Indian Wind Grid Code: Draft Report On

Draft Report
On
Indian Wind Grid Code
Submitted to
Centre for Wind Energy Technology

Velachery - Tambaram Main Road,
Pallikaranai, Chennai - 600 100,
Tamil Nadu, INDIA
July 2009
Power Research and Development

Consultants Private Limited
No 5, 11th Cross, 2nd Stage,
West of Chord Road, Bangalore - 560086,
Karnataka, INDIA.
Ph: +91- 80-23192168 / 23192159,
FAX: 23192210,
E-mail – prdc@vsnl.com
Web site: www.prdcinfotech.com
Indian Wind Grid Code –Version 1.0 July 2009
Purchase Order No: C-WET/R&D/Grid Code/PR&DC/2008-09, Dated 03/03/2009
Document ref PRDC/2009-2010/C-WET/831 Signature Date
Mr. Sarasij Das

Prepared by
Mr. Ramesh Pampana
Reviewed by Mr. V. Venkata Subba Rao
Approved by Dr. K. Balaraman
Power Research and Development consultants (PRDC) Pvt. Ltd 1

Preamble
With due consideration of the fact of growing wind energy sector in India, a
Technical Working Group was formed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE), to formulate guidelines in addressing the technical issues/problems of
power evacuation and grid synchronization related to wind power projects.
The following are the members of the Technical Working Group:

i. Shri M.P. Ramesh, Ex-ED (C-WET) - Chairman
ii. K.P.Sukumaran, Advisor & Head, WE, MNRE - Member
iii. Shri P.S. Jagannatha Gupta, CE (Retd.), KPTCL - Member
iv. Shri R.N. Nayak, ED, PGCIL - Member
v. Chief Engineer (GM),CEA or his representative - Member
vi. Director (Transmission), Ministry of Power - Member
vii. Representative from TNEB - Member
viii. Representative from IWTMA - Member
ix. Shri S.K.Soonee, ED, PGCIL - Member
x. Director, MNRE - Member Secretary
The Technical Working Group met twice, first on19-01-2009, secondly on 17-04-2009
with regard to the requirement and development of grid code for wind power
generation in India. As a part of addressing the technical issues/problems of power
evacuation and grid synchronization related to wind power projects, the Technical
Working Group has awarded the task of “Developing of grid code for wind power
generation in India” to M/s Power Research and Development consultants (PRDC)
Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore. PRDC has formulated a draft report on the grid code for wind
power generation in India named as “Indian Wind Grid Code” which will be presented
before the committee.

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) provides the technical rules to facilitate the
operation, maintenance, development and planning of electricity grid. The objective of
IEGC is to maintain safe, reliable and disciplined operation of power system. The IEGC
guidelines and standards are to be followed by the various agencies and participants
of the power grid.
Indian power generation sector is changing its nature like elsewhere in the world with
focus on environmental impacts of conventional sources and need to encourage
renewable energy. More and more renewable energy sources, mainly wind energy, are
being integrated into the grid. Today, wind generation, whose penetration is increasing
have significant impact on Indian power grid. The IEGC as well as the state grid codes
were originally developed considering the synchronous generators generally used in
conventional power plants. Wind turbine generators (WTG) do not have the same
characteristics as synchronous generators and hence a modification or change in the
grid code is necessary. Indian Wind Grid Code (IWGC) has been developed for the
reliable and secure operation of the wind farms and their integration into the Indian
electrical system. This grid code can be used in tandem with the IEGC/State Grid code
or the IEGC and state grid codes can be amended with the provisions.
1.1 Objective
The primary objective of IWGC is to establish the technical rules which all wind
farms must comply with in relation to their planning, connection and operation on
the Indian grid.
1.2 Scope
All grid connected wind farms and those who operate the associated transmission
system are required to abide by the principles defined in the IWGC in so far as they
apply to them. The IWGC (except sections 4.6.6 and 5.10) shall come into effect
from dd/mm/yyyy. The timeline for implementing fault ride through capability
(section 4.6.6) and wind energy forecasting (section 5.10) shall be specified
separately by the concerned authority taking into account the penetration levels of
wind energy, cost of implementation and tariff structure and their usefulness in
terms of grid management strategies.

1.3 Structure of the IWGC

IWGC gives guidelines for transmission planning, grid connection and operation of
wind farms. The content of IWGC is as follows:
i) Role of various organizations and their linkages:
This chapter defines the functions of the various organizations as are relevant
to IWGC. The organizations and their linkages are defined to facilitate
development and smooth operation of regional grids.
ii) Planning code for transmission systems evacuating wind power:
This chapter provides the policy to be adopted in the planning transmission
system for wind power evacuation. The planning code stipulates the various
criteria to be adopted during the planning process.
iii) Connection code for wind farms:
This chapter specifies minimum technical and design criteria to be complied
with by wind farms connected to the system or seeking connection to the grid,
to maintain uniformity and quality across the power system.
iv) Operating code for wind farms:
This chapter describes the operational philosophy to maintain efficient, secure
and reliable grid operations of power grids having wind farms and conventional
power plants.
1.4 Non-compliance
In case of a persistent non-compliance of any of the stipulations of the IWGC by a
constituent or an agency (other than RPC, RLDC and SLDC), the matter shall be
reported by any agency/RLDC to the Member Secretary, RPC or the designated
agency. The Member Secretary, RPC or the designated agency, shall verify and
take up the matter with the defaulting agency for expeditious termination of the
noncompliance. In case of inadequate response to the efforts made by the Member
Secretary, RPC, the non-compliance shall be reported to CERC/SERC.
CERC/SERC, in turn after due process, may order the defaulting agency for
compliance, failing which; the CERC/SERC may take appropriate action. RPC or
the designated agency shall maintain appropriate records of such violations. In
case of a non-compliance of any of the stipulations of the IWGC by RLDC/SLDC or
RPC, the matter shall be reported to the CERC / SERC.
1.5 Exemptions
Any exemption from provisions of IWGC shall become effective only after approval
of the CERC/ SERC, for which the agencies will have to file a petition in advance.

1.6 Glossary and definitions

Item Definition
Act The Electricity Act, 2003
Available Active The amount of active power that the WTG could
Power produce based on current wind conditions.
BIS The Bureau of Indian Standards
Capacity factor The ratio of maximum generation in MW to sum of
installed capacity of individual WTGs in the Wind
Farm
CEA Central Electricity Authority of India
CERC The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 76 of the Act
CTU Central Transmission Utility means any Government
company, which the Central Government may notify
under sub-section (1) of Section 38 of the Act.
C-WET Centre for Wind Energy Technology
Dynamic VAr An electrical facility designed for the purpose of
compensation generating or absorbing reactive power.
Frequency The automatic adjustment of active power output
Response from a WTG in response to frequency changes
Grid connection The point where all WTGs of a wind farm are
point connected to the grid.
Point G in the following figure is referred as Grid
connection point.
Grid substation The substation to which the wind farm is connected.

Installed capacity The sum of rated generating capacity of each WTG in
a wind farm in MW
IEC The International Electro technical Commission.
IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Code

Inter State Inter-State Transmission System includes

Transmission i) any system for the conveyance of electricity by
System (ISTS) means of a main transmission line from the territory of
one State to another State
ii) The conveyance of energy across the territory of an
intervening State as well as conveyance within the
State which is incidental to such inter-state
transmission of energy
iii) The transmission of electricity within the territory of
State on a system built, owned, operated, maintained
or controlled by CTU.
IWGC Indian Wind Grid Code
Plant Load Factor Plant load factor is the ratio of the energy actually
supplied by a plant (in a year) to the product of the
installed capacity and number of hours in a year.
Regional Load ‘Regional Load Dispatch Centre’ means the Centre
Dispatch Center established under sub-section (1) of Section 27 of the
(RLDC) Act.
Regional Power “Regional Power Committee” means a Committee
Committee (RPC) established by resolution by the Central Government
for a specific region for facilitating the integrated
operation of the power systems in that region.
SEB State Electricity Board including the State Electricity
Department.
SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission.
State Load ‘State Load Dispatch Centre’ is the Centre establish-
Dispatch Centre ed under sub-section (1) of section 31 of the Act.
(SLDC)
State Sub Load State's Sub Load Centre for local control at various
Dispatch Centre places in the state.
(SSLDC)
State Transmission ‘State Transmission Utility’ means the Board or the
Utility (STU) Government Company specified as such by the State
Government under sub-section (1) of Section 39 of
the Act.
TSO Transmission System Operator

WTG Wind turbine Generator

Wind farm A wind farm is a collection of WTGs that are
connected to the grid at a common point
Wind farm operator The operator of the wind farm.
Wind farm owner Entity having legal right of the wind farm

Chapter 2
ROLE OF VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR

LINKAGES
Chapter 2 of IEGC shall be followed.

