Research Seminar: CEHIDRO

Multi-criteria Assessment in Life-cycle Management of

Maritime Works based on Evolutive Scenarios

Nuno Marujo
PhD Student (IST - CEHIDRO / WW)
nuno.marujo.silva@gmail.com

Supervisors:
Prof. António Trigo Teixeira (IST – CEHIDRO)
Dr. Amélia Araújo (IST – CEHIDRO)
Ir. António Sanches do Valle (WW)

Lisbon, 28th February 2014

 Structure
1. Introduction: Problem Definition

2. Present Research Goals and Methodology

3. General Monitoring Methodology

4. Application to the Ericeira Breakwater

5. Incorporation of the Monitoring Methodology in SIMOM: Monitoring

System for Maritime Works

6. Future Developments

7. Conclusions

8. Acknowledgements and References

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What to expect from a title so long?

• Life-cycle Management of Maritime Works – Essential to reduce the associated costs , prevent severe
damages, increase efficiency and efficacy

• Multi-criteria Assessment – a) Considering the wide range of parameters that influence maritime work a
way to combine them is needed. b) While choosing between different options a decision maker should have
at his disposal a decision support system to aid choosing the best option among several

• Evolutive Scenarios – how to forecast evolution based on uncertainty, how to distinguish solutions, how to
provide a sound and objective base for risk assessment?

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Management Results?

Future?
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 Maritime Works?

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 What may happen…

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 And how to avoid the previous situations? (1/2)

Knowing the answer to the following questions may

help:

• When was the work designed and built?

• What is the management strategy?

• How long is the work supposed to be functioning

according to its purpose?

• What is the expected degradation as a function of

time?

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 And how to avoid the previous situations? (2/2)

Good Practices are:

• Monitor with a periodicity as a function of present condition,

past evolution and type of failure (sudden, progressive)

• Develop contigency plans to the most common and severe

damages

• Assess risk and mitigate it if above a certain limit

• Perform maintenance as planned and as needed

• Study documents from previous failures and, once available,

my PhD thesis

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 General
Considerations

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 Some concepts

• Life-cycle – includes all the stages of the work from design till
reconvertion/ major rebuilt/ abandonment

Inspection
• Management– Considers the whole life-cycle of the work. Goal:
Assure that it remains operational, safe and performs as expected
Monitoring
while spending the least amount of resources
Management
• Monitoring – Process by which the maritime work condition is
tracked and useful information acquired at different times

• Inspection – A subprocess of monitoring, performed at discrete

instants and through different techniques - Visual inspection,
surveys and measuring equipment. Implements monitoring.

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 Life-cycle Design

Abandonment Construction

Intervention Operation

Monitoring

Preparation Observation Revision

Deterioration Improvement
Phase Phase

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 Management

• Strategic : >10yrs => Pluri Work Plan (Port / Ports/

Operational Breakwaters) and General Management Strategy

Tactical • Tactital: 2-10 yrs => Port / Breakwater monitoring

Strategic plan and detailed management strategy

• Operational: 6 m – 2 yrs => Materialize the

management strategy and the monitoring plan

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 Inspection Techniques
ARTESCAN - 3D Scanning, Lda.
www.artescan.net

• Visual Inspection - Walking and waterbourne (includes ARTESCAN - 3D Scanning, Lda.

www.artescan.net

close up photography, measuring tape)

• Laser Scanning - 3D Topographic and LIDAR

• Multibeam and Side Scan Sonar

• Satellite Imagery - RGB, Infrared, Radar (InSAR)

• Photogrammetry, Crane and ball

• GPS methods

• Traditional Topographic Techniques – differential levelling,

trigonometric leveling

• Concrete testing equipment

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 What drives the present research?
• Initial Investment: 100s m€ to 100s M€

• Information is rarely organized and easy to consult

• Easy to decide the intervention => resources or no resources, usually the least expensive
BUT difficul to choose the solution that implies the minimum investment at present,
minimum total and provides the longest period with minimum risk

• Foresee damages to act timely and reduce costs due to late interventions

• Construction Costs important but over the life-cycle largest parcel are with Monitoring,
Maintenance and Repairs/ Rebuilts;

• Most works have a long time span => Different entities, huge amount of information not
centralized and organized, different approaches to management;

• Overal the criteria used at different levels are subjective;

• To assure an efficient and effective management => dedicated decision support system.

