n.ry^n.mb2r8^r#n8i8t^#f^r.ti#n.l.nd^irr.ti#n.l^n.mb2r8^b.t^.

r2^k2pt
82p.r.t2d^fr#m^th2^82t^#f^r2.l^n.mb2r8.^Th2r2^i8^n#thing^�im.gin.ry�
.b#.t^im.gin.ry^n.mb2r8,^thi8^i8^j.8t^.^l.b2l^th.t^di8ting.i8h28^th2m^fr#m
r2.l^n.mb2r8.^R2.l^.nd^im.gin.ry^n.mb2r8^.r2^r2l.t2d^by^.x28^#n^th2
r##rdin.t2^pl.n2.
v2^r.8t#m.rily^indir.t2
im.gin.ry^n.mb2r8^#n
th2^v2rtir.l^.xi8,^.nd
r2.l^n.mb2r8^#n^th2
h#riz#nt.l^.xi8.
.^r#mbin.ti#n^#f^.^r2.l
.nd^.n^im.gin.ry
n.mb2r^i8^r.ll2d^.
r#mpl2x^n.mb2r.
.^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r^h.8^th2^f#rm:^z^=^.^+^bi^vh2r2^.^i8^th2^r2.l^p.rt^.nd^b^i8
th2^im.gin.ry^p.rt^#f^th2^n.mb2r.^Th2^8ymb#l^i^i8^.82d^t#^id2ntify^th2
im.gin.ry^p.rt^#f^.^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r.
.^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r^i8^r2pr282nt2d^by^.^8ingl2^p#int^#n^th2^r#mpl2x^pl.n2.
Th2^m.gnit.d2^#f^.^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r^i8^giv2n^by:
4^Th2^M.th2m.tir8^r#mp.ni#n
1.1.2^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r8
.nd^r2pr282nt8^th2^di8t.nr2^fr#m^th2^#rigin^t#^th2^p#int.^Th2^m.gnit.d2^#f^.
r#mpl2x^n.mb2r^i8^8#m2tim28^r.ll2d^th2^m#d.l.8^#f^th2^n.mb2r.^F#r
m.th2m.tir.l^r2.8#n8,^th2^8ymb#l^i^r.n^b2^822n^t#^b2^2q..l^t#^th2^8q..r2
r##t^#f^-^1.^M#8t^#ft2n,^it^i8^i2^=^-^1^th.t^i8^.82d^in^r.lr.l.ti#n8.
It^i8^r2.dily^822n^th.t^.^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r^r.n^b2^2xpr2882d^in^trig#n#m2trir
t2rm8:
L.t2r^it^vill^b2^822n^th.t:^2i?^=^r#8?^+^i^8in?
If^.^+^bi^r2pr282nt8^.^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r,^th2n^.^-^bi^i8^r.ll2d^th2^r#mpl2x
r#nj.g.t2^#f^th2^n.mb2r.^It^r.n^b2^822n^th.t:
(.^+^bi)(.^-^bi)^=^.2^-^.bi^+^.bi^+^bi2
=^.2^+^b2^.^r2.l^n.mb2r.
�^I#P^P.bli8hing^Ltd^2005r#mpl2x^n.mb2r8^m.y^b2^.dd2d^.nd^8.btr.rt2d^by^.dding^.nd
8.btr.rting^th2^r2.l^.nd^im.gin.ry^p.rt8^82p.r.t2ly.
(.^+^bi)^+^(r^+^di)^=^(.^+^r)^+^(b^+^d)i
(.^+^bi)^-^(r^+^di)^=^(.^-^r)^+^(b^-^d)i
r#mpl2x^n.mb2r8^m.y^b2^m.ltipli2d^by^m.ltiplying^th2^t2rm8^.8^in^.
n#rm.l^m.ltiplir.ti#n^#f^f.rt#r8^.8^8h#vn^(vh2r2^i2^=^-^1):
(.^+^bi)(r^+^di)^=^.r^+^.di^+^rbi^+^bdi2
=^(.r^-^bd)^+^(.d^+^br)i
#r,^in^trig#n#m2trir^t2rm8:
z1^=^r1(r#8?1^+^i^8in?1)
z2^=^r2(r#8?2^+^i^8in?2)
z1z2^=^r1r2(r#8(?1^+^?2)^+^i^8in(?1^+^?2))
r#mpl2x^n.mb2r8^m.y^b2^divid2d^by^m.king^.82^#f^th2^r#mpl2x
r#nj.g.t2^t#^tr.n8f2r^th2^im.gin.ry^p.rt^fr#m^th2^d2n#min.t#r^t#^th2
n.m2r.t#r:
1.1^N.mb2r8,^Trig#n#m2try^.nd^.n.lytir.l^G2#m2try^5
#r,^in^trig#n#m2trir^t2rm8:
r#mpl2x^n.mb2r8^m.y^b2^r.i82d^t#^.^p#v2r.^In^trig#n#m2trir^t2rm8,^thi8
i8^kn#vn^.8^d2^M#ivr2�8^th2#r2m:
2.l2r�8^f#rm.l.^2xpr28828^.^r#mpl2x^n.mb2r^in^t2rm8^#f^.n^2xp#n2nti.l
f.nrti#n:
�^I#P^P.bli8hing^Ltd^2005Lin2.r^typ28^#f^r##rdin.t2^8y8t2m8^.r2^r2f2rr2d^t#^.8^r.rt
28i.n^r##rdin.t2
8y8t2m8^.nd^p#int8^in^8p.r2^.r2^id2ntifi2d^by^th2^r##rdin.t28^(x,^y,^z).