Chapter 3
PLANNING CODE FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

EVACUATING WIND POWER
This chapter comprises various aspects of transmission system planning for wind
power evacuation. Planning policy, planning criteria for transmission lines evacuating
wind power are discussed in this chapter.
3.1 Introduction
i) The planning code specifies the policy and procedures to be applied in planning
of transmission lines for evacuating wind power.
ii) Role of various organizations in wind farm planning procedure will be same as
planning procedure for conventional generators.
iii) The planning procedure shall be governed by IEGC and “Electricity Act, 2003”
3.2 Objective
The planning code for transmission systems for wind power evacuation shall be
part of bigger plan that encompasses overall grid planning.
The objectives of the planning code are:
i) To specify the principles, procedures and criteria which shall be used in the
planning and development of the transmission system evacuating wind power.
ii) To promote co-ordination between wind farm developers, system operators and
regional constituents in any proposed development of wind farms.
iii) To provide methodology and information exchange amongst regional
constituents and agencies in planning of transmission system for evacuation of
wind power.
3.3 Scope
The planning code applies to transmission licensees, wind farms, SEBs,
CTU/STUs and Distribution licensees involved in developing the transmission/
evacuation system for wind power evacuation.
3.4 Planning policy

CTU/STU/TSO may formulate perspective transmission plan for wind power
evacuation in a region. The transmission planning shall consider both short term
and long-term expected wind generation in the region. The planning shall fit into

National Electricity Plan formulated by Central Government, perspective

transmission plan developed by CEA, Electric Power Survey of India published by
CEA and policy guide lines (if any) issued by concerned ministry regarding
renewable energy development and shall be done taking into account the state
transmission plan.
3.5 Planning criterion

3.5.1 Study of transmission system for wind power evacuation
3.5.1.1 The transmission system shall be adequate for various wind generation and
load scenarios. The transmission system shall operate without violating any
system conditions during following scenarios:
i) System Peak Load with High Wind Generation
{Explanation:-
During peak loading condition all the generating units in a region will be
running at or near to its maximum capacity. Power flow through the
transmission network will be at higher level. Evacuation planning of wind
farm shall ensure that power injected by wind farm shall not cause any
overloading/ congestion in the network during peak load condition.
}
ii) System Light Load with High Wind Generation
{Explanation:-
Here, the aim is to ensure that during system light load condition, all the
available wind power is evacuated.
}
iii) Local Light Load with High Wind Generation
{Explanation:-
Sometimes wind farms can have significant local load near the wind farms.
Here, the aim is to ensure that during local light load condition, all the
available wind power is evacuated to the system. It is to be noted that low
local load and low system load may not coincide in many parts of India due
to geographical diversity.
}

As the wind farms are distributed over large geographical area, the maximum
generation depends on geographical spread.
For scenarios mentioned in IWGC section-3.5.1, the “High Wind Generation”

shall correspond to:
i) 100% capacity factor for wind farms connected below 66kV.
ii) Minimum 90% capacity factor for wind farms connected at 66kV or 110 kV
or 132 kV.
iii) Minimum 80% capacity factor for wind farms connected above 132 kV.
{Explanation:-
Normally in India, plant load factors of wind farms would lie in the range of 20-
30%.But, capacity factor may go up to 100% in a small wind farm. So, to have
economic viability, transmission planning of wind farms should consider
capacity factor as a parameter.
Wind turbines in a smaller wind farm face similar wind speeds as they are
spread over smaller geographical area. Output of these wind farms can reach
100% of installed capacity during high wind season. As the wind farm size
grows, capacity factor of wind farm decreases due to large geographical
spread.
Normally, higher capacity wind farms are connected at higher voltage levels.
Here, voltage level at the grid connection point is chosen as criteria because
power system behavior can be better categorized with voltage levels than
power.
100%, 90%, 80% values are based on consultation experience and also
available data from the literature.
}
3.5.1.2 Generally there shall be no restriction on the wind farm size and the voltage
level at which it shall be connected to the grid, provided all the requirements in
this IWGC are fulfilled.
{Explanation:-
The relation between evacuating power and voltage level depends on many
parameters, such as:
- Local network and local load

- Transmission conductor characteristics

- Availability of substations
This relation can vary from one area to other. Providing a definite guideline on
evacuating power vs. voltage relationship can restrict setting up of new wind
farms in some areas where wind power can be evacuated reliably in spite of
violating the “evacuating power and voltage” guideline.
}
3.5.1.3 Lower ambient temperatures which are generally associated with higher wind
velocities may be considered for increasing the loadability of transmission
systems planned for evacuating wind power in cases where other alternatives
are prohibitively expensive affecting viability of the renewable energy project.
IEEE Std 738-1993 “IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature
Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors Contingency study " shall be
followed while calculating line loadability with respect to wind speed. A sample
calculation of transmission line loading with respect to wind speed is given in
Appendix B. In Appendix B transmission line loading limits with increasing wind
speeds are given for Zebra and Panther conductors.
3.5.2 Contingency study

Plant load factors of wind farms are significantly less than the conventional
generators. Hence, application of N-1 contingency criteria for planning of
transmission line(s) from wind farm to grid substation may not be economically
viable. Loss of generation from smaller wind farms may not have significant
impact on the grid operation.
3.5.2.1 Planning of transmission lines from wind farms connected at 220 kV voltage
level and above, to the grid substation shall be based on N-1 contingency
criteria. However, wind farms connected below 220 kV voltage level and below
100 MW installed capacity at 220 kV voltage level can be exempted from N-1
planning criteria.
3.5.2.2 The upstream network connected from grid substation shall be capable of
withstanding and be secured against the following contingency outages without
necessitating load shedding or rescheduling of generation during steady state
operation as defined in IEGC and State Grid codes
a) Outage of a 132 kV D/C line or,

b) Outage of a 220 kV D/C line or,

c) Outage of a 400 kV S/C line or,
d) Outage of single Interconnecting Transformer, or
e) Outage of one pole of HVDC bipolar line, or
f) Outage of 765 kV S/C line
The above contingencies shall be considered assuming a pre-contingency
system depletion (planned outage) of another 220 kV D/C line or 400 kV S/C
line in another corridor and not emanating from the same substation. All the
generating units may operate within their reactive capability curves and the
network voltage profile shall also be maintained within voltage limits specified.
3.5.3 Any one of the events mentioned in the adequacy and contingency study shall
not cause:
i) Unacceptable high or low voltage
ii) Prolonged operation of the system frequency below and above specified
limits.
iii) System instability
iv) Unacceptable overloading of transmission system elements.
3.5.4 Reactive power compensation

Reactive power compensation is important for wind farms to ensure reliable
and trouble free grid operation and stable voltage profile. Adequate planning of
reactive power compensation can minimize the reactive power loading on the
transmission line. Further, there is a close relation exists between voltage
instability and reactive power compensation. Hence, the reactive power
compensation is to be addressed in the planning exercise and a careful study is
required.
3.5.4.1 Reactive compensation of wind farms shall be able to maintain power factor
between 0.95 lagging and 0.95 leading at grid connection point.
{Explanation: -
As per Indian state grid codes, power factor of conventional generators shall lie
between 0.95 leading to 0.85 lagging. Wind grid codes of UK, Germany ask for
0.95 leading to 0.95 lagging power factor. Canadian grid code asks for 0.95
leading to 0.90 lagging power factor.

So, it can be seen than grid codes mainly differ on the lagging power factor
limit. In India, reactive power injection from wind farms is least expected. So, in
IWGC the power factor range is limited between 0.95 leading to 0.95 lagging.
}
3.5.4.2 Planning studies for power evacuation from wind farms through long distance
transmission lines shall include voltage stability studies to investigate the
requirements of dynamic VAr compensation to prevent voltage collapse during
high wind generation. The modeling of WTG shall be based on the actual type
planned to be installed in the area by the developer of wind farm.
3.6 Planning data

3.6.1 Wind farm owner shall provide planning data to CTU/STU as mentioned in
Appendix A.
3.6.2 Wind power addition plan for every five years issued by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy shall be considered for the planning of transmission lines of
the CTU/STUs.

Chapter 4
CONNECTION CODE FOR WIND FARMS

This chapter comprises various technical requirements that wind farms have to satisfy
for grid connection. These provisions shall apply for wind farms that are connected to
the grid from dd/mm/yyyy.
4.1 Introduction
The connection code for wind farms specify the minimum technical and design
criteria which shall be satisfied by any wind farms seeking connection to
ISTSs/STSs/STUs. This shall be pre-requisite for the establishment of an
agreed connection.
4.2 Objective
The objective of the connection code is to ensure that any new or modified
wind farm connections, when established, shall neither suffer unacceptable
effects due to its connections to ISTS/STS nor impose unacceptable effects on
the system or the grid.
4.3 Scope
The connection code applies to all wind farms connected to the grid at any
voltage levels. The wind farms shall satisfy all requirements of connection code.
4.4 Procedure for connection

The connection procedure of wind farms connected to ISTS shall follow IEGC
section-4.4. Wind farms connected to intra state lines shall follow
corresponding state grid code for connection procedure.
4.5 Connection agreement

The connection agreement of wind farms connected to ISTS shall follow IEGC
section-4.5. Wind farms connected to intra state lines shall follow
corresponding state grid code for connection agreement.
4.6 Technical requirements to be met at grid connection point of wind farms

The entire grid connected wind farms shall satisfy technical requirements at the
grid connection point of the wind farm as mentioned in the following sub-
sections.

