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Declaration Sheet
Student Name Pritam Das
Reg. No 17ETCS002130
Programme B. Tech. Semester/Year 1st/2017
Course Code ESC108A
Course Title Elements of Electrical Engineering
Course Date to
Course Leader Mr. S. Nagaraj Rao, Mr. Sachin S. and Mr. Veerabhadra
Declaration
The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook. All
sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are fully
referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of University
regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.
Signature of the
Date
Student
Submission date
stamp
(by Examination & Assessment
Section)
Signature of the Course Leader and date Signature of the Reviewer and date
ii
Contents
____________________________________________________________________________
<Subject Title> iv
List of Figures
____________________________________________________________________________
v
List of Symbols
____________________________________________________________________________
<Subject Title> vi
Question No. A.1
Solution to Question No. A.1:
Discussing superposition hypothesis, it is material for both the straight and two-sided systems. The system
ought to have free sources and linier subordinate sources. It is not pertinent when the protection continues
changing with time and voltage.
The given system ought to be all around characterized. The circuit esteems ought to be resolvable
<Subject Title> 8
off the past source. In this way, we have measure the qualities one by one. At the last, we need to choose
the bearing of the present then in like manner that we need to subtract or expansion. Consequently, in
complex circuits there are many sources so it will be elusive the outcome. In the event of Norton's
hypothesis, it is considerably less demanding than Superposition. In Norton's hypothesis, it does not make
a difference how the perplexing circuit it is, finally, we will have a present circuit and a resistor in parallel.
In this way, the count will be simple. In Norton's hypothesis first we need to discover IN then the
proportionate protection of the circuit R N . In the wake of figuring these qualities, we need to locate the
current through the heap protection. Along these lines, it will be considerably less demanding from
superposition. Superposition is additionally not pertinent for non-direct circuits but rather it not the
situation in Norton's hypothesis. So it is generally utilized for complex circuits. Consequently, I suggest
Norton's hypothesis for complex circuits.
<Subject Title> 9
Question No. B.1
Solution to Question No.B.1:
B1.1 Value of the effective resistance between terminals A and B
Fig (2.1)
<Subject Title> 10
B1.2 Value of ‘Rx’ for transfer of maximum power
Maximum power transferred can be deduced by Thevenin’s Theorem.
Comparing the values with Thevenin’s Theorem,
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝑉𝑉1 = 30𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋 𝛺𝛺 + 25Ω
𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 10 𝛺𝛺
According to Thevenin’s Theorem, for maximum power transfer 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ should be equal to 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ
𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋 𝛺𝛺 + 25Ω = 10 𝛺𝛺
𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋 𝛺𝛺 = −15 𝛺𝛺
<Subject Title> 11
Question No. B.2
Solution to Question No. B.2:
R4 R4
9000Ω 9000Ω
10% 10%
Fig (3.2) Fig (3.3)
B.3 Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor for the given circuits shown in
For Figure 2,
Firstly, we need to find the equivalent resistance for the figure 2 viz.
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1500 + 47000 + 2500 + 9000 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 Ω
Secondly, we will find the Current in the equivalent circuit for figure 2 viz.
𝑉𝑉 30
𝐼𝐼 = = = 𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 60000
Now the voltage drop across each resistors are as follows –
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅1 = 5 ∗ 10 −4 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 1500 Ω = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑽𝑽
𝑉𝑉2 = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅2 = 5 ∗ 10−4 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 47000 Ω = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝑽𝑽
𝑉𝑉3 = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅3 = 5 ∗ 10−4 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 2500 Ω = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽
𝑉𝑉4 = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅4 = 5 ∗ 10−4 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 9000 Ω = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝑽𝑽
For Figure 3,
Firstly, we need to find the equivalent resistance for the figure 3 viz.
(1500 ∗ 47000)
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = � � + 2500 + 9000 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 Ω
(1500 + 47000)
Secondly, we will find the Current in the equivalent circuit for figure 3 viz.
