925.0
46 - Cartesian 18500.0 -2164.0
StB-27/2011-I B.3
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S T R U CTUR E
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1.1 NODES
47 - Cartesian 18500.0 -2714.0
48 - Cartesian 18500.0 -3264.0
49 - Cartesian 18500.0 -3802.0
50 - Cartesian 18500.0 -3925.0
51 - Cartesian 18500.0 -4664.0
52 - Cartesian 18500.0 -5925.0
53 - Cartesian 18500.0 -7925.0
54 - Cartesian 18500.0 -9925.0
55 - Cartesian 22200.0 0.0
56 - Cartesian 22200.0 -1925.0
57 - Cartesian 22200.0 -3925.0
58 - Cartesian 22200.0 -5925.0
59 - Cartesian 22200.0 -7925.0
60 - Cartesian 22200.0 -9925.0
61 - Cartesian 25900.0 0.0
62 - Cartesian 25900.0 -1925.0
63 - Cartesian 25900.0 -3925.0
64 - Cartesian 25900.0 -5925.0
65 - Cartesian 25900.0 -7925.0
66 - Cartesian 25900.0 -9925.0
67 - Cartesian 29600.0 0.0
68 - Cartesian 29600.0 -1925.0
69 - Cartesian 29600.0 -3925.0
70 - Cartesian 29600.0 -5925.0
71 - Cartesian 29600.0 -7925.0
72 - Cartesian 29600.0 -9925.0
1.2 MATERIALS
Material Material E-Modulus G-Modulus Sp. Weight Coeff. Thermal Saf. Factor
No. Description E [kN/cm 2 ] G [kN/cm 2 ]  [kN/m 3 ]  [1/°C] M [-]
1 S235 JR 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
2 S355 J2 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
1.3 CROSS-SECTIONS
Section Cross-section Mater. IT [cm 4 ] Iy [cm 4 ] Iz [cm 4 ]
No. Description No. A [cm2 ] A y [cm 2 ] A z [cm 2 ]
1 Upright 100/75/2,5 2 88.00
7.00
2 Beam 150/50/1,5 1 260.00
8.00
1.4 MEMBER RELEASES

Release Reference Release / Spring [kN/m], [kNcm/rad]
No. System N Vz My
1 Local x,y,z 10000.000
1.5 MEMBER ECCENTRICITIES

Ecc. Reference Member Start [mm] Member End [mm]
No. System e i,X e i,Z e j,X e j,Z Comment
1 Global 50.0 0.0 -50.0 0.0
1.7 MEMBERS
Member Node Rotation Cross-section Release No. Ecc. Div. Length
No. Member Start End Type  [°] Start End Start End No. No. L [mm]
1 Beam 1 2 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
2 Beam 2 3 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
3 Beam 3 4 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
4 Beam 4 5 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
5 Beam 5 6 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
6 Beam 2 8 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
7 Beam 3 9 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
8 Beam 4 10 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
9 Beam 5 11 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
10 Beam 6 12 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
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1.7 MEMBERS
11 Beam 7 8 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
12 Beam 8 9 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
13 Beam 9 10 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
14 Beam 10 11 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
15 Beam 11 12 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
16 Beam 8 14 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
17 Beam 9 15 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
18 Beam 10 16 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
19 Beam 11 17 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
20 Beam 12 18 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
21 Beam 13 14 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
22 Beam 14 15 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
23 Beam 15 16 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
24 Beam 16 17 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
25 Beam 17 18 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
26 Beam 14 20 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
27 Beam 15 21 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
28 Beam 16 22 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
29 Beam 17 23 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
30 Beam 18 24 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
31 Beam 19 20 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
32 Beam 20 21 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
33 Beam 21 22 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
34 Beam 22 23 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
35 Beam 23 24 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
36 Beam 20 30 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
37 Beam 21 35 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
38 Beam 22 37 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
39 Beam 23 38 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
40 Beam 24 39 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
41 Beam 25 26 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
42 Beam 26 27 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 336.0 Z
43 Beam 27 28 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 664.0 Z
44 Beam 28 29 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
45 Beam 29 30 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
46 Beam 30 31 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
47 Beam 31 32 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
48 Beam 32 33 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
49 Beam 33 34 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 538.0 Z
50 Beam 34 35 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 123.0 Z
51 Beam 35 36 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
52 Beam 36 37 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1261.0 Z
53 Beam 37 38 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
54 Beam 38 39 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
55 Beam 30 45 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
56 Beam 35 50 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
57 Beam 37 52 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
58 Beam 38 53 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
59 Beam 39 54 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
60 Beam 40 41 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
61 Beam 41 42 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 336.0 Z
62 Beam 42 43 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 664.0 Z
63 Beam 43 44 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
64 Beam 44 45 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
65 Beam 45 46 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
66 Beam 46 47 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
67 Beam 47 48 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
68 Beam 48 49 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 538.0 Z
69 Beam 49 50 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 123.0 Z
70 Beam 50 51 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
71 Beam 51 52 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1261.0 Z
72 Beam 52 53 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
73 Beam 53 54 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
74 Beam 45 56 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
75 Beam 50 57 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
76 Beam 52 58 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
77 Beam 53 59 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
78 Beam 54 60 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
79 Beam 55 56 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
80 Beam 56 57 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
81 Beam 57 58 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
82 Beam 58 59 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
83 Beam 59 60 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
84 Beam 56 62 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
85 Beam 57 63 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
86 Beam 58 64 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
87 Beam 59 65 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
88 Beam 60 66 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
89 Beam 61 62 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
90 Beam 62 63 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
91 Beam 63 64 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
92 Beam 64 65 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
93 Beam 65 66 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
94 Beam 62 68 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
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1.7 MEMBERS
95 Beam 63 69 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
96 Beam 64 70 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
97 Beam 65 71 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
98 Beam 66 72 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
99 Beam 67 68 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
100 Beam 68 69 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
101 Beam 69 70 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
102 Beam 70 71 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
103 Beam 71 72 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
1.8 NODAL SUPPORTS

Support Rotation [°] Support Conditions
No. Nodes No. about Y u X' u Z'  Y'
1 1,7,13,19,25,40,55,61,67 0.00 Stress-Strain Diag
1.8.5 NODAL SUPPORTS - NON-LINEARITIES - STIFFNESS DIAGRAM

Support Degree of Dependent Force C
No. Nodes No. Freedom on force [kN] [kNcm/rad]
1 1,7,13,19,25,40,55,61,67  Y' P Z'+ 0.000 1.000
60.000 15600.000
140.000 53600.000
> 140.000 53600.000 constant rigidity
P Z'- 0.000 1.000
140.000 2.000
> 140.000 0.000 Tearing
StB-27/2011-I B.6
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction
LOAD CASES
LC Method of
No. LC Description LC Factor Property of load case Self-weight Analysis
1 Dead load D 1.0000 Permanent 1.00 Linear
11 Pallets P1 1.0000 Variable - Linear
21 Placement load H1 1.0000 Variable - Linear
22 Placement load H2 1.0000 Variable - Linear
31 Imperfections ImpX 1.0000 Imperfection - Linear
LC1 2.2 MEMBER LOADS LC1

Dead load D On members No. Load Load Load Reference Load Parameters
No. Reference to On sets of m. No. Type Distribution Direction Length Symbol Value Unit
1 Members 1-5,11-15,21-25, Force Uniform Z True Length p 0.010 kN/m
31-35,79-83,89-
93,99-103
2 Members 41-54,60-73 Force Uniform Z True Length p 0.010 kN/m
LC1: DEAD LOAD D

LC1: Dead load D Against Y-direction
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.7
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction
LC11 2.1 NODAL LOADS LC11