4.6.1 Transmission system voltage requirements

4.6.1.1 Transmission system voltage range
The wind farms shall be able to deliver available or rated power when the
voltage at the grid connection point remains within following range:
Table 4.1: Voltage withstand limits for wind farms
Voltage (kV)
% Limit of
Nominal Maximum Minimum
variation
400 +5% to -10% 420 360
220 +11% to -9% 245 200
132 +10% to -9% 145 120
110 +10% to -12.5% 121 96.25
66 +10% to -9% 72.5 60
33 +5% to -10% 34.65 29.7
{Explanation: -
The minimum and maximum voltages for 400, 220 and 132 kV buses are taken
from IEGC. The minimum and maximum voltages for 110, 66 and 33 kV buses
are taken from the planning criteria of Revised TNEGC(page 24) “The
permissible voltage at the point of commencement of supply during the steady
state operation is +5% / -10% for system upto 33 kV voltage level…” .
}
4.6.1.2 Resonance
Wind farms shall avoid introducing undue resonance leading to over voltage at
grid connection point. Of particular concerns are torsional interaction, self
excitation of induction machines, transformer ferro-resonance, and the resonant
effects of capacitor additions. Wind farms connected to the grid through series
compensated transmission lines shall investigate the possibility of sub-
synchronous resonance due to torsional interactions.
4.6.1.3 Voltage unbalance

Voltage unbalance is defined as the deviation between the highest and lowest
line voltage divided by the average line voltage of three phases.

Connection of a WTG to an unbalanced system will cause negative phase

sequence current to flow in the rotor of the machine.
Wind farms shall be able to withstand voltage unbalance limits specified in

following Table 4.2:
Table 4.2: Voltage unbalance limits
Voltage level (kV) Unbalance (%)

400 1.5
220 2
<220 3
{Explanation: -
CEA grid standard is followed
}
4.6.2 Reactive power capability of wind farms

The reactive compensation system of wind farms shall be able to attain
following characteristics:
i) Wind farms connected at 66 kV and below shall maintain power factor
between 0.95 lagging and 0.95 leading at grid connection point. A
generating unit operating at leading power factor absorbs reactive power
from the transmission system.
ii) Above 66 kV, wind farms shall be able to operate in voltage-power factor
operating region shown in Figure 4.1.

Voltage (kV)
420 245 145 121
410 238 141 117
400 220 132 110
380 215 128 105
360 200 120 96.25
0.95 0.98 1.0
leading lagging
(absorption) (injection)
Power Factor
Figure 4.1: Voltage vs. power factor characteristics of wind farms connected
above 66 kV
{Explanation: -
The voltage vs. power characteristic is based on the principle that wind farms
should not draw/inject large reactive power at lower/higher system voltages. In
general, the allowable power factor range of wind farms is 0.95 lagging to
leading. But, a comparatively higher leading power factor requirement is placed
when the system voltage is lower. Similarly, a lower lagging power factor is
required when the system voltage is higher. In other words, reactive power
drawl/injection shall be minimized at lower/higher voltages. This is depicted in
Figure 4.1. The Voltage vs. power factor characteristics in IWGC is derived
from German grid code of VE-T.

4.6.3 Frequency tolerance range

i) Wind farms shall be capable of operating continuously for system frequency
range of 47.5 to 51.5 Hz.
ii) Above 51.5 Hz and below 47.5 Hz, allowable frequency tolerance range
of wind farms will be according to wind turbine specifications.
iii) Wind farms shall remain connected to the grid when rate of change of
frequency is within 0.5 Hz/sec.
{Explanation: -
The frequency range of 47.5 to 51.5 Hz is also proposed in the draft IS standard
on “Wind turbines - Design requirements”, which is under finalization by BIS -
Wind turbine Sectional Committee – ET 42. Hence it is suggested that the upper
limit may be restricted to 47.5 - 51.5 Hz.
}
4.6.4 Active power control

4.6.4.1Wind farms with connected at 66 kV and above shall have the ability to limit the
active power output at grid connection point as per system operator’s request.
The request from grid cooperator shall be under the conditions elaborated in
IWGC section 5.2.6 and 5.2.7.
{Explanation: -
During system operations, grid operator in extreme conditions may ask the
wind farms to limit the power injection into the grid. The request from grid
cooperator shall be under the conditions elaborated in IWGC section 5.2.6. and
5.2.7. Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall be able to respond to
system operator’s request. }
4.6.4.2 Active power output of wind farms shall vary with respect to frequency
as shown in Figure 4.2.

Percentage of Available Power

100%
50%
0%
47.5 50.3 51.5 Hz
Frequency
Figure 4.2: Variation of active power output of wind farms with respect to
frequency of wind farm
{Explanation: -
The objective is to utilize wind power at its maximum. This characteristic is
derived from Irish grid code.
The upper limit of 50.3 is derived from recent amendment of IEGC in 2009.
}
4.6.5 Situations where wind turbines can be disconnected from grid

4.6.5.1 The wind farms shall be equipped with voltage and frequency relays for
disconnection of the wind farm at abnormal voltage and frequencies. The
relay settings shall be outside the operating range of voltage and frequency
mentioned in IWGC section 4.6.1 and section 4.6.3.
4.6.5.2 Wind farms connected below 66 kV can get disconnected from the grid during
system faults (fault ride through capability is not mandatory).

{Explanation: -
Normally, wind farms connected below 66 kV are smaller in size. The
requirement of fault ride through can affect the economics of smaller wind
farms at present scenario. }
4.6.6 Situations where wind turbines must remain connected to the grid
4.6.6.1 Wind farms shall remain connected to the grid during normal system
operation.
4.6.6.2 Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall remain connected to the grid
during system fault. Reactive power compensation equipment must also remain
connected during system fault.
4.6.6.3 Fault ride through requirements

Fault ride through requirements shall be applicable to all new wind farms
planned or commissioned after the date specified by concerned authority with
due consideration of penetration level, cost and tariff.
Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall have the operating region as
shown in Figure 4.3 during system faults. Wind farms can be disconnected if
the operating point falls below the line in Figure 4.3.
During fault ride through, the WTGs in the wind farm shall have the capability to
meet the following requirements:
a) Shall minimize the reactive power drawl from the grid.
b) The wind turbine generators shall provide active power in proportion to
retained grid voltage as soon as the fault is cleared.

Vpf
Voltage (kV) Must not trip
Vf
0 T 3000
Time (ms)
Figure 4.3: Fault ride through characteristics
Where,
Vf = 15% of Nominal System voltage
Vpf = Minimum voltages mentioned in IWGC section 4.6.1.1
The fault clearing time for various system nominal voltage levels is given in the
following Table 4.3:
Table 4.3: Fault clearing time and voltage limits
Nominal system Fault clearing Vpf (kV) Vf (kV)

voltage (kV) time, T(ms)
400 100 360 60.0
220 160 200 33.0
132 160 120 19.8
110 160 96.25 16.5
66 300 60 9.9
Higher fault clearance times for the wind farms may be agreed to with the
SEBs/STUs. In such case, the SEBs/STUs shall specify to the wind farm
operators the required opening times of circuit breakers at various locations.

{Explanation: -
With increasing penetration, wind farms will have major impact in Indian power
system. So, the behavior of wind farms should tend to be same as conventional
power plants. Staying connected during system fault is a step towards that
direction. Today’s wind turbine technology has matured enough to provide this
requirement. All the international grid codes demand this criterion from wind
farms. The Fault ride through requirements in IWGC resembles to international
practice. The fault clearing time is taken from IEGC, state grid codes.
However, it may be advised that this facility may be provided for the future wind
farms development with due consideration of the cost impact.
}
4.6.7 Ability to withstand repetitive faults

Wind farms connected below 66 kV shall be capable of withstanding repetitive
faults in the grid as the fault occurrence in these systems is frequent.
{Explanation: -
In India, the occurrence of faults in sub-transmission system is frequent. Hence,
the wind turbines may be thermally stressed. In such cases the machines shall
withstand the repetitive faults or shall disconnect from the grid. Similar
requirement is presented in Danish grid code.
}
4.6.8 Protection
All the grid connected wind farms must have protection systems to protect the
wind farm equipment as well as the grid, such that no part system shall remain
unprotected during faults.
4.6.8.1 The protection schemes for the wind farms shall be developed in coordination
with the grid protection schemes and this shall be carried out keeping in mind
the wind turbine manufacturing capabilities such as fault ride through capability,
voltage and frequency operational ranges etc.
4.6.8.2 The faults on the wind farm and/or its apparatus shall be cleared without any
time delay and in any event shall be cleared within in the fault clearing times
mentioned in IWGC section-4.6.6.3 with reliability, selectivity and sensitivity.

