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CHAPTER - 3
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS
A radian is an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose
length is equal to the radius of the circle. We denote 1 radian by 1c.
o m
.c
radian = 180 degree
a y
d
180
1 radian = degree
to
ie s
1 degree =
t
radian
u d
.s
180
ww
If an arc of length l makes an angle radian at the centre of a circle of
w
radius r, we have
l
r
Quadrant I II III IV
Function –x x x – x + x 2 – x 2 + x
2 2
sin –sin x cos x cos x sin x –sin x –sin x sin x
cos cos x sin x –sin x –cos x –cos x cos x cos x
tan –tan x cot x –cot x –tan x tan x –tan x tan x
cosec –cosec x sec x sec x cosec x –cosec x –cosec x cosec x
sec sec x cosec x –cosec x –sec x –sec x sec x sec x
cot –cot x tan x –tan x –cot x cot x –cot x cot x
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25 XI – Mathematics
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tan x R –
(2n 1) ; n z
R
2
Cosec x R – {n; n z} R – (–1,1)
Sec x R –
(2n 1) ; n z
R – (–1,1)
2
cot x R – {n, n z} R
w w
sin (x – y) = sinx cosy – cosx siny
tan x tan y
tan(x y)
1 tan x.tany
cot x. cot y 1
cot(x y)
cot y cot x
XI – Mathematics 26
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x y xy
sin x sin y 2 sin cos
2 2
x y xy
sin x – sin y 2 cos sin
2 2
x y xy
cos x cos y 2 cos cos
2 2
x y xy
cos x cos y 2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan x
Sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2
1 tan x
o m
.c
2
1 – tan x
ay
cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x = 2 cos2x – 1 = 1 – 2sin2x = 2
1 tan x
to d
tan 2x
2 tan x
2
ie s
d
1 tan x
s t ux
.
sin 3x = 3 sinx – 4 sin 3
cos 3x = 4 cos w
ww
3x – 3 cos x
3
3 tan x tan x
tan 3x = 2
1 3 tan x
= cos2y – cos2x
= cos2y – sin2x
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sin = 0 = n n z
cos = 0 = (2n n z
2
tan = 0 = n n z
sin = sin = n (–1)n n z
cos = cos = 2n n z
tan = tan = n n z
Law of sines or sine formula
o m
The lengths of sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of the
.c
angles opposite to them i.e..
a y
d
a b c
sin A sin B sin C
s to
Law of cosines or cosine formula
d ie
t u
.s
In any ABC
cos A w
w
2 2 2
b c a
w 2
2bc
2 2
c a b
cos B
2ca
2 2 2
a b c
cos C
2ab
11 c
2. Find the degree measure corresponding to
16
XI – Mathematics 28
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19
4. Find the value of tan
3
5. Find the value of sin(–1125°)
3
7. If sin A = and 2 < A < , find cos A
5
a 1
8. If tan A = and tan B = then find the value of A + B.
a 1 2a 1
o m
.c
10. Express 2 cos4x sin2x as an algebraic sum of sines or cosines.
d e cotx = 3
Find the principal solutions iof
s t u of cos = 0
14.
.
Write the general solution
w
5w
15. If sinx =
w3
and 0 < x <
2
find the value of cos 2x
1 x
16. If cosx = and x lies in quadrant III, find the value of sin
3 2
17. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a circular
path, always keeping the rope tight and describes 88 metres when it
traces 72° at the centre, find the length of the rope.
18. It the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5, find the smallest angle in
degrees and the greatest angle in radians.
12
19. If sinx = and x lies in the second quadrant, show that secx + tanx = –5
13
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1 5 3
20. If cot , sec where and , find
2 3 2 2
the value of tan ( )
tan 5 tan 3
21. 4 cos 2 cos 4
tan 5 – tan 3
o m
.c
1 sin cos
24. tan
1 sin cos 2
a y
25.
o1 d
tan tan tan(60° + ) = tan 3
t
i e s
d
Show that cos20° cos40° cos80° =
u
8
Find the general solution of the following equations (Q.No. 30 to Q. No. 33)
30. cos x 0
10
XI – Mathematics 30
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a = b cosC + c cosB
A –B
ab cos
2
c C
sin
2
d
cosA cos2A cos4A cos8A = 16 sin A
s to 1
38.
d ie sin70° = 16
Prove that sin10° sin30° sin50°
s t u of
39.
.
Find the general solution
sin2x + w
ww
sin4x + sin6x = 0
1
cos cos2 cos3 =
4
3 3
41. Draw the graph of tanx in ,
2 2
b
2
c
2
sin 2A
c
2
a
2
sin 2B
a 2
b
2
sin 2C 0
2 2 2
a b c
31 XI – Mathematics
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ANSWERS
c
1. 2. 39°22'30''
32
5
3. cm 4. 3
12
1
5. 6. 2 3
2
4
7. 8. 45°
5
9. 2 sin8 cos4
o m
sin 6x – sin2x
y .c
d a
R 2n 1 ; n z
to
11. [–1,1] 12. 2
ie s
tud
5 11
13. , 14. 2n 1 , n z
s
2
.
6 6
w
ww
1 6
15. 16.
9 3
5
17. 70 m 18. 45, radians
12
2 n 2 , n z
20
11
30. 5
n
31. (2n 1) , ,n z 32. 2n ,n z
10 2 3 6
n
33. 2n ,n z 39. , n , n z
3 4 3
40. (2n 1) , n , n z
8 3
XI – Mathematics 32