Pallets P1 Force[kN] Moment[kNcm]
No. On nodes No. PX PZ MY
1 2-6 0.000 -1.667 0.000
2 68-72 0.000 -1.667 0.000
3 8-12 0.000 -3.335 0.000
4 14-18,20-24,56-60,62-66 0.000 -3.335 0.000
5 30,35,37-39,45,50,52-54 0.000 -3.335 0.000
2.2 MEMBER LOADS LC11

On members No. Load Load Load Reference Load Parameters
1 Members 6-10,16-20,26- Force Uniform Z True Length p 4.630 kN/m
30,84-88,94-98
78
LC11: PALLETS P1
LC11: Pallets P1 Against Y-direction
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.8
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction

1 2-6 0.000 -1.667 0.000
2 68-72 0.000 -1.667 0.000
3 8-12,14-18,20-24,56-60,62-66 0.000 -3.335 0.000
4 35,37-39,50,52-54 0.000 -3.335 0.000
5 30,45 0.000 -1.667 0.000

30,85-88,94-98
2 Members 84 Force Uniform Z True Length p 4.630 kN/m
78
LC12: PALLETS P2
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667 1.667 1.667

3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.9
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction

1 2-6 0.000 -1.667 0.000
2 68-72 0.000 -1.667 0.000
3 8-11 0.000 -3.335 0.000
4 14-17,20-24,56-60,62-66 0.000 -3.335 0.000
5 30,35,37-39,45,50,52-54 0.000 -3.335 0.000
6 12 0.000 -1.667 0.000
7 18 0.000 -1.667 0.000

30,84-88,94-98
78
LC13: PALLETS P3
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667 1.667 1.667

4.630 4.630 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.10
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction

1 2-6 0.000 -1.667 0.000
2 68-72 0.000 -1.667 0.000
3 9-12 0.000 -3.335 0.000
4 15-18,20-24,56-60,62-66 0.000 -3.335 0.000
5 30,35,37-39,45,50,52-54 0.000 -3.335 0.000
6 8 0.000 -1.667 0.000
7 14 0.000 -1.667 0.000

30,84-88,94-98
78
LC14: PALLETS P4
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667 1.667 1.667

3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.11
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction

Placement load H1 Force[kN] Moment[kNcm]
1 6 0.250 0.000 0.000
LC21: PLACEMENT LOAD H1

LC21: Placement load H1 Against Y-direction
0.250
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.12
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction

Placement load H2 Force[kN] Moment[kNcm]
1 2 0.500 0.000 0.000
LC22: PLACEMENT LOAD H2

LC22: Placement load H2 Against Y-direction
0.500
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.13
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction
LC31 2.4 IMPERFECTIONS LC31

Imperfections ImpX On members No. Inclination Precamber Apply w 0
No. Reference to On sets of m. No. Direction 1/ 0 [-] l/w0 [-] from  0 [-]
1 List of member 1,2,3,4,5 z 350.000 0.000 0.000
2 List of member 11,12,13,14,15 z 350.000 0.000 0.000
3 List of member 21,22,23,24,25 z 350.000 0.000 0.000
4 List of member 31,32,33,34,35 z 350.000 0.000 0.000
5 List of member 79,80,81,82,83 z 350.000 0.000 0.000
6 List of member 89,90,91,92,93 z 350.000 0.000 0.000
7 List of member 99,100,101,102,103 z 350.000 0.000 0.000
8 List of member 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51, z 350.000 0.000 0.000
52,53,54
9 List of member 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70, z 350.000 0.000 0.000
71,72,73
LC31: IMPERFECTIONS IMPX

LC31: Imperfections ImpX Against Y-direction
1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.14
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction
LOAD GROUPS
LG Method of
No. LG-Description Factor Load Cases in LG Analysis
1 1,3*G + 1,4*P1 + ImpX 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.4*LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
2 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC11 + 2nd Order
1,4*H1) + ImpX 1.26*LC21 + LC31
3 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC11 + 2nd Order
1,4*H2) + ImpX 1.26*LC22 + LC31
11 1,3*G + 1,4*P2 + ImpX 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.4*LC12 + LC31 2nd Order
12 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC12 + 2nd Order
1,4*H1) + ImpX 1.26*LC21 + LC31
13 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC12 + 2nd Order
1,4*H2) + ImpX 1.26*LC22 + LC31
21 1,0*G + 1,0*P1 + ImpX 1.0000 LC1 + LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
StB-27/2011-I B.15
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
direction
SETTINGS FOR NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS

LG Favorable effects Divide results back Reduction of Stiffnes
No. LG-Description due to Tension Forces by LG Factor by Gamma-M
1 1,3*G + 1,4*P1 + ImpX
2 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1,4*H1) +
ImpX
3 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1,4*H2) +
ImpX
11 1,3*G + 1,4*P2 + ImpX
12 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1,4*H1) +
ImpX
13 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1,4*H2) +
ImpX
21 1,0*G + 1,0*P1 + ImpX
StB-27/2011-I B.16
N
-9.32 -19.06 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -19.05 -9.44
-18.84 -38.20 -38.09 -38.09 -38.09 -38.09 -38.09 -38.19 -19.19
LG1: 1,3*G + 1,4*P1 + ImpX
-28.24 -57.38 -57.22 -57.22 -57.22 -57.22 -57.22 -57.35 -29.03
Max N: -9.32, Min N: -95.91 [kN]

-37.51 -76.55 -76.35 -76.35 -76.35 -76.49 -38.99
UPRIGHTS
Project: StB-11-27
-46.71 -95.75 -95.48 -95.48 -95.48 -95.67 -48.97

Worked examples
-46.87 Y X -95.91 -95.64 -95.64 -95.64 -95.64 -95.64 -95.83 -49.13
3000 [mm]
RSTAB 7.04.0940 - Spatial Framed Structures

M-y
-187.54 20.90 20.75 20.31 19.90 19.49 19.06 19.04 210.07

Structure: DA-01
-61.43 144.33 -0.60 38.73 -1.05 40.77 -0.34 41.29 41.82 42.34 42.84 44.90 -126.23 123.41
direction
Against Y-direction LG1: 1,3*G + 1,4*P1 + ImpX
-63.82 114.20 -6.16 71.03 -7.42 71.29 -7.69 71.13 -7.97 70.98 -8.24 70.87 -8.48 70.76 -9.81 71.41 -99.64 162.77
7.93 7.79
StB-27/2011-I
-52.66 102.95 -32.32 90.34 -32.82 90.18 -32.88 89.98 -33.00 89.74 -33.12 89.49 -33.22 89.23 -34.33 89.33 -111.27 177.51
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
38.62 38.57
Max M-y: 210.07, Min M-y: -187.54 [kNcm]

-9.62 -9.49
79.51 -76.56 64.74 -75.86 64.30 -75.58 64.59 -75.29 64.86 -74.95 65.20 -74.53 65.61 -73.95 65.63
-181.87 104.31
Date:
Page:
-63.74
Sheet:
-26.61 -26.50
-50.68 Y X -122.39 -122.15 -122.34 -122.55 -122.77 -123.00 -123.28 -80.73
B.17
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
17/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.39 -17.19 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.18 -8.52
-16.97 -34.46 -34.36 -34.36 -34.36 -34.36 -34.36 -34.44 -17.35
-25.44 -51.76 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.73 -26.25
Max N: -8.39, Min N: -86.56 [kN]

-33.81 -69.07 -68.88 -68.88 -68.88 -69.01 -35.26
UPRIGHTS
LG2: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1,4*H1) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
-42.12 -86.39 -86.15 -86.14 -86.15 -86.32 -44.27

Worked examples
-42.28 Y X -86.56 -86.31 -86.31 -86.31 -86.31 -86.31 -86.48 -44.44
3000 [mm]