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 More questions that should be answered
• Are there several entities involved in the management? What are the manager
expectations and concerns related to the work? How to deal with that?

• Which purposes is data needed? What is the available information? Is there information
lost/ unaccessible? The available data is sufficient? If not how to proceed? How to
process the available data in a way that is objective and might be used by other persons
in the future?

• Are there several works to be analysed? What are the importances of the studied
maritime works? Local? National? International? Are there sufficient emergency
resources available to solve extreme damage/ degradation? How to prioritize the works
based on the available amount and the type of solution?

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 Goals
• Develop a model to analyse maritime works accounting for their life-
cycle.

• Describe the life-cycle of maritime works

• Know the past and present state of the work to forecast its evolution

• Determine how to deal with the uncertainty in actions, incomplete

information, management strategy, etc.

• Determine plausible evolutive scenarios to serve as a framework to

compare different strategies and actions

• Determine criteria to help the decision maker – among which

necessarily: costs and risk, resiliency

• How to make the whole process easier, simpler and more effective?

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 Research Methodology – General (1/2)

1. Determine how to store the historical information related with the maritime
work – design, structural data, assumptions, drawings, plans, etc.

2. Determine how to collect and store monitoring information (frequently visual

inspection and topo-bathymetric surveys)

3. Determine how to analyse and aggregate the obtained information to provide

the framework for decision making

4. Analyse the available temporal time series and forecast the future behaviour

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 Research Methodology – General (2/2)

5. Model the structural behaviour and analyse it probabilistically

6. Determine evolutive scenarios, i.e., actions/ interventions and forecast and assess the
future evolution and compare it with the do nothing scenario

7. Analyse each of the possible actions based on defined criteria (including economic
and risk) and Recommend a certain action/ intervention

8. Develop and implement the previous processes

9. Test and Validate the previous processes

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 Current Research Status: 40-50%
Done

a. Determined and developed points 1-3, 8 => Past and Present

Condition 2016
On Going

a. Test and Validation the developments

b. Based on the past information forecast the future (points 4-6) 2014
=> From the Past and Present Condition and Some Scenarios
how is the structure expected to evolve 2012
To Be Done

a. Point 7 => Decision making process

b. Test and Validation of the whole process

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 General Monitoring Process

Requrires: Monitoring Plan and Management Strategy

1. Prepare the Structure for Monitoring;

2. Visually inspect, survey and/ or use specific measuring equipment ;

3. Organize, store and process data;

4. Analyse data and assess condition ;

5. Propose required/ recommended actions;

6. Compare interventions and decide;

7. Implement decision, adjust the monitoring plan if needed and repeat

the process

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Recommended Visual Inspection Process – First time (1/2)

1. Prepare the field work: Acquire all the available data -

including design considerations, plans, profiles, previous
inspection, surveys, interventions, etc.;

2. If possible make a previous field trip to get some insight

into the maritime work, otherwise consult available
images;

3. Understand and study the goals of the monitoring plan

for that structure;

4. Determine a prelinary strategy to perform the visual

inspection;

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Recommended Visual Inspection Process – First time (2/2)

5. Inspect the structure according to the strategy which

should include at least annotations, measurements and
systematic photos (detailed photos as needed);

6. In the office, analyse the results obtained and

recommend any required action;

7. Use the gathered information to create the monitoring

mesh, visual inspection forms and damage indicators to
be used in upcoming inspections according to the
previously exposed methodology.

 First inspection implies significant effort during the

whole process

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Recommended Visual Inspection Process – Following Inspections

1. Study all the information available from the previous inspections;

2. Understand and study the goals of the current monitoring campaign;
3. Use the monitoring mesh and visual inspection forms to inspect the structure
complemented with annotations, measurements and photos;
4. In the office, analyse the results obtained and recommend any required action;

 Required Effort Significantly less after the first inspection has

been performed

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Recommended Survey Analysis Process – First time
1. Acquire all the available data - including design considerations, plans, profiles,
previous inspection, surveys, interventions, etc.;
2. If possible make a previous field trip to get some insight into the maritime work,
otherwise consult available images;
3. If it does not exist create the monitoring mesh
4. Based on the type of structural element/ zone determine damage indicators
5. Determine the area of analysis to convert the point data to a raster format =>
easier to intercompare surveys
6. Determine damage thresholds for differences between surveys
7. Generate damage polygons
8. Calculate indicators => Describe later on the presentation

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 Survey Analysis
Survey 2020 Raster Survey 2010 Raster Differences Raster

- =

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 Some Damage Indicators Expressions

Melby and Kobayashi, 1998.