The protection co-ordination for the wind farms shall be monitored by the
SEBs/STUs/ISTSs.
4.6.8.3 The following are the minimum protection schemes that shall be installed for
wind farm protection:
i) under/over voltage protection
ii) under/over frequency protection
iii) over current and earth fault protection
iv) load unbalance (negative sequence) protection
v) differential protection for the grid connecting transformer
vi) capacitor bank protection
vii) tele-protection channels (for use with distance protection) between the grid
connection point circuit breaker and user connection point circuit
breaker
4.6.8.4 Back-up protection shall be provided for required isolation/protection in the

event of failure of the primary protection systems provided to meet the fault
clearance time requirements.
4.6.8.5 The protection requirements for the wind farm substation and for the
transmission system evacuating the wind power shall be as per the
specifications of STUs/SEBs/ISTSs.
4.6.9 Signals and data communication requirements

Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall have communication channel
which is continuously available to system operator. The communication facility
shall be provided at substation level of wind farms.
4.6.9.1 Signals from wind farm to system operator

Wind farm operator shall send following signals to the system operator:
i) Meteorological data
ii) Active/reactive power output
iii) On-off status
iv) Voltage regulation set point (if any)
4.6.9.2 Signals from system operator to wind farms

System operator shall send following signals to the wind farm operator:

i) Active power curtailment based on merit order

ii) Voltage regulation set point
iii) Start/stop instructions
4.6.9.3 Data to be submitted to system operator

The wind farm operator shall update the following information to the system
operator in case of any changes made:
i) Single line diagram of the wind farm
ii) Site common drawings
4.6.10 System recording instruments

A wind farm shall have data acquisition system/disturbance recorder/fault
locator for monitoring/ recording wind farm performance.
4.6.11 Wind farm equipment

This section discusses the standard requirements of wind farm equipments.
4.6.11.1 Lightning protection

Lightening protection of WTG system shall be according to IEC TR 61400-24
“Wind turbine generator systems – Part 24: Lightning protection.”
4.6.11.2 Earthing
Wind turbine grounding systems shall follow the recommendations of IEC TR
61400-24 (section 9).
4.6.11.3 Equipment standard

i) All sub-station equipments of wind farm shall comply with BIS/IEC or
prevailing code of practice.
ii) All equipment shall be designed, manufactured and tested and certified in
accordance with the quality assurance requirements as per IEC/BIS.
iii) Wind turbine shall have a valid type certificate issued by an accredited
certification body including CWET. If the type certificate is issued by an
agency other than CWET, it shall be on the quarterly list of models and
manufacturers issued by CWET/MNRE.

4.6.11.4 Ground clearance

Energized parts shall be maintained at safe vertical and horizontal clearances
as dictated by Indian Electricity Rules/Central Board of Irrigation and Power
standard adopted for conventional generators and its associated sub-stations.
4.6.11.5 Grid connecting transformer configuration for wind farms

The grid connecting transformer configuration shall be designed to provide:
i) A favorable circuit to block the transmission of harmonic currents.
ii) Isolation of transmission system side and wind farm side ground fault
current contributions
The preferred configuration of the grid connecting transformer is delta
connection on the wind farm side and grounded wye connection on the
transmission system (grid) side. Delta connection on the high voltage side of
the grid connecting transformer is not permitted.
Alternate transformer configuration including wye-wye or wye-wye with a
delta connected tertiary is also acceptable for the grid connecting
transformer.
If the wind farm is directly getting connected to the existing utility substation,
the standard practice of utility shall be followed.
{Explanation: -
The purpose of prohibiting delta connection on the high voltage side of the grid
connecting transformer is to block the harmonics current and to detect the earth
faults on the grid side.
}
4.6.12 Auxiliary supply

Voltage and frequency excursions within the specified requirements in the
auxiliary power supply shall not trip the wind farm. The auxiliary supply of
reactive power compensating equipment shall be as per IEC-61400-1 “Wind
Turbine Safety and Design”.
4.6.13 Revenue metering

Revenue metering shall be in accordance with the “Central Electricity Authority
(Installation and Operation of Meters) Regulations”.

4.6.14 Procedure for site access, operational activities and maintenance

The connection agreement shall indicate procedures necessary for site access,
site operational activities and maintenance standard for equipment of the
CTU/STU at wind farm owner premises and vice-versa.
4.6.15 Responsibilities for operational safety

Wind farm operator shall be responsible for operational safety in the wind farm.
Wind farm owner shall be responsible for safeguarding all the equipments in
the wind farm against manufacturing defects, improper installation and due to
external impacts in connection with the following:
i) short circuit and earth currents
ii) recovery voltage during clearing of grid short circuits and earth faults
iii) rise in voltage on fault-free phases in the event of single phase earth faults
iv) phase failure
v) out-of-phase reclosing and other impacts that occur during abnormal
operating conditions

Chapter 5
OPERATING CODE FOR WIND FARMS
The operating code specifies the operating conditions that the wind farms shall comply
with for safety and reliable operation of the grid and shall be applicable to the wind
farms connected to the grid, and the SEBs/STUs/SSLDCs/SLDCs/RLDCs.
5.1 Operating policy

i) The wind farms connected to the grid shall comply with this operating code
and shall operate as an integrated system with the grid.
ii) Control centers of the grid connected wind farms shall be manned round
the clock by qualified and adequately trained personnel.
5.2 Wind farm security and operating aspects

The operating margins for the wind farms during the normal and the
constrained operation shall be as below.
5.2.1 Operating margins

5.2.1.1 Voltage at the grid connection point
The wind farm operator shall operate the wind farm continuously for the voltage
ranges mentioned in following Table 5.1 during the steady state operation.
Table 5.1: Operating voltage limits for wind farms
Voltage (kV)
% Limit of
Nominal Maximum Minimum
variation
400 +5% to -10% 420 360
220 +11% to -9% 245 200
132 +10% to -9% 145 120
110 +10% to -12.5% 121 96.25
66 +10% to -9% 72.5 60
33 +5% to -10% 34.65 29.7

5.2.1.2 Frequency of operation for wind farms

For the operating range of frequencies between 47.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz, the WTGs
shall operate according to the frequency response curve specified in IWGC
section-4.6.4.2. No WTGs shall be started if the frequency is above 51.5 Hz.
5.2.1.3 Active power and power factor

The grid connected wind farm shall be capable of supplying the active power
between the limits of 0.95 power factor lagging to 0.95 power factor leading at
the grid connection point.
5.2.2 Reactive power and voltage control
5.2.2.1 The wind farms shall have provision for VAr compensation/support such that
they do not draw reactive power from the grid. VAr exchanges with the grid
shall be priced as follows:
a) The wind farm owner pays for VAr drawl from grid when voltage at the grid
connection point is below 97%
b) The wind farm owner gets paid for VAr given to the grid when voltage is
below 97%
c) The wind farm owner gets paid for VAr drawl when voltage is above 103%
d) The wind farm owner pays for VAr given to the grid when voltage is above
103%
{Explanation: -
This requirement is as mentioned in IEGC. This requirement can be met by all
the WTGs.
}
5.2.2.2 The wind farm operator shall endeavor to minimize the VAr drawl from the grid
when the voltage at the grid connection point is below 95% of rated, and shall
not supply to the grid VAr when the voltage is above 105%. As such to control
the VAr exchange, the wind farm operator shall provide the VAr compensation
or request SLDC/RLDC to change the taps of the grid connecting transformer.
{Explanation: -
The WTG manufacture provides VAr compensation facility for each WTG
(switch able capacitor banks). So using this facility the wind farm operator can
control the VAr exchange depending on the grid connection point voltage.