M-y
-166.07 24.04 23.84 23.41 23.00 22.61 22.21 22.21 192.20

Structure: DA-01
-53.59 128.21 -4.12 38.16 -4.44 40.04 -3.75 40.54 -3.10 41.04 -2.47 41.53 -1.83 42.00 -2.33 43.87 -115.34 113.21
direction
-57.87 99.76 -10.03 64.79 -11.17 65.01 -11.43 64.86 -11.69 64.73 -11.93 64.62 -12.15 64.51 -13.36 65.11 -93.03 146.32
5.04 4.91
StB-27/2011-I
-49.16 90.04 -32.20 80.49 -32.66 80.33 -32.71 80.15 -32.83 79.93 -32.93 79.71 -33.02 79.47 -34.02 79.58 -103.01 158.31
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
34.05 34.00
Max M-y: 192.20, Min M-y: -166.07 [kNcm]

Against Y-direction LG2: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1,4*H1) + ImpX
-8.68 -8.57
73.59 -68.30 60.69 -67.65 60.29 -67.39 60.55 -67.13 60.80 -66.82 61.10 -66.45 61.46 -65.94 61.49
-162.19 96.81
Date:
Page:
-54.48
Sheet:
-20.09 -19.99
-45.15 Y X -107.82 -107.59 -107.75 -107.93 -108.11 -108.31 -108.56 -70.39
B.18
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
18/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.41 -17.18 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.18 -8.50
-17.02 -34.46 -34.36 -34.36 -34.36 -34.36 -34.36 -34.45 -17.30
-25.53 -51.76 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.73 -26.16
Max N: -8.41, Min N: -86.55 [kN]

-33.94 -69.06 -68.88 -68.88 -68.88 -69.01 -35.13
UPRIGHTS
LG3: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1,4*H2) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
-42.26 -86.39 -86.15 -86.14 -86.15 -86.32 -44.13

Worked examples
-42.42 Y X -86.55 -86.31 -86.31 -86.31 -86.31 -86.31 -86.48 -44.29
3000 [mm]

M-y
-169.95 17.14 17.02 16.62 16.25 15.88 15.50 15.47 188.36

Structure: DA-01
-58.60 128.89 -0.87 30.67 -1.27 32.52 -0.63 32.99 -0.03 33.47 33.95 34.40 36.26 -114.87 108.06
direction
-62.64 102.09 -4.81 56.74 -5.97 56.97 -6.23 56.80 -6.49 56.66 -6.74 56.54 -6.96 56.43 -8.16 56.99 -90.75 141.46
7.31 7.21
StB-27/2011-I
-51.84 94.57 -24.22 75.12 -24.62 75.13 -24.60 75.08 -24.65 74.96 -24.71 74.82 -24.76 74.65 -25.71 74.78 -97.95 156.33
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
Max M-y: 188.36, Min M-y: -169.95 [kNcm]

-44.95 83.52 -56.87 65.98 -56.43 65.38 -56.34 65.47 -56.23 65.58 -56.03 65.77 -55.74 66.04 -55.27 66.01
-153.32 102.41
Date:
Page:
Sheet:
-50.45
-45.42 Y X -107.83 -107.47 -107.53 -107.62 -107.73 -107.87 -108.10 -70.03
B.19
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
19/29
GRAPHICS
N
-9.32 -19.06 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -19.05 -9.44
-18.85 -38.20 -38.09 -38.09 -38.09 -38.09 -38.09 -38.19 -19.19
-28.24 -57.38 -57.22 -57.22 -57.22 -57.22 -57.22 -57.35 -29.02

LG11: 1,3*G + 1,4*P2 + ImpX
Max N: -9.32, Min N: -95.91 [kN]

-37.52 -76.55 -76.35 -76.33 -76.33 -76.49 -38.98
UPRIGHTS
Project: StB-11-27
-46.72 -95.75 -95.48 -95.53 -95.53 -95.67 -48.95

Worked examples
-46.89 Y X -95.91 -95.64 -95.70 -86.25 -86.25 -95.70 -95.83 -49.12
3000 [mm]

M-y
-187.60 20.80 20.65 20.44 19.82 19.35 18.73 18.93 210.01

Structure: DA-01
-61.71 144.19 -0.68 38.37 -1.12 40.40 -0.64 40.98 43.26 40.34 42.51 44.64 -126.29 123.22
direction
-64.24 114.12 -6.13 70.40 -7.39 70.67 -7.59 70.79 -13.18 62.73 -3.38 77.25 -8.71 69.57 -9.98 70.49 -99.94 162.08
20.06 -4.54
StB-27/2011-I
-54.16 102.35 -32.55 88.47 -33.05 88.29 -33.80 88.08 -11.04 121.92 -54.20 55.48 -32.44 87.69 -34.21 87.80 -111.52 176.35
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
23.84
Max M-y: 210.01, Min M-y: -187.60 [kNcm]

-61.83 39.97
80.16 -75.50 63.16 -74.81 62.75 -73.55 61.87-168.88 150.97 16.15 -74.62 65.01 -73.13 63.89
-181.46 103.41
Date:
Page:
-63.82
Sheet:
24.59
-81.00
-86.21
-49.36 Y X -119.85 -119.62 -119.49 -138.00 -120.81 -120.69 -79.31
B.20
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
20/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.39 -17.19 -17.09 -17.09 -17.10 -17.10 -17.09 -17.18 -8.52
-16.97 -34.46 -34.36 -34.35 -34.36 -34.36 -34.35 -34.44 -17.35
-25.44 -51.76 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.73 -26.25
Max N: -8.39, Min N: -86.56 [kN]

-33.82 -69.07 -68.88 -68.86 -68.87 -69.01 -35.25
UPRIGHTS
LG12: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1,4*H1) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
-42.13 -86.39 -86.15 -86.20 -86.19 -86.32 -44.26

Worked examples
-42.29 Y X -86.56 -86.31 -86.36 -77.86 -77.86 -86.36 -86.48 -44.43
3000 [mm]

M-y
-166.10 23.99 23.78 23.56 22.97 22.52 21.95 22.15 192.17

Structure: DA-01
-53.77 128.13 -4.17 37.94 -4.50 39.81 -4.01 40.37 -2.34 42.42 -3.26 39.86 -1.64 41.80 -2.33 43.74 -115.37 113.11
direction
-58.07 99.75 -9.99 64.47 -11.12 64.70 -11.32 64.80 -16.31 57.63 -7.59 70.52 -12.33 63.70 -13.50 64.53 -93.24 145.88
15.89 -5.95
StB-27/2011-I
-50.19 89.56 -32.46 79.21 -32.92 79.05 -33.60 78.86 -13.17 109.17 -51.87 49.71 -32.38 78.50 -33.96 78.62 -103.18 157.58
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
21.17
Max M-y: 192.17, Min M-y: -166.10 [kNcm]

-55.32 35.60
74.06 -67.56 59.78 -66.92 59.40 -65.76 58.63-152.24 138.16 15.37 -66.75 61.42 -65.42 60.43
-161.93 96.26
Date:
Page:
-54.45
Sheet:
25.99
-67.90
-44.39 Y X -106.35 -106.13 -106.03 -119.53 -76.82 -107.13 -107.05 -69.56
B.21
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
21/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.41 -17.18 -17.09 -17.09 -17.10 -17.10 -17.09 -17.18 -8.50
-17.02 -34.46 -34.36 -34.35 -34.36 -34.36 -34.35 -34.45 -17.30
-25.53 -51.76 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.62 -51.73 -26.16
Max N: -8.41, Min N: -86.55 [kN]

-33.94 -69.06 -68.88 -68.86 -68.86 -69.01 -35.13
UPRIGHTS
LG13: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1,4*H2) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
-42.27 -86.39 -86.14 -86.20 -86.19 -86.32 -44.12

Worked examples
-42.43 Y X -86.55 -86.31 -86.36 -77.86 -77.86 -86.36 -86.48 -44.29
3000 [mm]

