Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B31 Code for pressure piping, developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers -
ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation
Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat
Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as
ANSI B31.
Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes minimum
requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power
and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial
institutional plants, central and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high
pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15
PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or
temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1,
but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas
piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).
Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and
hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in
petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and
cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication,
assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to
piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2)
petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants;
and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages
within a packaged equipment assembly.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the
pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and
supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure
containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings,
buildings stanchions or foundations
Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the
scope of this Code are:
• (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous
ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump
stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps,
strainers, and prover loop;
• (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe
and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities;
• (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property
which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural
gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants;
• (D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems
relating to the safety and protection of the general public, operating company
personnel, environment, property and the piping systems.
This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly,
erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary
coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on
the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following
paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for
refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions.
• (a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters
Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
• (b) water piping;
• (c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi
(105 kPa) regardless of size; or
• (d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps,
but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the
first joint adjacent to such apparatus.
This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline
facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the
operation and maintenance of those facilities.
This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and
that transport gas.
Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported,
including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering
stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all
pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as
defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and implement an
effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and
processes.
The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline
system.
This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and
public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes,
pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation,
inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes
piping systems in the building or within the property limits.
Sponsored Links
Related Topics
• Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA,
API, AWWA, BS, ISO, DIN and more...
• Pressure Ratings Pressure ratings of pipes and tubes and their fittings - carbon
steel , stainless steel, plastic, copper and more
Related Documents
• ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME is one of the leading
organizations in the world developing codes and standards
• ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits The working pressure
and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 - Building Services Piping
• ASME - Performance Test Codes The ASME Performance Test Codes provide
standard directions and rules for conducting and reporting tests
• Slurry Transport and Minimum Flow Velocity Settling of solids in slurry
transport pipes or tubes can be avoided with flow velocities above certain levels
• ASTM A106, API 5L and ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes - Pressure
and Temperature Ratings Pressure (kPa) and temperature (oC) ratings of ASTM
A106, API 5L and ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes - temperatures
ranging -29 oC - 450 oC
• Condensing water
• Water for heating and cooling
• Steam and condensate
• Vacuum
• Compressed air and nontoxic nonflammable gases
The working pressure and temperature limits of B31.9 can be summarized to:
ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, and 250 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
covers:
This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150, and 300 provides
requirements for the following:
• (a) pressure-temperature ratings
• (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings
• (c) marking
• (d) materials
• (e) dimensions and tolerances
• (f) threading
• (g) coatings
This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings, Classes 125 and 250 covers:
The ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressure-
temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of
designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings.
The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900,
1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric
and U.S units. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or
forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged,
or plate materials. Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations
regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints.
This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for
wrought factory-made buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through
1200).
This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves, and
center-to face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. Its purpose is to assure
installation interchangeability for valves of a given material, type size, rating class, and
end connection
This Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material requirements
for forged fittings, both socket-welding and threaded.
This Standard for Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads covers:
This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe
fittings. Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings,
and caps. This Standard covers:
This Standard for cast copper alloy solder joint pressure fittings designed for use with
copper water tube, establishes requirements for:
This standard covers materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal ring-joint
gaskets, spiral-wound metal gaskets, and metal jacketed gaskets and filler material. These
gaskets are dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange
standards ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME B16.47, and API-6A. This standard covers spiral-
wound metal gaskets and metal jacketed gaskets for use with raised face and flat face
flanges. Replaces API-601 or API-601.
This Standard for nonmetallic flat gaskets for bolted flanged joints in piping includes:
The Standard establishes specifications for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy,
solder-joint, seamless fittings, designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to
ASTM B 88 (water and general plumbing systems), B 280 (air conditioning and
refrigeration service), and B 819 (medical gas systems), as well as fittings intended to be
assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, brazing materials
conforming to AWS A5.8, or with tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1.
This Standard is allied with ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure
fittings. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. This Standard
covers:
The Standard establishes specifications for cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings,
designed for use in drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems. These fittings are designed for
use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube
(DWV), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming
to ASTM B 32, or tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This standard is
allied with ASME B16.29, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint
Drainage Fittings - DWV. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering.
This standard covers:
• (a) description;
• (b) pitch (slope);
• (c) abbreviations for end connections;
• (d) sizes and methods for designing openings for reducing fittings;
• (e) marking;
• (f) material; and
• (g) dimensions and tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.24 - 1991 (R1998) - Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and
Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, 250, and 800 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings covers:
ASME/ANSI B16.26 - 1988 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper
Tubes
This standard for Cast Copper Alloy Fitting for Flared Copper Tubes covers:
This Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for
wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns. The term
wrought denotes fittings made of pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings.