Varying the grid connecting transformer taps also controls the VAr exchange
with the grid.
}
5.2.2.3 The charge/payment for VAr exchange from the grid shall be at nominal paise
per kVArh as specified by CERC/SERC and the transaction will be between the
wind farm owner and the state utility.
{Explanation: -
Although not uniform, all the SERCs have fixed a nominal charge for the VAR
drawl by the WTG from the grid. For e.g., in Tamil Nadu, Rs 0.25/kVArh if the
ratio of kVArh drawn to KWh exported is upto 10%and Rs0.50/ kVArh for more
than 10%.
}
5.2.2.4 Not withstanding the above, SSLDC/SLDC/RLDC may direct a wind farm to
curtail its VAr drawl/injection in case the security of grid or safety of any
equipment is endangered.
5.2.3 Ramp rate limits

All the grid connected wind farms with installed capacity 50 MW and above
shall have the ramp up/down capability.
{Explanation: -
Ramp control facility regulates the active power generated from the WTG and
also minimizes the variations in the generated power that may arise because of
wind variations. The performance is similar to that of governor control in case of
synchronous machines The system operator may ask the wind farm operator to
curtail the generated power due to increasing wind speed, turbines returning to
service after some outage or to increase the generated power due to increase
in system demand etc.
}
5.2.3.1 The WTGs shall have two ramp rates
a) 10 minute maximum ramp rate
b) 1 minute maximum ramp rate

5.2.3.2 The ramp rate limits shall be applicable for all ranges of operation including
start up, normal operation and shut down of the WTGs. An exception to this can
be situations where there is fall in wind speeds.
5.2.3.3 The wind farm operator shall inform SLDC/RLDC, the maximum and minimum
ramp rates of the WTGs at the time of commissioning. Any changes made to
the ramp rate limits shall be informed to the SLDC/RLDC and shall be done as
per their instructions.
5.2.3.4 Ramp limits for wind farms at the grid connection point shall be as given below
(Table 5.2) depending on the wind farm installed capacity.
Table 5.2: Ramp rate limits for wind farms
Wind Farm Installed 10 min Maximum 1 min Maximum

Capacity (MW) Ramp(MW) Ramp(MW)
50-150 Installed Capacity/1.5 Installed Capacity/5
>150 100 30
{Explanation: -
This is in line with international practice. As per Irish wind grid code grid the
ramp rate averaged over 1 minute should not exceed 3 times the average ramp
rate over 10 minutes.
}
5.2.3.5 The ramping up/down of the wind power generation shall be done by the wind
farm operator as instructed by the system operator. On case to case basis, the
maximum ramp limits mentioned in IWGC section 5.2.3.4 may be changed on
the mutual consent between the system operator and the wind farm operator
provided the WTGs ramp limits are not exceeded.
5.2.4 Power quality

All the wind farms connected to the grid shall endeavour to maintain the voltage
wave-form quality at the grid connection point. The wind farms shall comply
with the “IEC 61400-21: Wind Turbine Generator Systems, Part 21:
Measurement and Assessment of Power Quality Characteristics of Grid
Connected Wind Turbines” standard.

{Explanation: -
Power quality in relation to a wind turbine describes the influence of a wind
turbine on the power and voltage quality of the grid. The main influences of
wind turbines on the grid concerning power quality are the voltage flicker,
harmonics (for wind turbines with power electronic equipment), voltage
changes & fluctuations and the in-rush currents.
}
5.2.4.1Voltage flicker
The IEC 61000-4-15 (IEC, 1997) and IEC 61000-4-15 (IEC, 2003) standards
shall be followed with respect to voltage flicker limits and measurement
techniques.
{Explanation: -
Flicker means the flickering of light caused by fluctuations of the mains voltage,
which can cause distortions or inconvenience to people as well as other
electrical consumers. The flicker measurement is based on measurements of
three instantaneous phase voltages and currents, which are followed by an
analytical determination of Pst (short-term flicker disturbance factor) for different
grid impedance angles.
}
5.2.4.2 Harmonics
Harmonics measurements shall be taken in accordance with methodologies of
IEC 61400-21 or IEEE STD 519-1992. The harmonic content at the grid
connection point shall be as follows:
{Explanation: -
According to the guidelines (IEC 61400-21), harmonic measurements are not
required for fixed-speed wind turbines (Type A), where the induction generator
is directly connected to the grid. Harmonic measurements are required only for
variable-speed turbines with electronic power converters (Types C and D).
}
a) Harmonic content of the supply voltage is indicated by the following index:

Total harmonic distortion of voltage = VTHD (expressed as percentage)

n = 40
Vn2
VTHD = ∑
n = 2 V1
2
×100
Where Vn: nth harmonic of voltage

V1: fundamental frequency (50 Hz) voltage
The maximum limits of VTHD shall be as per the following Table 5.3:
Table 5.3: Voltage harmonic limits
System Voltage Total Harmonic Individual Harmonic of any

(kV) Distortion (%) Particular frequency (%)
765 1.5 1.0
400 2.0 1.5
220 2.5 2.0
132 3.0 2.0
b) Harmonic content of the supply current is indicated by the following index:

Total Harmonic Distortion of current = ITHD (expressed as percentage)
I n2
ITHD = ∑ 2 ×100
I1
Where In: nth harmonic of current
I1: fundamental frequency (50 Hz) current
The maximum limits of ITHD shall be as per the following Table 5.4:
Table 5.4: Current harmonic limits
Voltage level <69 kV >69 kV

ITHD 5.0 2.5
{Explanation: -
The limits for VTHD are taken from CEA standards (Grid standards)
Regulations-2006 and the limits for ITHD are taken from IEEE STD-519,
1992.
}

5.2.4.3 Voltage fluctuations

The wind farm operation shall comply with the following permissible voltage
fluctuation limits at the grid connection point.
a) Voltage fluctuation limit for step changes which may occur repetitively is
1%.
b) Voltage fluctuation limit for occasional fluctuations other than step changes
is 2%.
{Explanation: -
The voltage fluctuations in a wind farm can occur because of the switching
operations (capacitor banks, WTG start/stop), inrush currents during WTG
starting etc. Such voltage fluctuations shall be limited to the values mentioned
in the above section.
}
5.2.5 Start and stop criteria

5.2.5.1 All the WTGs in a wind farm shall have the capability to receive the start/stop
signal from the wind farm operator and shall respond to the signal without any
time delay.
{Explanation: -
This is to necessitate the wind farm owner’s control over the WTG operation.
The system operator may request the wind farm operator to start/stop the
WTGs as the situation demands. So, the WTGs shall respond to the start/stop
command send by wind farm operator without any time delay.
}
5.2.5.2 During the wind generator start-up, the wind farm operator shall ensure that the
reactive power drawl (inrush currents incase of induction generators) shall not
affect the grid performance.
{Explanation: -
Fixed speed WTGs directly connected to the grid directly draws huge inrush
current during starting. This may cause voltage fluctuations and flickering at the
grid connection point.
}

5.2.5.3 The wind farm operator has to ensure that the start up and stopping of the
WTGs comply with the voltage quality requirements.
{Explanation: -
Because, the switching operations and the inrush currents may cause
harmonics, voltage flicker and voltage fluctuations.
}
5.2.5.4 It is recommended that all WTGs in the wind farm shall not start and /or stop
simultaneously owing to high windy conditions.
{Explanation: -
Simultaneous starting/stopping of the WTGs can cause power quality problems.
Also, it can cause large changes in the power injected into the grid.
}
5.2.6 Operation during transmission congestion

During network congestion the wind farm operator shall act according to the
instructions given by system operators. System operator (SSLDC/ SLDC/
RLDC) shall make reasonable effort to evacuate the available wind power.
System operator shall instruct wind farm operator to back down wind
generation only as a last resort, in view of the fact that the variable cost for wind
generation is all most equal to zero (just like overflowing reservoir mention in
Merit Order Dispatch).
{Explanation: -
Taking into consideration the zero fuel costs and environmental issues, it is
recommended to evacuate all the available wind generated power to the grid.
During transmission congestion, the conventional generation shall be backed
down. Under extreme conditions, when the wind power generated exceeds the
system demand and when the local voltage limits are violated, it shall be the
responsibility of the wind farm operator to back down sufficient amount of the
wind generation, to maintain system security. This shall be done as per the
system operator’s instructions.
}

5.2.7 Operation in emergency condition

Under any emergency (faults in the vicinity of wind farms, loss of any of the
wind farm equipment, faults within the wind farms) the wind farm operator’s
prime priority shall be the grid security and shall act accordingly. Once the
emergency has subsided, the wind farm operator shall take all recovery
measures listed in IEGC section-5.8 to bring back the wind farm into normal
operation and shall report the events to SLDC/RLDC as mentioned in IEGC
section-5.9.
{Explanation: -
The wind farms shall be operated as an integrated part of the grid. The wind
farm operator shall operate it deriving maximum benefits from the integrated
operation. System security shall not be endangered because of the
substandard/inefficient operational practices of the wind farms. The
contingencies (loss of any of the wind farm equipment, faults within the wind
farms) shall be attended by the wind farm operator, so that there is minimal
damage to the wind farm equipment as well as the grid. For contingencies in
the vicinity of the wind farm, the wind farm operator shall protect the wind farm
equipment from any imminent damage and shall take necessary measures to
mitigate the contingency. The measures can be riding through the fault or
ramping down the generation till the contingency has been remove, running in
island mode to meet the local demand etc. }
5.3 Demand estimation for operational purposes

IEGC/ state grid codes describe the procedures/responsibilities of the SLDCs
for demand estimation of active and reactive power. Wind energy forecasting
described in IWGC section-5.10 shall be taken into consideration to meet the
estimated demand.
{Explanation: -
The demand estimation for operational purposes is done on a
daily/weekly/monthly basis. The wind forecasting data obtained by the day
ahead forecasting can be useful in meeting the estimated demand. The hourly
forecast data can also be used as a part of the scheduling and dispatching.
}

5.4 Demand management

IEGC/ state grid codes describe the provisions to be made by SLDCs for
demand curtailment in the event of insufficient generating capacity or in the
event of breakdown or operating problems (such as frequency, voltage levels or
thermal overloads) on any part of the grid. The demand management
procedure of SLDC shall take into account variability of wind power generation.
{Explanation: -
In a power system wind power generation profile and system demand may not
follow the same pattern. For e.g. system demand may be high when there is
least possible wind generation. So, the demand management procedure shall
consider the variations in the wind generation (can be known from the wind
forecast data) to maintain power balance in system operation.
}
5.5 Periodic reports

IEGC/ state grid codes discuss the periodic reports issued by RLDC/SLDC to
all constituents of the Region and RPC Secretariat requirements regarding grid
operation. The reports shall also cover the wind power generation profile and
injection to grid.
{Explanation: -
Periodic reports issued by RLDC give the description of the grid performance
over a week/month. Wind generation in that region can also be included in the
periodic reports, because that gives a picture of wind energy profile, demand
met with wind generated power and also can be useful for evolving good
operational practices in the future.
}
5.6 Operational liaison

The Operational liaison function is a mandatory built-in hierarchical function of
the RLDC/SLDC and regional constituents, to facilitate quick transfer of
information to operational staff and is specified in the IEGC section-5.6. The
same shall be applicable to the grid connected wind farms.