M-y
-169.98 17.09 16.96 16.78 16.22 15.79 15.23 15.42 188.33

Structure: DA-01
-58.78 128.80 -0.92 30.46 -1.33 32.30 -0.89 32.83 34.86 -0.21 32.28 34.21 36.13 -114.89 107.97
direction
-62.83 102.08 -4.77 56.44 -5.92 56.67 -6.12 56.76 -11.12 49.57 -2.40 62.45 -7.15 55.62 -8.30 56.43 -90.96 141.03
18.17 -3.65
StB-27/2011-I
-52.85 94.10 -24.48 73.87 -24.87 73.88 -25.48 73.81 -5.00 104.22 -43.65 -24.12 73.71 -25.65 73.84 -98.11 155.63
46.34
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
21.89
Max M-y: 188.33, Min M-y: -169.98 [kNcm]

-49.92
31.49
-45.32 83.99 -56.14 65.11 -55.71 64.53 -54.73 63.58-141.31 143.01 -56.05 66.04 -54.76 64.99
-153.06 101.87
Date:
Page:
Sheet:
-50.24 29.40
-66.36
-44.68 Y X -106.41 -106.06 -105.86 -119.27 -76.49 -106.74 -106.63 -69.23
B.22
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
22/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-129.26 -185.93 -186.43 -186.21 -186.00 -185.80 -185.60 -185.45 -151.22
-147.32 909.41 -193.16 890.60 -196.13 890.61 -196.01 890.58 -195.94 890.57 -195.87 890.56 -195.81 890.53 -195.41 908.03 -190.05
LG1: 1,3*G + 1,4*P1 + ImpX
893.07 -212.33 887.72 -214.08 887.58 -214.12 887.58 -214.18 887.58 -214.26 887.58 -214.34 887.72 -214.32 891.93 -202.40
-120.23
BEAMS
897.23 -234.89 887.69 -235.62 887.66 -235.55 887.66 -235.50 887.66 -235.45 887.67 -235.40 887.73 -235.16 894.80 -228.13
-98.44
Max M-y: 909.41, Min M-y: -244.87 [kNcm]

Project: StB-11-27
896.65 -244.87 887.65 -243.94 887.67 -243.94 887.73 -243.94 887.80 -243.93 887.87 -243.93 888.02 -244.05 892.42 -225.48
-83.26
Worked examples
899.24 887.49 887.56 887.56 887.56 887.56 887.50 896.57

Y X
3000 [mm]

V-z
-12.00 -11.90 -11.90 -11.90 -11.90 -11.90 -11.89 -11.80
-11.94 -11.93 -11.93 -11.93 -11.93 -11.93 -11.92 -11.92

Structure: DA-01
11.69
direction
11.79 11.79 11.79 11.79 11.79 11.79 11.89
-12.07 -12.03 -12.03 -12.03 -12.03 -12.03 -12.03 -12.00

11.69 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.71
Max V-z: 11.89, Min V-z: -12.26 [kN]

-12.19 -12.15 -12.15 -12.15 -12.15 -12.15 -12.15 -12.13
StB-27/2011-I
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
11.56 11.60 11.60 11.60 11.60 11.60 11.60 11.63
-12.26 -12.19 -12.19 -12.19 -12.19 -12.19 -12.19 -12.14

Date:
Page:
Sheet:
11.44 11.48 11.48 11.48 11.49 11.49 11.49 11.50
B.23
11.37 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.49
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
23/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-113.62 -170.15 -170.54 -170.31 -170.10 -169.89 -169.69 -169.53 -139.09
819.99 -177.42 802.80 -180.07 802.74 -179.95 802.66 -179.88 802.58 -179.81 802.51 -179.75 802.42 -179.39 817.93 -174.75
-129.24
804.97 -193.92 800.06 -195.48 799.93 -195.52 799.93 -195.58 799.93 -195.65 799.93 -195.72 800.06 -195.70 803.76 -185.19
-105.62
BEAMS
808.69 -212.73 800.01 -213.39 799.98 -213.33 799.98 -213.28 799.98 -213.24 799.99 -213.19 800.04 -212.97 806.30 -206.63
-87.70
Max M-y: 819.99, Min M-y: -221.50 [kNcm]

LG2: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1,4*H1) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
808.11 -221.50 800.00 -220.64 800.01 -220.64 800.06 -220.64 800.10 -220.63 800.15 -220.62 800.28 -220.73 804.22 -204.27
-74.01
Worked examples
810.55 799.84 799.91 799.91 799.91 799.91 799.85 807.91

Y X
3000 [mm]

V-z
-10.83 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.73 -10.73 -10.73 -10.65
-10.78 -10.77 -10.77 -10.77 -10.77 -10.77 -10.77 -10.76

Structure: DA-01
10.52
direction
10.61 10.61 10.61 10.61 10.61 10.61 10.70
-10.89 -10.85 -10.85 -10.86 -10.86 -10.86 -10.86 -10.83
10.51 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.54
Max V-z: 10.70, Min V-z: -11.06 [kN]

-11.00 -10.95 -10.95 -10.95 -10.95 -10.95 -10.95 -10.94
StB-27/2011-I
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
10.40 10.44 10.44 10.44 10.44 10.44 10.44 10.47

-11.06 -10.99 -10.99 -10.99 -10.99 -10.99 -10.99 -10.95

Date:
Page:
Sheet:
10.30 10.34 10.34 10.34 10.34 10.35 10.35 10.36
B.24
10.24 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.35
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
24/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-117.40 -166.69 -167.15 -166.95 -166.76 -166.58 -166.40 -166.27 -135.34
-134.78 819.25 -172.19 802.38 -174.87 802.39 -174.76 802.37 -174.70 802.36 -174.64 802.35 -174.58 802.33 -174.22 818.13 -169.27
804.82 -187.45 800.05 -189.04 799.93 -189.08 799.93 -189.13 799.93 -189.19 799.93 -189.26 800.06 -189.24 803.90 -178.24
-112.53
BEAMS
808.48 -206.22 800.02 -206.96 799.98 -206.92 799.98 -206.89 799.98 -206.86 799.99 -206.83 800.04 -206.62 806.53 -199.78
-94.72
Max M-y: 819.25, Min M-y: -218.51 [kNcm]

LG3: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1,4*H2) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
807.88 -218.51 800.02 -217.65 800.03 -217.66 800.07 -217.65 800.11 -217.65 800.16 -217.64 800.27 -217.75 804.45 -201.08
-77.20
Worked examples
810.48 799.84 799.91 799.91 799.91 799.91 799.85 808.00

Y X
3000 [mm]

V-z
-10.81 -10.72 -10.72 -10.72 -10.71 -10.71 -10.71 -10.63
-10.75 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.73

Structure: DA-01
10.54
direction
10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.71
-10.86 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.80
10.54 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.57
Max V-z: 10.71, Min V-z: -11.04 [kN]

-10.96 -10.92 -10.92 -10.92 -10.92 -10.92 -10.92 -10.90
StB-27/2011-I
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
10.44 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.50

-11.04 -10.98 -10.98 -10.98 -10.98 -10.98 -10.98 -10.93

Date:
Page:
Sheet:
10.34 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.40
B.25
10.26 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.37
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
25/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-129.31 -185.89 -186.39 -186.12 -186.10 -185.88 -185.29 -185.40 -151.16
-147.47 909.41 -193.03 890.60 -195.99 890.63 -195.84 890.63 -196.40 890.44 -195.50 890.60 -195.38 890.54 -195.29 908.03 -189.92
893.06 887.72 887.60 887.44 887.83 887.44 887.74 891.93

LG11: 1,3*G + 1,4*P2 + ImpX
-120.56 -212.01 -213.76 -213.83 -212.79 -215.14 -213.77 -213.95 -202.02

BEAMS
897.21 -234.09 887.68 -234.83 887.63 -234.58 888.26 -241.01 886.76 -229.50 888.26 -233.86 887.71 -234.37 894.81 -227.25
-99.31
Max M-y: 909.41, Min M-y: -244.66 [kNcm]