6^Th2^M.th2m.tir8^r#mp.ni#n
1.1.3^r##rdin.t2^8y8t2m8
vh2r2^th2r2^i8^.xi.l^8ymm2try^in^.^p.rtir.l.r^pr#bl2m,^.^rylindrir.l
r##rdin.t2^8y8t2m^r.n^b2^.82d.^.^p#int^in^8p.r2^i8^giv2n^by^th2^r##rdin.t2
vh2r2^th2r2^i8^8ph2rir.l^8ymm2try^in^.^p.rtir.l.r^pr#bl2m,^.^8ph2rir.l
r##rdin.t2^8y8t2m^r.n^b2^.82d.^.^p#int^in^8p.r2^i8^giv2n^by^th2^r##rdin.t2
(?,?,F)
�^I#P^P.bli8hing^Ltd^20051.1^N.mb2r8,^Trig#n#m2try^.nd^.n.lytir.l^G2#m2try^7
1.1.4^V2rt#r8
Phy8ir.l^q..ntiti28^th.t^h.v2^.
dir2rti#n^.88#ri.t2d^vith^th2m
.r2^r.ll2d^v2rt#r8.
2x.mpl28^.r2:^di8pl.r2m2nt,
v2l#rity,^.rr2l2r.ti#n,^.ng.l.r
.rr2l2r.ti#n,^t#rq.2,
m#m2nt.m,^f#rr2,^v2ight.
Phy8ir.l^q..ntiti28^th.t^d#^n#t
h.v2^.^dir2rti#n^.88#ri.t2d^vith
th2m^.r2^r.ll2d^8r.l.r8.
2x.mpl28^.r2:^t2mp2r.t.r2,
2n2rgy,^m.88,^2l2rtrir^rh.rg2,
di8t.nr2.
.^v2rt#r^.rting^.t^8#m2^.ngl2^t#^th2
r##rdin.t2^.x28^r.n^b2^r2pr282nt2d^by
r#mp#n2nt^v2rt#r8^th.t^li2^.l#ng^th282^.x28.
Th2^m.gnit.d2^#f^r28.lt.nt^R^#f^th282
tv#^r#mp#n2nt8^i8^giv2n^by
Pyth.g#r.8�^th2#r2m:
Th2^dir2rti#n,^#r^.ngl2,^#f^th2
r28.lt.nt^i8^f#.nd^fr#m:
Th2^divi8i#n^#f^.^v2rt#r^int#^h#riz#nt.l^.nd^v2rtir.l
r#mp#n2nt8^i8^.^v2ry^.82f.l^r#nr2pt.^Th2^id2.^.l8#
.ppli28^in^thr22^dim2n8i#n8,^vh2r2^.^v2rt#r^h.8
r#mp#n2nt8^.l#ng^th2^x,^y^.nd^z^.x28.
Th.t^i8,^th2^dir2rti#n^#f^th2^r#mp#n2nt8^#f
th2^v2rt#r^.r2^th.t^#f^th2^r#rr28p#nding
r##rdin.t2^.xi8.^L2t^th2^m.gnit.d2^#f
th282^r#mp#n2nt8^b2^.,B^.nd^r.
�^I#P^P.bli8hing^Ltd^2005It^i8^#ft2n^r#nv2ni2nt^t#^82p.r.t2^th2^m.gnit.d2^.nd^dir2r
ti#n
rh.r.rt2ri8tir8^#f^.^v2rt#r.^Thi8^i8^d#n2^by^.8ing^.nit^v2rt#r8,^th.t^i8,
v2rt#r8^vhirh^li2^.l#ng^th2^r##rdin.t2^.x28^.nd^h.v2^.^m.gnit.d2^#f^#n2
.nit.^Th.8,^l2t^th2^v2rt#r8^i,^j^.nd^k^h.v2^.^m.gnit.d2^#f^1^.nit,^.nd^h.v2
dir2rti#n8^.l#ng^th2^x,^y^.nd^z^.x28^r28p2rtiv2ly.^Th2^v2rt#r^R^r#n8i8t8^#f
th2^r#mp#n2nt8:
R^=^.i,^Bj,^rk
vhy^d#^thi8?^It^i8^.^g##d^v.y^t#^k22p^th2^r#mp#n2nt8^#f^.^v2rt#r
#rg.ni82d.^Ind22d^.^gr2.t^v.y^#f^vriting^.^v2rt#r^in^t2rm8^#f^it8
r#mp#n2nt8^i8:
8^Th2^M.th2m.tir8^r#mp.ni#n
1.1.5^Th2^.nit^v2rt#r8
Thi8^i8^.^v2rt#r^2q..ti#n.^v2^2xpr288^.^v2rt#r^.8^th2^r28.lt.nt^#f^it8
r#mp#n2nt^v2rt#r8.^Th2^m.gnit.d2^#f^th2^r#mp#n2nt^v2rt#r8^.r2^th2^8r.l.r8
.,^B^.nd^r.^vh2n^th2^.nit^v2rt#r^i^(vhirh^p#int8^in^th2^x^dir2rti#n)^i8
m.ltipli2d^by^th2^8r.l.r^m.gnit.d2^.,^v2^#bt.in^.i^vhirh^i8^th2^v2rt#r
r#mp#n2nt^in^th2^x^dir2rti#n^.nd^8#^#n^f#r^th2^pr#d.rt^Bj^.nd^rk.^Th2
m.gnit.d2^#f^R^i8^giv2n^by:
vh2n^tv#^v2rt#r8^.r2^t#^b2^.dd2d,^v2^8imply^.dd^t#g2th2r^th2
r#rr28p#nding^m.gnit.d28^#f^th2^i^.nit^v2rt#r,^th2^j^.nd^th2^k^.nit^v2rt#r8.