𝑉𝑉 90
𝐼𝐼 = = = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 12953.60
Now the voltage drop across each resistors are as follows –
<Subject Title> 12
As R1 and R2 are parallel, we need to find the equivalent first. Then both the Voltages will be same –
(1500 ∗ 47000)
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑞𝑞 ′ = � � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 Ω
(1500 + 47000)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉’ = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅’ = 6.9478 ∗ 10−3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 1453.608247 Ω = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽
Therefore the value of V1 and V2 are
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽
𝑉𝑉2 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽
In addition, the value of remaining resistance is
𝑉𝑉3 = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅3 = 6.9478 ∗ 10−3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 2500 Ω = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑽𝑽
𝑉𝑉4 = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅4 = 6.9478 ∗ 10−3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 9000 Ω = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑽𝑽
B.4 Calculate the current drop across each resistor for the given circuits shown in figures 2 and 3.
For Figure 2,
Firstly, we need to find the equivalent resistance for the figure 2 viz.
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1500 + 47000 + 2500 + 9000 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 Ω
Secondly, we will find the Current in the equivalent circuit for figure 2 viz.
𝑉𝑉 30
𝐼𝐼 = = = 𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 60000
Now the current drop across each resistors are as follows –
Since all resistor are in series so the current for each resistor will be equal to current of equivalent circuit
𝐼𝐼1 = 𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝐼𝐼2 = 𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝐼𝐼4 = 𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
For Figure 3,
Firstly, we need to find the equivalent resistance for the figure 3 viz.
(1500 ∗ 47000)
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = � � + 2500 + 9000 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 Ω
(1500 + 47000)
Secondly, we will find the Current in the equivalent circuit for figure 3 viz.
𝑉𝑉 90
𝐼𝐼 = = = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 12953.60
Now the current drop across each resistors are as follows –
As R1 and R2 are parallel, we need to find the equivalent first. Then both the Voltages will be same –
(1500 ∗ 47000)
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑞𝑞 ′ = � � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 Ω
(1500 + 47000)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉’ = 𝐼𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅’ = 6.9478 ∗ 10−3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 1453.608247 Ω = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽
Therefore the value of I1 and I2 are
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 ′ 10.0994
𝐼𝐼1 = = = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝑨
𝑅𝑅1 1500
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 ′ 10.0994
𝐼𝐼2 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑨
𝑅𝑅2 47000
And the value of remaining resistance is
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝐼𝐼4 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
<Subject Title> 13
Question No. B.3
Solution to Question No. B.3:
Firstly, we need to find the output value of 380W water pump of 80% efficiency running for two
hours a day viz.
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(%) =
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
80 380
=
100 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
380
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
0.8
B3.1 Total connected load in kW
According to the above given data,
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = (16 ∗ 15) + (4 ∗ 75) + (1 ∗ 750) + (1 ∗ 100) + (1 ∗ 475) = 1865 𝑊𝑊 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
<Subject Title> 14
Question No. B.4
Solution to Question No. B.4:
According to the question, I have taken the resistance as 2Ω in series with voltage
V DC (Volts) I DC (Amps)
0 0
1 0.48
2 0.98
3 1.46
4 1.96
5 2.5
6 3
7 3.47
8 3.96
9 4.45
10 4.99
Table (4.1)
Fig (1.10)
<Subject Title> 15
B4.2 analyse the plot of ‘VDC’ vs ‘IDC’ and derive the mathematical equation.
The nature of the above graph is linear. Since we can see that when we increase the voltage the current also
increases linearly. The Ohm law states that” Whenever, we apply a potential difference i.e. voltage across a
resistor of a closed electric circuit, current starts flowing through it. The current (I) is directly proportional to
the applied voltage (V), provided temperature and all other factors remain constant.” The above statement
can be written as –
𝐼𝐼 𝛼𝛼 𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
0 0 0
1 0.5 0.485
2 1 0.988
3 1.25 1.47
4 2 1.964
5 2.5 2.52
6 3 3
7 3.5 3.48
8 4 3.96
9 4.5 4.44
10 5 4.99
Table (4.2)
<Subject Title> 16
B4.4 Interpret both simulation and experimental results.
Ammeter Ammeter
R1 + - R1 + -
A 4.500 A
3.000
2Ω 2Ω
V1 V1
6V 9V
For the above two simulated diagram we can overview that the value which we get from the
simulated diagram is nearly equal to the value we have find out practically.
V DC (Volts) I DC (Amps)(Theoritical) I DC (Amps)(Practical)
6 3 3
9 4.5 4.44
Fig (4.3)
<Subject Title> 17