{Explanation: -
Wind farms are through their communication interface shall exchange the
information in relation to operations and/or events with SLDC/RLDC. It is the
mandatory built-in hierarchical function of the RLDC and Regional constituents
including the wind farms, to facilitate quick transfer of information to operational
staff for decision making and actions to be sought.
}.
5.7 Outage planning

IEGC/ state grid codes set out the procedure for preparation of outage
schedules for the elements of the regional grid in a coordinated and optimal
manner keeping in view the regional system operating conditions and the
balance of generation and demand. The outage planning of wind farm and its
associated evacuation network shall be planned to extract maximum power
from the wind farm.
{Explanation: -
The outage schedules prepared by the RPC Secretariat based on the inputs
from all the SEBs/STUs, CTU and ISGS. Wind farms shall also submit their
outage schedule(s), if any, to the concerned SEB/STU. The wind farm operator
shall also be aware of the planned/maintenance outages taking place around
the vicinity of the wind farm, so that these outages do not have any effect on
the wind power generation.
}
5.8 Recovery procedures

IEGC/ state grid codes specify the recovery procedures i.e., restoration of the
operation of the regional grid after severe disturbances, partial/total blackouts
that are developed by RLDC in consultation with all regional constituents/RPC
Secretariat. The grid connected wind farms shall comply with these recovery
procedures and shall abide by the guidelines of RLDC/SLDC during the
restoration process.
5.9 Event information

The entire grid connected wind farms shall follow the event reporting procedure
mentioned in IEGC section-5.9.

5.10 Scheduling process

As the penetration of wind power increases, the scheduling of other generating
plants would be have consider the availability of wind generation. Hence, it
would be necessary to carry out wind energy forecasting to know the predicted
wind power in next day on hourly basis so as to minimize the scheduling errors.
.
5.10.1 Forecasting
Wind being of intermittent nature, needs to be predicted with reasonable
accuracy for proper scheduling and dispatching generation in the
interconnected system. Hence wind forecasting is necessary for increased
penetration. Centralized wind forecasting facility shall be provided in an area
with aggregated capacity of 200 MW and above. The Centralized wind
forecasting system shall forecast the wind flow over a certain geographic area
(for a cluster of wind farms) and it shall be installed in consultation with
SSLDC/SLDC/RLDC. The centralized wind forecasting facility shall be built and
operated either by the system operator or wind developers in the area and
sharing of the cost shall be mutually discussed and agreed.
The wind energy forecasting system shall forecast power based on wind flow
data at the following time intervals:
i) Day ahead forecast: Wind power forecast with an interval of one hour for
the next 24 hours for the aggregate wind farms.
ii) Hourly forecast: Wind power forecast with a frequency of one hour and
interval of 30 minutes for the next 3 hours for the aggregate wind
farms.
The day ahead forecasting shall be done to assess the probable wind energy
that can be scheduled for the next day. The hourly forecast is necessary to
minimize the forecasting error that can occur in the day ahead forecasting of
wind power. The SSLDC/SLDC/RLDC shall receive the forecasted wind power
data which shall be used for scheduling.
Wind energy forecasting system shall be implemented within the time specified
by the concerned authority with due consideration of penetration level, cost and
tariff.

{Explanation: -
Wind energy forecast corresponds to an estimate of the expected amount of
power production from wind farms over the forecast period. Evacuation of large
amounts of energy from intermittent sources like wind has considerable effect
on the generation-demand balance of a power system. So, for reliable system
operation wind energy forecasting is necessary for larger wind farms. As the
penetration level increases, it becomes difficult for the system operator to
maintain the correct generation mix. As the system operator is responsible for
maintaining balance between generation and demand, he should know in
advance the amount of wind generated power that can be scheduled and
dispatched from the wind farm, much like the conventional generation
scheduling and dispatching.}
5.10.2 Scheduling
The scheduling of other generators by the SLDC/RLDC shall consider the
available wind generation for the duration. While scheduling generating stations
in a region, system operator shall aim at utilizing available wind energy fully and
the Merit Order dispatch shall not be applied for wind farms. The wind farms
shall be treated as over-flowing reservoir/run of the river hydro power plants as
defined in Tamil Nadu Electricity Grid Code.
5.11 Spinning reserve/ backup generation

The spinning reserve/ backup generation shall be necessary to account for the
wind power forecasting error and to meet the sudden loss of wind power
generation (due to contingency).The amount of the spinning reserve/ backup
generation that is to be maintained shall be decided by the SSLDC/SLDC/
RLDC based on the wind power forecast information.
{Explanation: -
Keeping a certain amount of energy as spinning reserve/backup generation is
necessary to ensure that sufficient generation can maintained to meet the
demand incase of an unexpected loss of wind generation. Also to meet the
uncertainty in wind energy forecasting (forecasting error) the spinning reserve/
backup generation is necessary.}

APPENDIX A
Planning Data (Wind farm)
The following data are to be made available to the planning wing of CTU/STU
by all the wind farms
A.1 Name of the Wind Farm
A.2 Wind Farms capacity

i) Total installed capacity
ii) Number of units and unit size
A.3 Site map

Provide the location map to scale showing roads, railway lines, transmission
lines, rivers, reservoirs.
A.4 Wind farm type

i) Type of wind turbines used in the wind farm Fixed Speed/Variable Speed.
ii) Type of wind farm operation- continuous or seasonal.
iii) Expected high wind and low wind seasons and MW generation output from
the wind farm during these periods.
A.5 Wind Turbine data
Data type Unit Value

Wind turbine manufacturer -
Wind turbine generator type -
Rated power of each wind turbine kW
Rated apparent power kVA
Rated frequency Hz
Frequency tolerance range Hz
Rated wind speed m/s
Cut-in wind speed m/s
Cut-out wind speed m/s
Rated voltage Volt
Rated current Ampere
Short circuit ratio
Synchronous speed RPM

Rated slip
Magnetizing reactance of generator p.u
Stator leakage reactance p.u
Stator reactance p.u
Rotor leakage reactance p.u
Rotor reactance p.u
Magnitude of inrush current Ampere
Time duration of inrush current s
In addition to the above mentioned data, the wind farm owner has to provide
dynamic model of wind farm. If all the WTGs in the wind farm are not identical,
the model shall incorporate separate modules to represent each type of WTG.
Appropriate data and parameter values must be provided for each model. The
dynamic model must represent the features and phenomena likely to be
relevant to angular and Voltage stability. These features include but may not be
limited to:
i) Generator model
ii) Blade pitch control
iii) Model of drive train
iv) Model of converter (if any)
A.6 Reactive compensation

Give detail of reactive compensation, operating power factor range.
A.7 Wind Turbine transformer data

i) Transformer voltage ratio
ii) Percentage impedance
iii) Winding connection
iv) Tap settings (if any)
A.8 Grid connecting transformer data

i) Transformer voltage ratio
ii) Percentage impedance
iii) Winding connection
iv) Tap settings (if any)

A.9 Power evacuation scheme

The following documents are to be furnished:
i) Single line diagram of power evacuation scheme.
ii) Details of conductor used for power evacuation

APPENDIX B
Conductor ampacity calculation and variation with wind speed
In IEEE Std 738-1993[1], “IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature

Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors”, a simplified method of calculating the
current-temperature relationship of bare overhead lines, given the weather conditions,
is presented. This appendix gives an example for the steady-state thermal rating
(ampacity) calculation. It also gives loadability of Zebra and Panther conductors with
respect to varying wind speed.
B.1 Problem statement:

To find the steady-state thermal rating (ampacity) for a Drake conductor, 795 kcmil
26/7 ACSR, under the following conditions:
a) Wind velocity, V, is 2 ft/s at sea level perpendicular to the conductor.