The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings,
designed for use with copper drainage tube, covers:
• (a) Description,
• (b) Pitch (slope),
• (c) Abbreviations for End Connections,
• (d) Sizes and Method of Designating Openings for Reducing Fittings,
• (e) Marking,
• (f) Material,
• (g) Dimensions and Tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.33 - 1990 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for
Use in Gas Piping Systems Up to 125 psig
General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes
NPS 1.2 through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the
gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge
pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). The Standard applies
to valves operated in a temperature environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees
F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). Design This Standard sets forth the minimum
capabilities, characteristics, and properties, which a valve at the time of manufacture
must possess, in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems.
This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings,
dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and
marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or
flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. Wafer or
flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed between flanges or
against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves.
This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that have orifice
pressure differential connections. Coverage is limited to the following:
• (a) welding neck flanges Classes 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500
• (b) slip-on and threaded Class 300
The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2
through 12 having the inlet and outlet on a common center line, which are suitable for
controlling the flow of gas from open to fully closed, for use in distribution and service
lines where the maximum gage pressure at which such distribution piping systems may
be operated in accordance with the code of federal regulations (cfr), title 49, part 192,
transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline; minimum safety standard, does not
exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Valve seats, seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic.
• (a) design
• (b) pressure-temperature ratings
• (c) size
• (d) marking
• (e) materials
• (f) joints and seats
• (g) threads
• (h) hydrostatic strength
• (i) tensile strength
• (j) air pressure test
• (k) sampling
• (l) coatings
• (m) dimensions
The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1.2 through
6 (as shown in Table 5). These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic
distribution mains and service lines. The maximum pressure at which such distribution
piping systems may be operated is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation
(CFR) Title 49, Part 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Minimum
Safety Standards, for temperature ranges of .20 deg. F to 100 deg. F (.29 deg. C to 38
deg. C). This Standard sets qualification requirements for each nominal valve size for
each valve design as a necessary condition for demonstrating conformance to this
Standard. This Standard sets requirements for newly manufactured valves for use in
below ground piping systems for natural gas [includes synthetic natural gas (SNG)], and
liquefied petroleum (LP) gases (distributed as a vapor, with or without the admixture of
air) or mixtures thereof.
The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe
flanges and flanged fittings. The requirements covered are as follows:
This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually
operated metallic valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as
gas shutoff valves when installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the
inlet connection to a gas appliance.
The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating, one-pipe Solvent
drainage systems, covers the following:
• (a) description
• (b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings
• (c) marking
• (d) material
• (e) pitch
• (f) design
• (g) dimensions and tolerances
• (h) tests
This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection
requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled
chemistry and mechanical properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or
without tangents. This Standard covers induction bends for transportation and distribution
piping applications (e.g., ASME B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11) Process and power piping
have differing requirements and materials that may not be appropriate for the restrictions
and examinations described herein, and therefore are not included in this Standard.
Covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for
high and low temperatures and pressures.
The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes, diameters, wall thickness,
working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36.10 Welded and
Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe.
Regardless of schedule number, pipes of a particular size all have the same outside
diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). As the schedule number increases,
the wall thickness increases, and the actual bore is reduced. For example:
• A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches
(114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.237 inches (6.02 mm), giving a bore of 4.026
inches (102.26 mm)
• A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches
( 114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.337 inches (8.56 mm), giving a bore of 3.826
inches (97.18 mm).
Regardless of schedule number, pipes of a particular size all have the same outside
diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). As the schedule number increases,
the wall thickness increases, and the actual bore is reduced. For example:
• A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches
(114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.237 inches (6.02 mm), giving a bore of 4.026
inches (102.26 mm)
• A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches
( 114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.337 inches (8.56 mm), giving a bore of 3.826
inches (97.18 mm)
• Area of Metal, Transverse Internal Area, Moment of Inertia, Weight Pipe, Weight
Water, External Surface, Elastic Section Modulus
Identification
Wall Inside
Outside Steel Stainless
Pipe Size Thickness Diameter
Diameter Steel
(inches) Iron Pipe Schedule -t- -d-
(inches) Schedule
Size No. (inches) (inches)
No.