Project: StB-11-27
896.62 -243.59 887.67 -242.65 887.79 -242.99 885.02 -216.95 892.85 885.23 -244.66 888.09 -242.79 892.44 -224.20
-84.59 -91.28
41.25
Worked examples
899.22 887.49 887.41 899.38 898.84 887.36 896.60

Y X
3000 [mm]

V-z
-12.00 -11.90 -11.90 -11.90 -11.90 -11.89 -11.89 -11.80
-11.94 -11.93 -11.93 -11.93 -11.93 -11.92 -11.92 -11.92

Structure: DA-01
11.69
direction
11.79 11.79 11.79 11.79 11.79 11.79 11.89
-12.07 -12.03 -12.03 -12.02 -12.03 -12.03 -12.03 -12.00

11.69 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.71 11.70 11.71
Max V-z: 11.89, Min V-z: -12.26 [kN]

-12.19 -12.14 -12.14 -12.16 -12.14 -12.13 -12.14 -12.13
StB-27/2011-I
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
11.56 11.60 11.60 11.61 11.61 11.60 11.60 11.63
-12.26 -12.19 -12.19 -12.11 -12.26 -12.19 -12.13

Date:
Page:
Sheet:
11.44 11.49 11.49 11.47 11.49 11.51 11.49 11.51
B.26
11.37 11.44 11.44 11.52 11.37 11.44 11.50
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
26/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-113.64 -170.13 -170.52 -170.25 -170.21 -169.98 -169.43 -169.51 -139.05
819.99 -177.34 802.80 -179.99 802.76 -179.84 802.70 -180.33 802.46 -179.52 802.55 -179.41 802.44 -179.33 817.93 -174.68
-129.33
804.97 -193.74 800.06 -195.31 799.94 -195.37 799.80 -194.46 800.15 -196.53 799.81 -195.33 800.07 -195.49 803.76 -184.97
-105.81
BEAMS
808.69 -212.24 800.00 -212.91 799.96 -212.69 800.52 -218.42 799.16 -208.16 800.52 -212.04 800.03 -212.49 806.31 -206.09
-88.23
Max M-y: 819.99, Min M-y: -221.62 [kNcm]

LG12: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1,4*H1) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
808.10 -220.70 800.02 -219.83 800.11 -220.13 797.63 -196.71 804.62 797.80 -221.62 800.34 -219.95 804.24 -203.48
-74.85 -83.53
38.13
Worked examples
810.53 799.84 799.77 810.54 810.02 799.73 807.92

Y X
3000 [mm]

V-z
-10.83 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.73 -10.73 -10.73 -10.65
-10.78 -10.77 -10.77 -10.77 -10.77 -10.76 -10.76 -10.76

Structure: DA-01
10.52
direction
10.61 10.61 10.61 10.61 10.61 10.61 10.70
-10.89 -10.85 -10.85 -10.85 -10.86 -10.86 -10.85 -10.83
10.51 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.54
Max V-z: 10.70, Min V-z: -11.06 [kN]

-10.99 -10.95 -10.95 -10.97 -10.95 -10.93 -10.95 -10.94
StB-27/2011-I
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
10.40 10.44 10.44 10.45 10.45 10.44 10.44 10.47

-11.05 -10.99 -10.99 -10.92 -11.06 -10.99 -10.94

Date:
Page:
Sheet:
10.30 10.35 10.35 10.33 10.35 10.37 10.35 10.36
B.27
10.24 10.31 10.31 10.38 10.24 10.31 10.35
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
27/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-117.43 -166.67 -167.13 -166.89 -166.88 -166.67 -166.14 -166.24 -135.31
-134.86 819.25 -172.11 802.38 -174.79 802.40 -174.65 802.41 -175.15 802.24 -174.35 802.39 -174.24 802.34 -174.16 818.13 -169.21
804.82 -187.28 800.05 -188.87 799.94 -188.93 799.80 -188.01 800.15 -190.08 799.80 -188.87 800.07 -189.03 803.90 -178.02
-112.71
BEAMS
808.47 -205.74 800.01 -206.48 799.96 -206.29 800.52 -212.04 799.16 -201.79 800.51 -205.69 800.02 -206.15 806.53 -199.25
-95.24
Max M-y: 819.25, Min M-y: -218.67 [kNcm]

LG13: 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1,4*H2) + ImpX
Project: StB-11-27
807.87 -217.73 800.04 -216.87 800.13 -217.17 797.65 -193.76 804.61 797.81 -218.67 800.34 -216.99 804.46 -200.31
-78.01 -80.58
35.18
Worked examples
810.46 799.84 799.77 810.54 810.03 799.73 808.02

Y X
3000 [mm]

V-z
-10.81 -10.72 -10.72 -10.72 -10.71 -10.71 -10.71 -10.63
-10.75 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.74 -10.73

Structure: DA-01
10.54
direction
10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.72
-10.86 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.82 -10.79
10.54 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.56 10.57
Max V-z: 10.72, Min V-z: -11.04 [kN]

-10.96 -10.92 -10.92 -10.93 -10.92 -10.90 -10.92 -10.90
StB-27/2011-I
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
10.44 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.48 10.50

-11.04 -10.97 -10.97 -10.90 -11.04 -10.97 -10.93

Date:
Page:
Sheet:
10.34 10.38 10.38 10.37 10.38 10.40 10.38 10.40
B.28
10.26 10.32 10.32 10.39 10.26 10.32 10.37
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
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07.08.2011
1
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GRAPHICS
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
direction
DEFORMATIONS U-X, LG21: 1,0*G + 1,0*P1 + IMPX

LG21: 1,0*G + 1,0*P1 + ImpX Against Y-direction
u-X
26.6
Y X
Z
Max u-X: 26.6, Min u-X: 0.0 [mm]
3000 [mm]
Factor of deformations: 57.00
VERTICAL DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM (Member 10)

RSTAB 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3600 mm
LC13: Pallets P3 M10
Deformation - u-z
x u-z
[mm] [mm]
max 1800.0 17.6
min -- --
0
2.5
1.5
2.4
17.5 15.0 12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0
6.4
7.1
10.8
11.4
14.4
14.8
16.7
16.9
17.6
VERTICAL DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM (Member 6)

RSTAB 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3600 mm
LC14: Pallets P4 M6
Deformation - u-z
x u-z
[mm] [mm]
max 1800.0 16.0
min -- --
0
0.5
0.9
2.5
5.0
5.2
5.5
7.5
17.5 15.0 12.5 10.0
9.5
9.8
13.0
13.2
15.2
15.3
16.0
StB-27/2011-I B.29
Institut für Schweißt. und Ing.-Büro Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 1/13
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
CONTENTS CONTENTS
General Data 1 Load Cases 7
Structure 2 LC 1 - Dead Load D 7
Graph. Structure 2 LC 11 - Pallets P 7
Graph. Positions for member checks 3 LC 21 - Placement load H 7
Graph. Structure 4 LC 31 - Imperfection ImpZ 7
Graph. Structure, Releases at the ends of the 5 Graph. Loads 8
bracing members 5 Load groups 9
1.1 Nodes 5 Settings for non-linear analysis 9
1.2 Materials 5 Results - Load Cases, Load Groups 10
1.3 Cross-sections 6 Graph. Uprights 10
1.4 Member Releases 6 Graph. Uprights 11
1.7 Members 6 Graph. Bracing 12
1.8 Nodal Supports 6 Graph. Deformations u-X, LG11: 1,0*DL + 1,0*P 13
Loads + ImpG 13
GENERAL DATA
COMPUTING METHOD
Structural Analysis Linear Static Analysis
Design Second-Order Analysis (Non-linear, Timoshenko)
Dynamic Analysis Large Deformation Analysis (Non-linear, Newton-Raphson)
Postcritical Analysis (Non-linear, Newton-Raphson)
Load Cases Design Cases
Load Groups Dynamic Cases
Load Combinations Buckling Curves
STRUCTURAL DATA PARAMETERS