b) Emissivity, ε is 0.5.
c) Solar absorptivity, α, is 0.5.
d) Ambient air temperature, Ta, is 40 °C.
e) Maximum allowable conductor temperature is 65 °C .
f) Conductor outside diameter, D, is 1.108 in.
g) Conductor ac resistance, R (Tc), is:
R (20 °C) = 2.177 x 10 -5 Ω /ft
R (75 °C) = 2.648 x 10 -5 Ω /ft
h) The line runs in an East-West direction.
i) Latitude is 30°N.
j) Atmosphere is clear.
k) Average sun altitude, Hc, between 10:00 am and 12:00 noon.
B.2 Calculation: -
The natural convection heat loss is calculated by means of equation (1):
Convected heat loss, qc = 0.283ρ 0.5
f D
0.75
(Tc − Ta )1.25 W/ft ---------------------------- (1)
Where,
Conductor diameter, D =1.108 in
Ambient temperature, Ta =40o C
Conductor temperature, Tc =65o C
Air film temperature (°C) T film = (Tc + Ta)/2 = 52.5 °C

Density of air, ρ f =0.06775 lb/ft3 (from Table1 of IEEE Std. 738 at 52.5 o C)
Therefore, substituting the above values in equation (1) gives, qc = 4.48 W/ft
Since the wind velocity is greater than 0 ft/s, the forced convection heat loss for
perpendicular wind is calculated according to both equations (2) and (3) corrected
for wind direction, and compared to the natural convection heat loss. The larger of
the heat losses due to both natural and forced convection is then used in
calculating the thermal rating:
  D ρ f VW 
0.52

qc1 = 1.01 + 0.371   k f (Tc − Ta ) ---------------------------- (2)
  µf 
   
0.6
 D ρ f VW 
qc 2 = 0.1695 
 µf  k f (Tc − Ta ) ----------------------------- (3)
 
Where,
D = 1.108 in
Velocity of air stream, VW = (2 ft/s) · 3600 (s/h)
Tc =65o C
Ta =40o C
Absolute viscosity of air,
µf = 0.04775 lb/h (ft) (Table1 of IEEE Std. 738 at 52.5 °C)
Density of air, ρ f =0.06775 lb/ft3 (from Table1 of IEEE Std. 738 at 52.5 o C)
Thermal conductivity of air at temperature,
kf = 0.00858 W/ft (°C) (from Table1 of IEEE Std. 738 a t 52.5 °C)
Therefore, substituting the above values in equation (2) and (3), gives
qc1 = 10.421 W/ft
qc2 = 9.837 W/ft
Therefore, qc= 10.421 W/ft of conductor
Since the wind is perpendicular to the axis of the conductor, the wind direction
multiplier, Kangle, is 1.0, and the forced convection heat loss is greater than the
natural convection heat loss. Therefore, the forced convection heat loss will be
used in the calculation of thermal rating.

B.3 Radiated heat loss (qr):
 (T + 273)  4  (T + 273) 4 
qr = 0.138 Dε  c  −
a
  ----------------------------- (4)
 100   100  
Where,
D = 1.108 in
∈ = 0.5
Tc = 65 °C
Ta = 40 °C
Radiated heat loss, qr = 2.64 W/ft of conductor
Solar heat gain

qs = α Qs ( sin θ ) A' ----------------------------- (5)
Effective angle of incidence of the sun's rays,
θ = cos −1 ( cos H c ) . ( cos ( Z c − Z1 ) )  ----------------------------- (6)
Where,
Solar absorptivity, α = 0.5
Projected area of conductor, A' =D/2= 0.092 ft
From Table 2 of IEEE Std. 738 at 30° North latitude :

Altitude of sun, Hc at 10:00 am = 62°
Hc at 12:00 noon = 83°
Hc at 11:00 am = (83°+62°)/2 = 72.5°
Azimuth of sun, Zc at 10:00 am = 98°

Zc at 12:00 noon = 180°
Zc at 11:00 am = (98°+180°)/2 = 139°
From Table 3 of IEEE Std. 738, Hc = 72.5° with a clear atmosphere:

By interpolation, Qs= 95.2 W/ft
Azimuth of line, Zl=90° or 270°
From equation (5), qs= 4.293 W/ft of conductor

From equation (6), θ =78.62°

B.4 Resistance at 65° C
 R(75) − R(20) 
R(65)=R(20)+  ( 65 − 20 )
 75 − 20 
= 2.313 x 10–5 Ω /ft
B.5 Steady-state thermal rating
qc + qr − qs
The steady state thermal loading is given by, I = ---------------------- (7)
R ( 65 )
qc = 10.421 W/ft of conductor

qr = 2.64 W/ft of conductor
qs= 4.293 W/ft of conductor
R (65) =2.313 x 10–5 Ω /ft
From equation (7), I = 615.7 A.
In general, the transmission line loading is a function of the following factors:

i) Conductor type
ii) Line length
iii) Weather conditions
The weather conditions that mainly impact the loading are the ambient temperature and
the wind velocities. Though, the ambient temperature is directly related to the wind flow
velocities, calculation have been made with varying wind velocity with constant ambient
temperature and are presented in Table B1 for Zebra and Panther conductors. It is
observed that with raise in wind speed, the ampacity of Zebra conductor would increase
by an average of 50A for 0.5m.sec increase in wind speed. Further, it is noted that wind
turbine would operate only with the wind speed above 4m/sec.

Table-B1: Conductor ampacity variation with wind velocity
Conductor age< 1yr;Ambient temp: 40oC;Final temp:65oC
Conductor ampacity (A)

Wind speed (m/s) ACSR Zebra conductor Panther conductor
0.5 687.43 439.91
1.0 793.69 509.64
1.5 876.81 557.75
2.0 945.79 601.88
2.5 1004.06 639.44
3.0 1054.96 672.23
3.5 1100.43 701.51
4.0 1141.71 728.08
Further, the relation between conductor ampacity and ambient temperature mentioned in
CBIP Technical Report 77 of May 1991 is furnished in Table B2 [2].
Table-B2: Conductor ampacity variation with ambient temperature
ACSR Zebra (54/3.18mm AL + 7/3.18 mm Steel); Region-Northern;

Max design temperature -60,65,67 and 75 oC; conductor age : upto one year
Ambient Ampacity(A) Ampacity(A) Ampacity(A) Ampacity(A)
Temperature(oC) 60 oC 65 oC 67 oC 75 oC
0.0 1090.3 1126.5 1140.5 1193.5
2.5 1067.8 1105.2 1119.5 1174.8
5.0 1044.9 1083.4 1098.4 1155.0
7.5 1021.4 1061.4 1076.8 1134.9
10.0 952.0 998.3 1013.1 1078.0
12.5 897.8 945.5 963.6 1030.5
15.0 839.4 891.2 910.5 982.4
17.5 784.9 840.7 861.8 963.1
20.0 766.2 823.4 844.8 947.8
22.5 708.9 771.3 794.4 903.6
25.0 658.3 724.1 749.1 864.1
27.5 604.0 701.2 728.0 826.6
30.0 541.7 647.5 677.2 783.2
32.5 503.8 596.1 628.7 742.6
35.0 495.0 588.9 622.0 737.3
37.5 378.6 495.6 535.1 667.4
40.0 352.2 477.6 518.6 654.3


Max design temperature -60,65,67 and 75 oC; conductor age : one to ten years
0.0 1147.8 1187.4 1202.8 1261.2
2.5 1124.8 1165.5 1181.1 1241.5
5.0 1101.2 1143.1 1159.4 1221.4
7.5 1076.9 1120.4 1137.2 1200.7
10.0 1003.8 1051.8 1070.0 1138.9
12.5 948.8 998.5 1018.2 1091.3
15.0 885.4 941.4 962.5 1040.9
17.5 828.1 888.5 911.1 1018.2
20.0 809.0 870.8 894.0 1002.7
22.5 748.7 816.2 841.2 956.4
25.0 693.8 768.7 793.8 915.2
27.5 639.2 740.5 769.0 876.0
30.0 571.1 694.1 716.2 830.5
32.5 530.6 630.1 685.2 788.3
35.0 522.4 623.2 658.8 783.0
37.5 397.2 524.7 567.2 709.5
40.0 371.9 506.2 550.3 696.2

Max design temperature -60,65,67 and 75 oC; conductor age : beyond ten years
0.0 1168.3 1207.0 1222.6 1282.8
2.5 1143.1 1184.9 1201.0 1263.0
5.0 1119.3 1162.3 1179.1 1242.8
7.5 1094.8 1139.4 1156.7 1221.9
10.0 1022.3 1071.4 1090.1 1160.6
12.5 965.7 1018.4 1038.5 1113.3
15.0 904.6 961.7 983.2 1063.3
17.5 847.7 909.1 932.2 1040.4
20.0 828.1 891.0 914.6 1024.5
22.5 768.3 836.7 862.2 978.4
25.0 713.5 787.5 814.9 937.3
27.5 659.5 760.9 790.7 898.2
30.0 594.2 704.9 737.3 853.0
32.5 551.9 651.3 686.6 810.8
35.0 542.1 643.2 679.9 804.6
37.5 420.5 546.63 589.0 732
40.0 394.3 527.1 571.1 717.9

