Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I.E.
CÁRDENAS CENTRO
CICLO V
GRADO DÉCIMO
2
TABLA DE CONTENIDO
pág.
PRIMER PERIODO
1. GRAMMAR 4
1.1. SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE 4
1.2. SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINOUS TENSE 6
1.2.1. SIMPLE PAST FORM: 6
1.2.2. PAST CONTINUOUS FORM 9
2. VOCABULARY 13
2.1. SUBJECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS 13
2.2. POSSESIVE ADJETIVES 14
2.3. FRECUENCY ADVERBS 15
2.4. TIME EXPRESSIONS 17
SEGUNDO PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR 19
1.1. SIMPLE FUTURE FORM: WILL AND GOING TO 19
1.2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 23
1.3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & ADJETIVES 27
2. VOCABULARY 30
2.1. TECHNOLOGY VERBS 30
TERCER PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR 31
1.1. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 31
2. VOCABULARY 36
2.1. YET, ALREADY 36
2.2. PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERBS. 36
2.3. FAMILY 38
2.4. PROFESSIONS 40
2.5. JOBS SICKNESS 41
2.6. SINCE, FOR 41
CUARTO PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR: 43
1.1. REVIEW THE PRESENT PERFECT & PRESENT TENSE & PAST TENSE. EXERCISES
PROPOSED FOR YOUR TEACHER 43
2. VOCABULARY 43
2.1. REVIEW THE VOCABULARY SEEN IN THE PREVIOUS LESSON. EXERCISES PROPOSED
FOR YOUR TEACHER 43
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PRIMER PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR
Tense are called action verbs (dynamic verbs).
• The Present Simple tense describes usual, Here are some a few verbs that can be
repeated and permanent things - both state and action verbs depending on their
for example, always, usually, often, meaning.
sometimes, never.
• I think you made a mistake.
I work as an accountant. think = believe
John doesn't know German.
How often do you play tennis? I am thinking about my mum now.
think = mental process
• Compare how these two tenses are used.
• I have two cars.
Why are you walking to work? Don't you have = possess, own
usually go by bus?
I live in Kharkiv, but now I am living in I am having my lunch now.
Moscow. have = eat
Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we
are having it at 9. • I am seeing my friend tomorrow evening.
see = meeting with
2. Some verbs are not normally used in the
Continuous Tense. They are called "state" I see what you mean.
verbs. See = understand
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PRACTICE…………… play _____________ burn ________________
matter ____________ measure _____________
Decide if these English verbs are action
contain ___________ agree _______________
verbs, state verbs, or can be both action and
state verbs. look _____________ worry _______________
_ _
Enjoy_____________
read ___________________
• We use the Present Simple in the conditional clauses afterif, when, as soon as, until etc, and when we
talk about timetable, schedules, itineraries etc.
PRACTICE………..
Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, either the Present Simple Tense or the Present Continuous Tense.
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7. My wife ______________________ coffee for breakfast. (prefers – is prefering)
8. What ____________________________ for breakfast? (do you usually have – are you usually having)
Examples:
Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below.
Positive Negative Question
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
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Examples:
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
and so on.
Examples:
• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action
often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
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USE 4. Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning
as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often,
usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE
4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
8
Examples:
Examples:
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a
shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
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Examples:
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However,
you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a
specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
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USE 3. Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both
actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
USE 4. Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
Example:
• When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones,
the bosswas yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was
yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad
service.
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative
emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
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• She was always coming to class late.
• He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
• I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
Examples:
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain
non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past
Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:
EXERCISE
Using the words in parentheses and complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) __________________. She said she (call)
______________ me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait)
______________ for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk)
______________ to me. I couldn't believe she (make) ________________ a phone call during the lecture. I
asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually) __________________
in class. Some of the students (talk) _______________ about their plans for the weekend and the student next
to her (draw) ___________________ a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell) ___________________ me she
was not satisfied with the class, I (mention) ________________ that my biology professor was quite good and
(suggest) ________________ that she switch to my class.
While we were talking, I (hear) ________________ her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?"
Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) _______________ up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner.
As I (cut) ___________________ vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be) _____________
Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
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2. VOCABULARY
3rd person (female) she She likes ice cream. her John kissed her.
We enjoy going to
1st person we us The politician lied tous.
themovies.
Plural
2nd person you You are the best students. you I wouldn't lie to you.
3rd person they They are not happy. them Mary didn't invitethem.
Extra Credit
We use pronouns as substitutes for noun phrases. The pronoun and the noun phrase that it refers to mean the
same thing.
Just for fun consider the following example. If this one doesn't make sense, don't worry about it. It's just for fun.
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EXERCISE…….
PRONOUNS
INSTRUCTIONS. Replace the underlined word or words with the appropriate pronoun.
Example: John kicked the ball ⇒ He
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EXERCISE…..
Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used before
the main verbs and after be verbs.
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I always come to work on time.
They are seldom home when we call.
He's usually eating breakfast at this time.
She's never been to Maine.
A: Do you come here often?
B: Yes. I'm here occasionally.
A: What do you usually do here?
B: Sometimes I just sit and ponder the meaning of life.
Note: The adverbs seldom, rarely, never and hardly ever are considered negative.
Every day/week/month
Every other day/week
Once a week/month/year
Twice a year/day, etc.
(Every) once in a while
Every so often
These expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before main verbs.
EXERCISE……
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2.4. TIME EXPRESSIONS
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EXERCISE……
Write a sentence with each of the expressions time in past, present and future.
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SEGUNDO PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR
1.1. SIMPLE FUTURE FORM: WILL AND GOING TO
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes
be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem
too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to"
refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
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Using "Be Going to"
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to
do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also
use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not"
or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
Examples:
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• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive
health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in
the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are
guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control
over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in
meaning.
Examples:
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one
way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
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No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as:
when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is
used.
Examples:
• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
EXERCISE………………
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses Will / Be Going To.
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) ___________________________________
Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
5. Sarah (come) ______________________ to the party. Oliver (be) _______________________ there as well.
8. After I graduate, I (attend) ______________________________ medical school and become a doctor. I have
wanted to be a doctor all my life.
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four
people.
B: That man at the service counter (help) ___________________________________ you.
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) ____________________ down to the beach and go swimming.
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1.2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple
Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
Examples:
• You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
• You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Examples:
• You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
• You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little
difference in meaning.
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Using "Be Going To"
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in
the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to
using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
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Examples:
REMEMBER. In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the
Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both
actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.
Example:
• When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are
going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be
drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
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REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such
as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present
Continuous is used.
Examples:
• While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
• While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
Examples:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses will be or be going
to.
EXERCISE…………..
1.
Marcus: He (wait) ________________________________ for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand)
2.
Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) ____________________________ TV, Sam (make)
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Thad (complain) ______________________ about his day at work.
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.
Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) ____________________________________ the same things; they
always do the same things.
3.
Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) _________________________ all of those?
Jack: I promise I (do) ___________________________ them when I get home from work.
Florence: Thanks.
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes
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EXERCISE……
Part C. Fill out the chart below with the correct possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
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2. VOCABULARY
Use some of the words from the table above to fill the gaps in the sentences below.
1. To ________________is to move text up and down so that you can see different parts of a document.
2. To _______________is to press the mouse button and release it immediately. Sometimes you double
3. If you want to move a block of text, you can ________________it with the mouse to a different position.
4. You can ___________________more characters or data into a text that is already on the screen.
5. If you are going to use a new disk, you may have _______________it first.
EXERCISES……
Research others technology verbs and performs prayers with them.
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TERCER PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is
not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one
year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN
use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times,
before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
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• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
TOPIC 1. Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience.. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You
can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to
describe a specific event.
Examples:
Examples:
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TOPIC 3. Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a
specific time.
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
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Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such
as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Examples:
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that
something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
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Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous
uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though
they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
3. My best friend and I (know) ____________________________________ each other for over fifteen years.
We still get together once a week.
5. I (have, not) ________________________ this much fun since I (be) __________________________ a kid.
6. Things (change) ______________________ a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start)
__________________________ working here three years ago, the company (have, only)
7. I (tell) ______________________________ him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)
8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) _________________________ the bus this morning. You (be)
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) __________________
the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
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2. VOCABULARY
Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes
after have or has and before the main verb.
Examples
Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a
sentence.
Examples
EXERCISES……
Participles come in two varieties: past and present. They are two of the five forms or principal parts that
every verb has. Look at the charts below.
Notice that each present participle ends in ing. This is the case 100 percent of the time.
On the other hand, you can see that past participles do not have a consistent ending. The past participles of
all regular verbs end in ed; the past participles of irregular verbs, however, vary considerably. If you look
at bring and sing, for example, you'll see that their past participles—brought and sung—do not follow the
same pattern even though both verbs have ing as the last three letters.
Consult a dictionary whenever you are unsure of a verb's past participle form.
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EXERCISE……
37
2.3. FAMILY
Your family members are also called your relatives. You have an immediate or nuclear family and
anextended family. Your immediate family includes your father, mother and siblings. Your extended family
includes all of the people in your father and mother's families.
Your sibling is your brother or sister. If you have 1 brother and 2 sisters, then you have 3 siblings. Your parent is
your father or mother. Your child is your son or daughter. Your spouse is your husband or wife.
You may also have a stepfamily. Your stepfamily includes people who became part of your family due to
changes in family life. These changes may include death, divorce or separation. New partnerships create new
children. The new children and their relatives become part of your blended family. Some people are born into a
stepfamily.