Melby, 1999.

Marujo et al., 2013a

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 Structural Condition Assessment Methodology
1. General: Determine Weights for each reach, subreach, structural element/
zone – Expert judgement / AHP

2. Visual Inspection: a) Determine weights for both the questions and answers
of visual inspection, b) determine material, structural and operational
questions

3. Surveys: a) Determine the damage indicators b) Assign weights to each of

these damage indicators c) Determine the thresholds for damage curve – a
continuous scale equivalent to visual inspection

4. Aggregate all the information at the cell, structural element/ zone, subreach,
reach and maritime work level

5. Compare with past data and condition

6. Recommend actions

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 Why Weighted Averages?
The whole method is based on weighted averages because
it is:
• Simple;
• Accurate provided the number of criteria is sufficient;
• Easy to program;
• Fast;
• Versatile.

Analytic Hierarchy Process as a mean to determine weights?

Allows to account for preferences

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 Condition Aggregation Example

Cell Condition Index

Subreach Condition Index

Reach Condition Index

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Multi-criteria Assessment in Life-cycle Management of
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Ericeira North Breakwater Ericeira

Lisbon

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 Ericeira Breakwater 1973-2008
1973 - Construction

1983 1990
1989

2001 2008
2007

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 Ericeira Breakwater 2009-2013

December, 2010 December, 2012

December, 2009

March, 2013

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Ericeira Breakwater 2014-Future ?

Management Strategy, Monitor

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 How to prepare a structure to monitor?

• Divide the structure in Reaches - homogeneous; Monitoring Mesh

• Divide the structure in Structural Elements/ Zones

• Divide the Reaches in Subreaches – equal length per Reach;

• Intersect Structural Elements/ Zones and Subreaches to create Cells (Base units);

• Define the inspection techniques to use for each of the cells as a function of the Structural Element/ Zone
/ Reach;

• Define the parameters and criteria to assess condition for each technique;

• Define the frequency for each type of inspection Monitoring Parameters

Monitor
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 Division in Reaches

Reach 5
length = 120 m

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 Division in Stuctural Elements / Zones
Zone: Seaside
Emerged

Zone: Seaside
Submerged

Concrete
Superstructure

Armor Layer -
Berm

Zone: Leeside
Submerged

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 Division in Subreaches

Subreach 5.3
length = 20 m

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 Cell Example

Armour Layer - Berm

– Seaside Emerged 5.3

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 General Principles
• Open source technology -> Cost reduction;
• Modular -> Expandable, Robust, Dynamic;
• WebSIG -> User friendly, no instalation
required, less time from development to
user;
• Plugin QGIS -> Advanced GIS functionalities;
• App Android 4.x -> Visual Inspection, Photo
acquisition
• Includes a PostgreSQL/ PosGIS database
Multi-criteria Assessment in Life-cycle Management of
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Modules
• Background maritime work data
• Initial Processes – Design, Tender, Construction,
Supervision
• Structural Characterization – Reaches, Structural
Elements
• Monitoring – Subreaches, Cells, Campaigns,
Visual Inspection, Surveys
• Analysis – Processed Surveys, Damage Polygons,
Damage Asessment, Recommendation
• Plugin QGIS – Initial Geometry loading, survey
processing
• Aplicação Android 4.x – Visual Inspection, Photo
acquisition
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App Android 4.x – Tablet, Smartphone, Other

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SIMOM - QGIS Plugin – Monitoring Mesh

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Monitoring – Campaigns (Visual Inspection, Surveys)

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Campaigns Visual Inspection - Forms

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Visual Inspection Form: Armour Layer - Berm

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Armour Layer – Berm: Complementar Information

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To fill in Already filled in

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 Survey Analysis
Survey 2020 Raster Survey 2010 Raster Differences Raster

- =

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Survey Analysis – Profiles

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Plugin QGIS – Damage Parameters Calculation

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Reach and Subreach Weights

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 Treeview

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 Final Analysis

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 6. Future Work Response Function

Markov Chain
0.7
Good

0.2 0.2
0.4
0.6 0.1
Fair
Monte Carlo Methods
0.1 0.4

Poor
0.3

Fuzzy logic?