ACSR Moose (54/3.53mm AL + 7/3.53 mm Steel); Region-Northern;

0.0 1259.0 1301.8 1316.0 1379.8
2.5 1234.0 1277.2 1293.6 1357.6
5.0 1207.5 1252.1 1269.4 1335.1
7.5 1180.3 1226.7 1244.6 1311.8
10.0 1098.3 1149.7 1169.3 1242.3
12.5 1034.5 1089.9 1110.9 1188.7
15.0 965.5 1025.9 1048.3 1132.0
17.5 901.2 968.3 990.6 1080.2
20.0 880.0 948.7 971.6 1045.6
22.5 812.3 885.2 912.2 1011.0
25.0 750.3 829.7 858.9 964.4
27.5 689.2 775.9 807.4 920.3
30.0 914.6 711.7 746.4 868.8
32.5 541.1 650.4 688.5 821.1
35.0 534.5 645.0 683.6 817.1
37.5 384.9 530.1 577.3 732.6
40.0 358.4 511.7 560.5 719.5

Max design temperature -60,65,67 and 75 oC; conductor age : one to ten years
o
Temperature( C) 60 oC 65 oC 67 oC 75 oC
0.0 1328.6 1374.5 1392.2 1460.3
2.5 1302.0 1349.3 1367.5 1437.6
5.0 1274.7 1323.4 1342.4 1414.4
7.5 1246.8 1297.3 1316.8 1390.5
10.0 1160.3 1216.2 1237.5 1317.5
12.5 1093.2 1153.4 1176.3 1261.5
15.0 1020.7 1086.1 1110.6 1202.1
17.5 953.1 1023.7 1050.1 1148.0
20.0 931.4 1003.7 1030.7 1130.9
22.5 860.3 939.2 968.5 1076.1
25.0 795.3 881.1 912.7 1027.5
27.5 731.2 824.5 858.9 961.4
30.0 652.9 757.5 795.0 927.6
32.5 575.7 693.3 734.4 900.8
35.0 569.4 688.1 729.7 874.0
37.5 412.3 567.5 618.1 785.4
40.0 384.9 548.4 600.8 771.9


Max design temperature -60,65,67 and 75 oC; conductor age : beyond ten year
0.0 1350.7 1397.9 1418.1 1488.2
2.5 1323.9 1372.4 1391.1 1483.3
5.0 1296.4 1346.4 1365.8 1439.9
7.5 1268.1 1319.9 1340.0 1415.6
10.0 1182.4 1239.5 1261.4 1343.5
12.5 1115.7 1177.2 1200.6 1287.8
15.0 1043.8 1110.4 1135.4 1228.9
17.5 976.7 1048.5 1075.4 1175.2
20.0 954.4 1027.9 1055.4 1157.5
22.5 883.9 963.9 993.7 1103.1
25.0 819.3 906.1 938.1 1054.7
27.5 755.7 850.1 884.6 1008.8
30.0 678.5 783.5 821.2 955.3
32.5 602.5 719.6 761.2 905.8
35.0 594.3 613.6 754.9 900.7
37.5 443.2 595.4 645.8 813.5
40.0 414.6 575.0 627.1 798.9
ACSR Bersimis (42/4.57 mm AL + 7/2.54 mm Steel); Region-Northern;

o
0.0 1498.6 1548.7 1568.0 1641.7
2.5 1467.9 1519.5 1539.3 1615.4
5.0 1436.5 1489.7 1510.4 1588.6
7.5 1404.2 1459.5 1480.8 1561.0
10.0 1304.6 1365.9 1389.3 1476.5
12.5 1227.1 1293.4 1318.6 1411.7
15.0 1143.4 1215.6 1242.6 1342.8
17.5 1065.3 1143.5 1172.7 1280.2
20.0 1040.6 1120.6 1150.5 1260.6
22.5 958.4 1046.1 1078.5 1197.1
25.0 883.2 978.8 1014.0 1140.9
27.5 809.0 913.7 951.7 1087.6
30.0 718.0 835.7 877.6 1025.3
32.5 627.9 761.1 807.4 967.7
35.0 622.1 756.4 803.1 964.2
37.5 434.8 614.6 672.3 860.9
40.0 404.2 593.9 653.5 846.3


Max design temperature -60,65,67 and 75 oC; conductor age : one to ten year
0.0 1583.1 1638.0 1659.2 1740.6
2.5 1551.5 1608.0 1629.7 1713.6
5.0 1519.0 1577.2 1599.9 1686.0
7.5 1485.8 1546.1 1569.4 1657.6
10.0 1380.8 1447.6 1473.2 1569.0
12.5 1299.5 1371.6 1399.0 1501.2
15.0 1211.4 1289.9 1319.4 1429.2
17.5 1129.5 1214.3 1246.1 1363.7
20.0 1104.1 1190.9 1223.4 1343.7
22.5 1017.8 1112.8 1148.1 1277.4
25.0 938.9 1042.4 1060.5 1218.7
27.5 861.2 974.3 1015.5 1163.1
30.0 765.8 892.6 937.9 1098.1
32.5 671.5 814.6 864.5 1037.0
35.0 665.8 810.0 860.3 1034.5
37.5 470.1 661.7 723.4 926.5
40.0 438.3 640.7 703.9 911.4

Max design temperature -60,65,67 and 75 oC; conductor age : beyond ten years
o
0.0 1610.2 1666.7 1688.5 1772.3
2.5 1578.3 1636.4 1658.5 1745.1
5.0 1545.6 1605.4 1628.7 1717.3
7.5 1512.0 1537.9 1597.9 1688.8
10.0 1407.9 1476.3 1502.5 1600.8
12.5 1327.1 1400.8 1428.9 1533.5
15.0 1239.8 1319.8 1349.9 1462.1
17.5 1158.5 1244.8 1277.2 1397.2
20.0 1132.4 1220.7 1253.8 1376.5
22.5 1046.9 1143.2 1179.0 1310.7
25.0 968.7 1073.3 1111.9 1252.2
27.5 891.6 1005.6 1047.2 1196.9
30.0 797.6 924.8 970.4 1132.3
32.5 705.0 847.6 897.7 1072.4
35.0 696.9 841.0 891.6 1067.3
37.5 509.5 696.6 757.9 961.3
40.0 476.3 693.3 736.7 944.8

References:
[1] IEEE Std 738-1993 “IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature
Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors”, by Transmission and Distribution
Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society.
[2] S.K.Sonee, “Assessment of Transfer Capability in the Indian Bulk Electric
Power System”, GSIOAR07, 8th – 9th August 2007, IT-BHU, Varanasi.

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Draft Report

Indian Wind Grid Code

Centre for Wind Energy Technology

Power Research and Development

Purchase Order No: C-WET/R&D/Grid Code/PR&DC/2008-09, Dated 03/03/2009

Document ref PRDC/2009-2010/C-WET/831 Signature Date

Mr. Sarasij Das

Reviewed by Mr. V. Venkata Subba Rao

Approved by Dr. K. Balaraman

Power Research and Development consultants (PRDC) Pvt. Ltd 1

The following are the members of the Technical Working Group:

Power Research and Development consultants (PRDC) Pvt. Ltd 2

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1.3 Structure of the IWGC

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1.6 Glossary and definitions

Grid substation The substation to which the wind farm is connected.

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Inter State Inter-State Transmission System includes

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WTG Wind turbine Generator

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ROLE OF VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR

Chapter 2 of IEGC shall be followed.

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PLANNING CODE FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

3.4 Planning policy

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National Electricity Plan formulated by Central Government, perspective

3.5 Planning criterion

ii) System Light Load with High Wind Generation

iii) Local Light Load with High Wind Generation

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For scenarios mentioned in IWGC section-3.5.1, the “High Wind Generation”

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- Transmission conductor characteristics

3.5.2 Contingency study

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b) Outage of a 220 kV D/C line or,

3.5.4 Reactive power compensation

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3.6 Planning data

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CONNECTION CODE FOR WIND FARMS

4.4 Procedure for connection

4.5 Connection agreement

4.6 Technical requirements to be met at grid connection point of wind farms

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4.6.1 Transmission system voltage requirements

Table 4.1: Voltage withstand limits for wind farms

4.6.1.3 Voltage unbalance

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Connection of a WTG to an unbalanced system will cause negative phase

Wind farms shall be able to withstand voltage unbalance limits specified in

Table 4.2: Voltage unbalance limits

Voltage level (kV) Unbalance (%)

4.6.2 Reactive power capability of wind farms

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410 238 141 117

400 220 132 110

380 215 128 105

360 200 120 96.25

0.95 0.98 1.0