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In a family, the word generation means all the people in one stage of the family. For example, your parents are
one generation, you and your siblings are the next generation, and your children and their cousins are another
generation.
READING PRACTICE
Read the following birth announcement. Then answer the questions below it.
Paul and Kerry McDonald would like to welcome their new son Christopher Casey to the clan! Weighing 4.2
kilograms, Chris was born on January 2nd at 3:30pm. He will join sister Rachel, 6 and brother Malcolm, 4 in the
McDonald household in Vancouver, Canada. Christopher's proud aunts Kathy McDonald and Sherry Smith were
present at his birth. Grandparents, Lisa and Mike Smith were also present. Chris's grandmother in Texas will be
arriving soon to meet her new grandson. Cousins Jerry, Fern, and Lindsay can't wait to meet baby Chris too!
The proud parents would like to thank all of their extended family for the warm wishes and gifts.
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2.4. PROFESSIONS
EXERCISE……
Research which professions missing, complete the list and translated into Spanish the entire list.
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2.5. JOBS SICKNESS
The words below are some of the most important used when talking about the Health and Healthcare. Research
more of this and translated into Spanich.
ache
ear ache
headache
stomach ache
toothache
cancer
cold
cough
flu
heart attack
heart disease
infectious disease
pain
virus
bruise
cut
graze
wound
The words for and since are used in sentences where the speaker wants to talk about something that started in
the past and continues into the present.
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Note: The present perfect or present perfect continuous are needed in such sentences. It is wrong to say:
EXERCISES……
Complete the sentences with (For or Since)
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CUARTO PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR
1.1. REVIEW THE PRESENT PERFECT & PRESENT TENSE & PAST TENSE. EXERCISES PROPOSED
FOR YOUR TEACHER
2. VOCABULARY
2.1. REVIEW THE VOCABULARY SEEN IN THE PREVIOUS LESSON. EXERCISES PROPOSED FOR YOUR
TEACHER
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PRUEBA TIPO ICFES
Comprensión de textos 4.
- furthermore
Answer the questions 1-3 according to the following - also
text: - thus
- since
WRITE LETTERS
5.
The pen is mightier than the sword, they say; ¿so - help with
why not use it? Write to packaging anufacturers and - helping
ask them to forgo CFCs and excess packaging on - helps
items you buy regularly. - to help
Write to anufacturers of canned goods and ask
them to remove the sugar. Write to paper suppliers
and ask them to produce unbleached and recycled 6.
paper. - In contrast
- Whereas
1. In the text, the underlined word it refers to: - In addition
a) The pen - However
b) The sword
c) Items Answer the questions 7-8 taking into account the
d) Letters information given by the following graph:
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c) Want to live less than women. prohibit smoking by employees when they are
d) Are required not to live as long as women working, they hire only non-smokers, or they force
do. workers who smoke to quit smoking.
9. Read the comments of an expert in Baroque 11. The underlined sentence they force workers
music. who smoke to quit smoking means that
George Frederick Handel is one of the most a) Workers are hired because they smoke.
outstanding composers of the Baroque period. He b) Workers have to give up smoking if they
composed many operas, but since he wasn't good want to continue working.
at money management, he went broke. He was c) Workers are required to smoke if they want
well-known, though, due to his vast cosmopolitan to continue working.
repertoire, including over fifty offertories. It can be d) Workers are fired because they smoke.
said that he was a German artist who wrote Italian
music with a French style for the English people. 12. According to the text, we can infer that
a) None of the company policies ban smoking.
The word though implies that b) All of the company policies ban smokers.
c) The first policy bans smoking, and the other
a) Despite his financial difficulties, his music two, ban smokers.
was very successful during his own time. d) The first and second policies ban smokers,
b) In spite of his great skill, he is still well- and the last one bans smoking.
known.
c) He'd never have succeeded unless he had 13. According to the text, the author's intention
composed a lot of music. is to
d) Somehow, Handel did a good deal of work. a) Describe how the U.S. is regulating
smoking.
10. The doctor's secretary asks the patient how b) Promote discrimination against smokers in
he spells his name. the U.S.
a) How does you spell your name? c) Protest against people who smoke in the
b) How your name does you spell? U.S.
c) How do you spell your name? d) Show how smokers can quit smoking in the
d) How your name do you spell? U.S.
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
http://www.eclecticenglish.com/grammar/PresentContinuous1H.html
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs23.htm
http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/pronouns.php
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Blue%20Level/B14%20Possessive%20Adjectives.html
http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/frequency_adverbs.html
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R16%20Expressions%20of%20Time.html
http://www.linguarama.com/ps/295-7.htm
http://www.eclecticenglish.com/grammar/PresentPerfect1C.html
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/participle.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/family.htm
http://www.lingolex.com/joben.htm
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/since.htm
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