1D Continuous Beam 39 Nodes 51 Elements
2D Construction Type 2 Materials 0 Cables
3D Construction Type 2 Sections 0 Tapered Elements
Grid 2 Element Hinges 0 Elastic Foundations
0 Element Partitions 0 Sets of Elements
StB-27/2011-I B.30
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
direction
STRUCTURE
Against Y-direction
1200.0
2350.0
2000.0
2300.0
2000.0
2300.0
2000.0
2000.0
1700.0
1400.0
1100.0
2000.0
1100.0
1100.0
1100.0
1925.0
1614.0
1064.0
Y X
1040.0
1000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.31
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
direction
POSITIONS FOR MEMBER CHECKS

Against Y-direction
U6
B13
U5
U5
U4
B10
U3
U2
U2
U1
U1
B1
Y X
Z
1000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.32
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
direction
STRUCTURE
Node Numbering Against Y-direction Member Numbering Against Y-direction
19 39 33
18 52
18 38
32
17 51
17 37
16 50
31
16 36
15 35 15 49
14 30 48
14 34
13 47
13 33 29
12 46
12 32
11 28 45
11 31
10 44
27
10 30
9 29 9 43
8 26 42
8 28
7 25 41
7 27
6 24 40
6 26
5 39
5 25
23
4 38
4 24
3 22 37
3 23 21
36
22 2 20
35
2 21
1 20 1 34
Y X Y X
Z Z
1000 [mm] 1000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.33
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
direction
STRUCTURE, RELEASES AT THE ENDS OF THE BRACING MEMBERS

Against Y-direction
Release No 2
Release No 1 (kx = 47,5 kN/cm)
300 [mm]
1.1 NODES
1 - Cartesian 0.0 0.0
2 - Cartesian 0.0 -64.0
3 - Cartesian 0.0 -1064.0
4 - Cartesian 0.0 -1614.0
5 - Cartesian 0.0 -1925.0
6 - Cartesian 0.0 -2164.0
7 - Cartesian 0.0 -2714.0
8 - Cartesian 0.0 -3264.0
9 - Cartesian 0.0 -3814.0
10 - Cartesian 0.0 -3925.0
11 - Cartesian 0.0 -4664.0
12 - Cartesian 0.0 -5514.0
13 - Cartesian 0.0 -5925.0
14 - Cartesian 0.0 -6664.0
15 - Cartesian 0.0 -7814.0
16 - Cartesian 0.0 -7925.0
17 - Cartesian 0.0 -8964.0
18 - Cartesian 0.0 -9925.0
19 - Cartesian 0.0 -10164.0
20 - Cartesian 1040.0 0.0
21 - Cartesian 1040.0 -64.0
22 - Cartesian 1040.0 -400.0
23 - Cartesian 1040.0 -1064.0
24 - Cartesian 1040.0 -1614.0
25 - Cartesian 1040.0 -1925.0
26 - Cartesian 1040.0 -2164.0
27 - Cartesian 1040.0 -2714.0
28 - Cartesian 1040.0 -3264.0
29 - Cartesian 1040.0 -3802.0
30 - Cartesian 1040.0 -3925.0
31 - Cartesian 1040.0 -4664.0
32 - Cartesian 1040.0 -5506.0
33 - Cartesian 1040.0 -5925.0
34 - Cartesian 1040.0 -6664.0
35 - Cartesian 1040.0 -7814.0
36 - Cartesian 1040.0 -7925.0
37 - Cartesian 1040.0 -8964.0
38 - Cartesian 1040.0 -9925.0
39 - Cartesian 1040.0 -10164.0
1.2 MATERIALS
Material Material E-Modulus G-Modulus Sp. Weight Coeff. Thermal Saf. Factor
No. Description E [kN/cm 2 ] G [kN/cm 2 ]  [kN/m 3 ]  [1/°C] M [-]
1 S235 JR 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
2 S355 J2 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
StB-27/2011-I B.34
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
direction
1.3 CROSS-SECTIONS
Section Cross-section Mater. IT [cm 4 ] Iy [cm 4 ] Iz [cm 4 ]
No. Description No. A [cm2 ] A y [cm 2 ] A z [cm 2 ]
1 Upright 100/75/2,5 2 33.00
6.40
2 Bracing U 50/30/1,5 1 1.20
1.40
1.4 MEMBER RELEASES

Release Reference Release / Spring [kN/cm], [kNcm/rad]
No. System N Vz My
1 Local x,y,z 47.500
2 Local x,y,z
1.7 MEMBERS
1 Beam 1 2 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
2 Beam 2 3 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1000.0 Z
3 Beam 3 4 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
4 Beam 4 5 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
5 Beam 5 6 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
6 Beam 6 7 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
7 Beam 7 8 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
8 Beam 8 9 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
9 Beam 9 10 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 111.0 Z
10 Beam 10 11 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
11 Beam 11 12 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 850.0 Z
12 Beam 12 13 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 411.0 Z
13 Beam 13 14 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
14 Beam 14 15 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1150.0 Z
15 Beam 15 16 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 111.0 Z
16 Beam 16 17 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1039.0 Z
17 Beam 17 18 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 961.0 Z
18 Beam 18 19 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
20 Beam 1 23 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1487.8 XZ
21 Beam 3 23 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1040.0 X
22 Beam 23 4 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
23 Beam 4 26 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
24 Beam 26 7 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
25 Beam 7 28 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
26 Beam 28 9 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
27 Beam 9 31 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1343.2 XZ
28 Beam 31 12 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1343.2 XZ
29 Beam 12 34 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1550.5 XZ
30 Beam 34 15 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1550.5 XZ
31 Beam 15 37 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1550.5 XZ
32 Beam 37 19 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1588.0 XZ
33 Beam 19 39 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1040.0 X
34 Beam 20 21 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
35 Beam 21 22 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 336.0 Z
36 Beam 22 23 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 664.0 Z
37 Beam 23 24 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
38 Beam 24 25 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
39 Beam 25 26 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
40 Beam 26 27 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
41 Beam 27 28 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
42 Beam 28 29 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 538.0 Z
43 Beam 29 30 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 123.0 Z
44 Beam 30 31 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
45 Beam 31 32 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 842.0 Z
46 Beam 32 33 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 419.0 Z
47 Beam 33 34 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
48 Beam 34 35 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1150.0 Z
49 Beam 35 36 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 111.0 Z
50 Beam 36 37 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1039.0 Z
51 Beam 37 38 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 961.0 Z
52 Beam 38 39 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
1.8 NODAL SUPPORTS

Support Rotation [°] Support Conditions
No. Nodes No. about Y u X' u Z'  Y'
1 1,20 0.00
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LOADS
direction
LOAD CASES
LC Method of
No. LC Description LC Factor Property of load case Self-weight Analysis
1 Dead Load D 1.0000 Permanent 1.00 Linear
11 Pallets P 1.0000 Variable - Linear
21 Placement load H 1.0000 Variable - Linear
31 Imperfection ImpZ 1.0000 Variable - Linear

Dead Load D Force[kN] Moment[kNcm]
1 5,10,13,16,18,25,30,33,36,38 0.000 0.230 0.000

Pallets P Force[kN] Moment[kNcm]
1 5,10,13,16,18,25,30,33,36,38 0.000 16.670 0.000

Placement load H Force[kN] Moment[kNcm]
1 19 0.250 0.000 0.000
LC31 2.4 IMPERFECTIONS LC31