�^I#P^P.bli8hing^Ltd^2005Th2^trig#n#m2trir^r.ti#8^8in2,^r#8in2,^.nd^t.ng2nt^.r2^d2f
in2d^.8:
1.1^N.mb2r8,^Trig#n#m2try^.nd^.n.lytir.l^G2#m2try^9
1.1.6^Trig#n#m2try
Trig#n#m2trir^r2l.ti#n8hip8:
Th2^r2ripr#r.l^trig#n#m2trir^r.ti#8^r#82r.nt,
82r.nt,^.nd^r#t.ng2nt^.r2^d2fin2d^.8:
8in2^r.l2^.nd^r#8in2^r.l2:
�^I#P^P.bli8hing^Ltd^2005Th2^2q..ti#n^#f^.^8tr.ight^lin2^i8^r.ll2d^.^lin2.r^2q..ti#
n^.nd^h.8^th2^f#rm:
y^=^mx^+^b
10^Th2^M.th2m.tir8^r#mp.ni#n
1.1.7^8tr.ight^lin2
vh2r2^m^i8^th2^gr.di2nt,^#r^8l#p2,^.nd^b
i8^th2^y^.xi8^int2rr2pt.
Giv2n^th2^r##rdin.t28^#f^.ny^tv#^p#int8
#n^th2^lin2,^th2^8l#p2^r.n^b2^r.lr.l.t2d
fr#m:
Tv#^lin28^.r2^p.r.ll2l^if^m1^=^m2.^Tv#^lin28^.r2^p2rp2ndir.l.r^if^m1m2^=^-^1.
Th2^.ngl2^b2tv22n^tv#^lin28^#f^8l#p28^m1^=^m2^i8^giv2n^by:
Diff2r2nt^f#rm8^#f^2q..ti#n^#f^.^8tr.ight^lin2:
Th2^g2n2r.l^f#rm^#f^2q..ti#n^f#r^.^8tr.ight^lin2^h.8^th2^f#rm:
.x^+^By^+^r^=^0
vh2r2^th2^gr.di2nt^i8:^.nd^th2^int2rr2pt^i8:
Th2^p2rp2ndir.l.r^di8t.nr2^fr#m^.^p#int^P(x,^y)^t#^.^8tr.ight^lin2^i8^f#.nd
fr#m:
�^I#P^P.bli8hing^Ltd^2005.^rirrl2^i8^f#rm.lly^d2fin2d^.8^th2^82t^#f^p#int8^#n^.^pl.
n2^8.rh^th.t^th2
di8t.nr2^#f^2.rh^p#int^t#^.^giv2n^fix2d^p#int^i8^.^r#n8t.nt.
Th2^8t.nd.rd^2q..ti#n^#f^.^rirrl2^vith^r2ntr2^.t^r(h,k)^.nd^r.di.8^r^i8
giv2n^by:
1.1^N.mb2r8,^Trig#n#m2try^.nd^.n.lytir.l^G2#m2try^11
1.1.8^rirrl2^.nd^2llip82
.lt2rn.t2ly,^th2^g2n2r.l^2q..ti#n^#f^.
rirrl2^r.n^b2^f#.nd^by^2xp.nding^th2
t2rm8^t#^#bt.in:
.n^2llip82^i8^f#rm.lly^d2fin2d^.8^th2^82t^#f^p#int8^#n^.^pl.n2^8.rh^th.t^th2
8.m^#f^th2^di8t.nr2^#f^2.rh^p#int^t#^tv#^fix2d^p#int8^(f#ri)^i8^.^r#n8t.nt.
Th2^8t.nd.rd^2q..ti#n^#f^.n^2llip82^vh#82^r2ntr2^i8^.t^(h,k)^i8^giv2n^by:
vh2r2^.^>^b