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 Curiosity:
Jetée Moulay Youssef: 7x Ericeira Length

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 7. Some Conclusions
• Monitoring methodology develop => allows getting standardized information to forecast future evolution

• Establishment of a uniformized grid that allows a easy comparison of the maritime work condition over
time

• Part of a team to implement it on SIMOM – Potential to grow and become a powerful tool in the
management of maritime works as well as for contractors, consultants, etc.

• Methodology initial tests on a real case: Ericeira North Breakwater

• More cases on going at official level for Morocco – 5 breakwaters of Casablanca and Mohammedia
Harbours => Confidential Information

• Aggregation of parameters using multi-criteria techniques weighted averaged with weights established
based on expert judgment and/ or AHP

• Need to simplify some of the functioning of SIMOM => Tradeoff between sophistication and user
friendliness

• Some ideas to develop, test and validate till 2016.

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 8. Acknowledgements
• WW – Consultores de Hidráulica e Obras Marítimas, S.A. for funding my PhD research since April 2012.
• IPTM, I.P. – for allowing the use of data from the Ericeira North Breakwater.

References
Lemos, R. e Santos, J. A. (2007). ANOSOM - ANÁLISE DA OBSERVAÇÃO SISTEMÁTICA DE OBRAS MARÍTIMAS. 5as Jornadas Portuguesas de Engenharia Costeira e Portuária (pp. 1–
20). Lisboa.
Marujo, N. R. C. S., Trigo-Teixeira, A., Sanches-Valle, A., Araújo, M. A. V. C. e Caldeira, J. (2013a). An Improved and Integrated Monitoring Methodology for
Breakwaters – Application to the Ericeira Breakwater. 6th SCACR International Short Course/ Conference on Applied Coastal Research. Lisbon;
Portugal.
Marujo, N. R. C. S., Trigo-Teixeira, A., Sanches-Valle, A., Araújo, M. A. V. C., and Caldeira, J. (2013b). Gestão, Monitorização e Inspeção de Obras Marítimas.
8as Jornadas Portuguesas de Engenharia Costeira e Portuária, Lisboa; Portugal.
Melby, J. A., and Kobayashi, N. (1998). Damage progression on breakwaters. Coastal Engineering 1998, 1884–1897.
Oliveira, N., Lemos, R., Simões, J. P. e Silva, L. G. (2005). Benefícios associados à observação sistemática de obras marítimas em Portugal continental. 4as Jornadas Portuguesas de
Engenharia Costeira e Portuária (p. 17). Angra do Heroísmo: USACE.
Oliver, J., Plotkin, D., Lesnik, J. e Pirie, D. (1998). Condition and Performance Rating Procedures for Rubble Breakwaters and Jetties (p. 113). Champaign, IL.: U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE).
PIANC InCom WG30 (2013). Inventory of Inspection and Repair Techniques of Navigation Structures (Steel, Concrete, Madonry and Timber) both underwater and in-the-dry (p.
98). Brussels: PIANC.
PIANC MarCom WG103 (2008). Life Cycle Management of Port Structures - Recommended Practice for Implementation (p. 58). Brussels: PIANC.
PIANC MarCom WG17b (2004). Inspection, maintenance and repair of maritime structures exposed to damage and material degradation caused by salt water environment (p.
55). Brussels: PIANC.
Pirie, D., Foltz, S., Mckay, D., Plotkin, D. e Kubinski, J. (2005). Condition and Performance Rating Procedures for Nonrubble Breakwaters and Jetties (p. 138). Champaign, IL.: U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).
• http://www.proceq.com/en/non-destructive-test-equipment/concrete-testing.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean

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Nuno Marujo
PhD Student (IST - CEHIDRO / WW)
nuno.marujo.silva@gmail.com

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