Imperfection ImpZ On members No. Inclination Precamber Apply w 0
No. Reference to On sets of m. No. Direction 1/ 0 [-] l/w0 [-] from  0 [-]
1 List of member 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, z 175.000 0.000 0.000
15,16,17,18
2 List of member 34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44, z 175.000 0.000 0.000
45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52
StB-27/2011-I B.36
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LOADS
LC1: Dead Load D Against Y-direction LC11: Pallets P Against Y-direction
0.230 0.230 16.670 16.670
0.230 0.230 16.670 16.670
0.230 0.230 16.670 16.670
0.230 0.230 16.670 16.670
0.230 0.230 16.670 16.670
Y X Y X
Z 3000 [mm] Z 3000 [mm]
LC21: Placement load H 0.250 Against Y-direction LC31: Imperfection ImpZ Against Y-direction
1/Phi= 175.00
1/Phi= 175.00
Y X Y X
Z 3000 [mm] Z 3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.37
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LOADS
direction
LOAD GROUPS
LG Method of
No. LG-Description Factor Load Cases in LG Analysis
1 1,3*D + 1,4*P + ImpZ 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.4*LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
2 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC11 + 2nd Order
1,4*H) + ImpZ 1.26*LC21 + LC31
11 1,0*D + 1,0*P + ImpZ 1.0000 LC1 + LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
SETTINGS FOR NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS

LG Favorable effects Divide results back Reduction of Stiffnes
No. LG-Description due to Tension Forces by LG Factor by Gamma-M
1 1,3*D + 1,4*P + ImpZ
2 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P + 1,4*H) +
ImpZ
11 1,0*D + 1,0*P + ImpZ
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GRAPHICS
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UPRIGHTS
LG1: 1,3*D + 1,4*P + ImpZ Against Y-direction LG1: 1,3*D + 1,4*P + ImpZ Against Y-direction
N M-y
0.24 -0.01
-23.41 0.22 -23.66 3.17 2.16
-23.48 -24.41 1.84 -3.19
-47.18 -48.12 -0.25 5.98

-47.19 -48.12 -2.20 5.22
-46.25 -49.69 1.42 -3.93
-69.94 -73.38 3.27 4.70
-69.96 -73.40 -2.61 2.53
-68.44 -75.11 -0.06 -2.76
-92.13 -98.79 2.24 3.84

-92.14 -98.80 0.76 2.84
-90.67 -100.17 0.63 -1.96
-2.08
-90.71 -100.21 0.24 -1.98
-89.40 -101.72 -0.20 -1.18
-113.06 -125.37 -0.38 3.77
-113.08 -125.39 -5.43 4.84
5.10
-111.35 -128.16 10.24 4.65
-128.20 2.43
0.85 0.41
-111.42 Y -128.22
X Y X
Z Z
1000 [mm] 1000 [mm]

Max N: 0.24, Min N: -128.22 [kN] Max M-y: 10.24, Min M-y: -5.43 [kNcm]
StB-27/2011-I B.39
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UPRIGHTS
LG2: 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P + 1,4*H) + ImpZ Against Y-direction LG2: 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P + 1,4*H) + ImpZ Against Y-direction
N M-y
0.59 -0.01
-20.73 0.57 -21.33 2.96 2.06
-20.79 -22.76 1.69 -3.05
-42.16 -44.13 -0.24 5.54

-42.17 -44.14 -2.07 4.81
-40.59 -46.32 1.13 -3.78
-61.95 -67.67 2.87 4.21
-61.97 -67.70 -2.58 2.16
-59.94 -69.81 -0.14 -2.66
-81.29 -91.17 2.08 3.42

-81.30 -91.17 0.71 2.49
-79.51 -92.78 0.39 -1.91
-2.04
-79.55 -92.82 -0.08 -1.96
-78.00 -94.56 -0.44 -1.26
-99.32 -115.88 -0.56 3.08
-99.34 -115.90 -5.16 3.84
4.00
-97.43 -118.91 8.61 3.65
-118.96 1.86
0.69 0.31
-97.50 Y -118.98
X Y X
Z Z
1000 [mm] 1000 [mm]

Max N: 0.59, Min N: -118.98 [kN] Max M-y: 8.61, Min M-y: -5.16 [kNcm]
StB-27/2011-I B.40
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BRACING
LG1: 1,3*D + 1,4*P + Imp Against Y-direction LG2: 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P Against Y-direction LG11: 1,0*D + 1,0*P + Im Against Y-direction
N N N
-0.33 -0.79 -0.23
0.09 0.09 0.06
-0.81 -0.24
0.56 0.39
1.00
-0.83 -1.25 -0.57

0.54 0.37
0.99
-0.85 -1.27 -0.59
1.15 0.79
1.56
-1.18 -1.51 -0.81
1.13 0.77
1.54
-1.19 -1.53 -0.82
1.40 1.72 0.95
-1.35 -1.62 -0.92
1.38 -1.36 -1.62 0.94 -0.93

1.70
-1.45 -1.70 -0.98

1.46 1.72 1.00
-1.45 -1.71 -0.99

1.46 1.71 0.99
-2.15 -2.32 -1.47
1.68 1.91 1.14
-2.16 -2.33 -1.48
1.67 1.90 1.13
0.29 0.27 0.22

2.37 2.62 1.56
Y X Y X Y X
Z Z Z
2.36 2.60 1.55
1000 [mm] 1000 [mm] 1000 [mm]

Max N: 2.37, Min N: -2.16 [kN] Max N: 2.62, Min N: -2.33 [kN] Max N: 1.56, Min N: -1.48 [kN]
StB-27/2011-I B.41
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DEFORMATIONS U-X, LG11: 1,0*DL + 1,0*P + IMPG

LG11: 1,0*D + 1,0*P + ImpZ Against Y-direction
u-X
6.6
Y X
Max u-X: 6.6, Min u-X: 0.0 [mm] Z

1000 [mm]
Factor of deformations: 160.00
StB-27/2011-I B.42
C. Member check for upright with moment coefficients
On the following pages the member check of the upright taking account of the moment coefficients
is shown exemplarily on the following pages for the upright position U1. The moment digramm is
shown in Figure C.1. The compression force NSd is taken from Table 13.
Figure C.1
MSd,y
-65,2
962,5
1925
50
26,7
475
36,6 962,5
950
76,3
475
64
118,7
122,8

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sheet 1/3
Pos.: Upright 100/75/2,5
2
Material: S355 J2 E = 21000 kN/cm G = 8100 kN/cm2
2
fy = 35,5 kN/cm gM = 1,00
Cross section properties:
Ag = 7,00 cm2 Iy = 88,00 cm

4
i02 = iy2 + iz2 + y02
Aeff = 6,40 cm2 Iz = 33,00 cm
4
= (Iy + Iz) / Ag + y0
2
Wy,eff = 18,6 cm3 IT = 0,12 cm4 = 53,3 cm

2
Wz,eff = 9,01 cm3 Iw = 1300 cm6 b = 1 - (y0 / i0)

2
y0 = 6,00 cm = 0,324
Effective buckling lengths:
Lsys,y = 192,5 cm by = 1,00 Ley = by Lsys,y

= 192,5 cm
Lsys,z = 106,4 cm bz = 0,90 Lez = bz Lsys,z
= 95,76 cm
Lsys,T = 95 cm bT = 0,70 LeT = bT Lsys,T
= 66,5 cm
Critical buckling forces:
Ncr,y = p2 E Iy / Ley2 Ncr,T = 1 / i02 (G IT + p2 E Iw / LeT2)

= 492,2 kN = 1161,7 kN
2 2 2 2 0,5
Ncr,z = p E Iz / Lez Ncr,FT = (Ncr,y / 2b) [1 + Ncr,T/Ncr,y - [(1-Ncr,T/Ncr,y) + 4(y0/i0) Ncr,T/Ncr,y] ]
= 745,87 kN = 373 kN
Related slenderness:
lrel,y = (Aeff fy / Ncr,y)0,5 lrel,z = (Aeff fy / Ncr,z)0,5 lrel,FT = (Aeff fy / Ncr,FT)0,5

= 0,6794 = 0,5519 = 0,7804
Buckling curve coefficients:
ay = 0,34 az = 0,34 aFT = 0,34 EN 15512, Table 9
Buckling reduction factors:
fy = 0,5[1 + ay(lrel,y - 0,2] + lrel,y2] = 0,812

2
fz = 0,5[1 + az(lrel,z - 0,2] + lrel,z ] = 0,712
2
fFT = 0,5[1 + aFT(lrel,FT - 0,2] + lrel,FT ] = 0,903
cy = 1 / [fy + (fy2 - lrel,y2)0,5] = 0,795

2 2 0,5
cz = 1 / [fz + (fz - lrel,z ) ] = 0,860
2 2 0,5
cFT = 1 / [fFT + (fFT - lrel,FT ) ] = 0,7364
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sheet 2/3
Compressive strength:
Nb,Rd,y = cy Aeff fy / gM Nb,Rd,z = cz Aeff fy / gM Nb,Rd,FT = cFT Aeff fy / gM

= 180,67 kN = 195,5 kN = 167,32 kN
Bending Strength:
MRd,y = Weff,y fy / gM MRd,z = Weff,z fy / gM

= 660 kNcm = 320 kNcm
Member check without flexural-torsional buckling (EN 15512, 9.7.6.3)
NSd = 118,9 kN
MSd,y,max = 122,6 kNcm MSd,z,max = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,1 = 122,8 kNcm MSd,z,1 = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,2 = -65,2 kNcm MSd,z,2 = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,m = 36,6 kNcm MSd,z,m = - kNcm
xm.y = 0,5 xm,z = - (x = x/L, x = location of MSd,..,m)
MSd,Q,y = | MSd,y,m - [ xm,y (MSd,y,2 - MSd,y,1) + MSd,y,1 ] |

= 7,8 kNcm
MSd,Q,z = | MSd,z,m - [ xm,z (MSd,z,2 - MSd,z,1) + MSd,z,1 ] |
= - kNcm
DMSd,y = max{ MSd,y,1 ; MSd,y,2 ; |MSd,y,1 - MSd,y,m| ; |MSd,y,2 - MSd,y,m| }
= 122,8 kNcm
DMSd,z = max{ MSd,z,1 ; MSd,z,2 ; |MSd,z,1 - MSd,z,m| ; |MSd,z,2 - MSd,z,m| }
= - kNcm
yy = min{MSd,y,1 / MSd,y,2 ; MSd,y,2 / MSd,y,1} yz = min{MSd,z,1 / MSd,z,2 ; MSd,z,2 / MSd,z,1}

= -0,531 = 0,000
bM,y,y = 1,8 - 0,7 yy bM,y,z = 1,8 - 0,7 yz
= 2,172 = 1,800
bM,Q,y = 1,30 bM,Q,z = -
bM,y = bM,y,y+MSd,Q,y/DMSd,y(bM,Q-bM,y,y) bM,z = bM,y,z+MSd,Q,z/DMSd,z(bM,Q,z-bM,y,z)
= 2,116 = 1,800
my = min{lrel,y (2bM,y - 4); 0,9} mz = min{lrel,z (2bM,z - 4); 0,9}

= 0,158 = -0,221
ky = min(1 ; 1 - my NSd / Nb,Rd,y) kz = min(1 ; 1 - mz NSd / Nb,Rd,z)
= 0,896 = 1,000
Member check:
NSd / min{Nb,Rd,y ; Nb,Rd,z} + ky MSd,y,max / MRd,y + kz MSd,z,max / MRd,z =

118,9 / 180,7 + 0,896 x 122,6 / 660 + 1 x 0 / 320 = 0,825
< 1,00 o.k.
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Member check with flexural-torsional buckling (EN 15512, 9.7.6.4)
NSd = 118,9 kN
MSd,y,max = 118,7 kNcm MSd,z,max = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,m = 76,3 kNcm MSd,z,m = - kNcm
xm.y = 0,5 xm,z = - (x = x/L)
MSd,Q,LT = | MSd,y,m - [ xm,y (MSd,y,2 - MSd,y,1) + MSd,y,1 ] |

= 3,6 cm
MSd,Q,z = | MSd,y,m - [ xm,y (MSd,y,2 - MSd,y,1) + MSd,y,1 ] |
= -
DMSd,LT = max{ MSd,y,1 ; MSd,y,2 ; |MSd,y,1 - MSd,y,m| ; |MSd,y,2 - MSd,y,m| }
= 118,7 kNcm
DMSd,z = max{ MSd,z,1 ; MSd,z,2 ; |MSd,z,1 - MSd,z,m| ; |MSd,z,2 - MSd,z,m| }
= - kNcm
yLT = min{MSd,y,1 / MSd,y,2 ; MSd,y,2 / MSd,y,1} yz = min{MSd,z,1 / MSd,z,2 ; MSd,z,2 / MSd,z,1}

= 0,225 = 0,000
bM,y,LT = 1,8 - 0,7 yy bM,y,z = 1,8 - 0,7 yz
= 1,643 = 1,800
bM,Q,LT = 1,30 bM,Q,z = -
bM,LT = bM,y,LT+MSd,Q,LT/DMSd,LT(bM,Q,LT-bM,y,LT) bM,z = bM,y,z+MSd,Q,z/DMSd,z(bM,Q,z-bM,y,z)
= 1,632 = 1,8
mLT = min{0,15 lrel,z bM,LT - 0,15; 0,9} mz = min{lrel,z (2bM,z - 4); 0,9}
= -0,015 = -0,221
kLT = min(1 ; 1 - mLT NSd / Nb,Rd,z) kz = min(1 ; 1 - mz NSd / Nb,Rd,z)
= 1 = 1,000
Member check:
NSd / min{Nb,Rd,y ; Nb,Rd,z, Nb,Rd,FT} + ky MSd,y,max / MRd,y + kz MSd,z,max / MRd,z =

118,9 / 167,3 + 1 x 118,7 / 660 + 1 x 0 / 320 = 0,890
< 1,00 o.k.
Conclusion: No significant change for the check compared to the simplified method
(check = 0,897).
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Contents page

Institut für Schweißtechnik u. 64289 Darmstadt Project Page

Institut für Schweißtechnik u. 64289 Darmstadt Project Page

The calculations are based on the following assumptions:

Institut für Schweißtechnik u. 64289 Darmstadt Project Page

The system parameters are listed below:

The loading parameters are defined as follows:

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100 Node detail (exemplary):

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For steel according to EN 15512, 8.1.3:

According to EN 1993-1-1, Table 3.1:

According to EN 1993-1-8, Table 3.1:

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4.1 Cross section values

Principally two types of cross section values are used:

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4.3 Bracing member

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MRd,2 kNcm 200

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5.1 Dead load

Self-weight of frame bracing per upright (see annex A):

⇒ Dead load per inner upright inner frames

5.2 Unit loads

5.2.1 Loading of the beams

So the load to be applied on the beam is

Uniformly distributed over the beam length this becomes:

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5.2.3 Pattern loading

For the upright design:

For the beam design:

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5.3 Placement load

5.3.1 Horizontal placement load in down-aisle direction

At racks over 6 m in height a horizontal placement load of either

5.3.2 Horizontal placement load in cross-aisle direction

5.3.3 Vertical placement load

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5.4.1 Horizontal loads

5.4.2 Vertical loads

5.5 Actions due to installation

Not specified here.

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6.1 Global Imperfections

6.1.1 Down-aisle direction

So with the values given in section 2 of this document:

6.1.2 Cross-aisle direction

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6.2 Local imperfections

6.2.1 Bracing imperfections

6.2.2 Member imperfections

6.3 Application of global imperfections in the analysis

Global imperfections can be taken into account

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The rules for load combinations are given in EN 15512, 7.2:

ΣγG Gk + 0,9 Σ γQ,i Qk,i

ΣγGA Gk + Σ γQA,i Qk,I + γA Ak

7.2 Global analysis in down-aisle direction

LG1: 1,3 D + 1,40 P1 + ImpX

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