. . 10S .049 .307
1/8 0.405 STD 40 40S .068 .269
XS 80 80S .095 .215
. . 10S .065 .410
1/4 0.540 STD 40 40S .088 .364
XS 80 80S .119 .302
3/8 0.675 . . 10S .065 .545
STD 40 40S .091 .493
XS 80 80S .126 .423
. . 5S .065 .710
. . 10S .083 .674
STD 40 40S .109 .622
1/2 0.840
XS 80 80S .147 .546
. 160 . .187 .466
XXS . . .294 .252
. . 5S .065 .920
. . 10S .083 .884
STD 40 40S .113 .824
3/4
1.050 XS 80 80S .154 .742
. 160 . .219 .612
XXS . . .308 .434
. . 5S .065 1.185
. . 10S .109 1.097
STD 40 40S .133 1.049
1 1.315
XS 80 80S .179 .957
. 160 . .250 .815
XXS . . .358 .599
. . 5S .065 1.530
. . 10S .109 1.442
STD 40 40S .140 1.380
1 1/4 1.660
XS 80 80S .191 1.278
. 160 . .250 1.160
XXS . . .382 .896
. . 5S .065 1.770
. . 10S .109 1.682
STD 40 40S .145 1.610
1 1/2 1.900
XS 80 80S .200 1.500
. 160 . .281 1.338
XXS . . .400 1.100
. . 5S .065 2.245
. . 10S .109 2.157
STD 40 40S .154 2.067
2 2.375
XS 80 80S .218 1.939
. 160 . .344 1.687
XXS . . .436 1.503
. . 5S .083 2.709
. . 10S .120 2.635
STD 40 40S .203 2.469
2 1/2 2.875
XS 80 80S .276 2.323
. 160 . .375 2.125
XXS . . .552 1.771
3 3.500 . . 5S .083 3.334
. . 10S .120 3.260
STD 40 40S .216 3.068
XS 80 80S .300 2.900
. 160 . .438 2.624
XXS . . .600 2.300
. . 5S .083 3.834
. . 10S .120 3.760
3 1/2 4.000
STD 40 40S .226 3.548
XS 80 80S .318 3.364
. . 5S .083 4.334
. . 10S .120 4.260
STD 40 40S .237 4.026
4 4.500 XS 80 80S .337 3.826
. 120 . .438 3.624
. 160 . .531 3.438
XXS . . .674 3.152
. . 5S .109 5.345
. . 10S .134 5.295
STD 40 40S .258 5.047
5 5.563 XS 80 80S .375 4.813
. 120 . .500 4.563
. 160 . .625 4.313
XXS . . .750 4.063
. . 5S .109 6.407
. . 10S .134 6.357
STD 40 40S .280 6.065
6 6.625 XS 80 80S .432 5.761
. 120 . .562 5.501
. 160 . .718 5.187
XXS . . .864 4.897
. . 5S .109 8.407
. . 10S .148 8.329
. 20 . .250 8.125
. 30 . .277 8.071
STD 40 40S .322 7.981
. 60 . .406 7.813
8 8.625
XS 80 80S .500 7.625
. 100 . .594 7.437
. 120 . .719 7.187
. 140 . .812 7.001
XXS . . .875 6.875
. 160 . .906 6.813
10 10.750 . . 5S .134 10.482
. . 10S .165 10.420
. 20 . .250 10.250
. 30 . .307 10.136
STD 40 40S .365 10.020
XS 60 80S .500 9.750
. 80 . .594 9.562
. 100 . .719 9.312
. 120 . .844 9.062
. 140 . 1.000 8.750
. 160 . 1.125 8.500
. . 5S .156 12.438
. . 10S .180 12.390
. 20 . .250 12.250
. 30 . .330 12.090
STD . 40S .375 12.000
. 40 . .406 11.938
12 12.75 XS . 80S .500 11.750
. 60 . .562 11.626
. 80 . .688 11.374
. 100 . .844 11.062
. 120 . 1.000 10.750
. 140 . 1.125 10.500
. 160 . 1.312 10.126
. . 5S 156 13.688
. . 10S .188 13.624
. 10 . .250 13.500
. 20 . .312 13.376
STD 30 . .375 13.250
. 40 . .438 13.124
14 14.00 XS . . .500 13.000
. 60 . .594 12.812
. 80 . .750 12.500
. 100 . .938 12.124
. 120 . 1.094 11.812
. 140 . 1.250 11.500
.. 160 . 1.406 11.188
16 16.00 . . 5S .165 15.670
. . 10S .188 15.624
. 10 . .250 15.500
. 20 . .312 15.376
STD 30 . .375 15.250
XS 40 . .500 15.000
. 60 . .656 14.688
. 80 . .844 14.312
. 100 . 1.031 13.938
. 120 . 1.219 13.562
. 140 . 1.438 13.124
. 160 . 1.594 12.812
. . 5S .165 17.670
. . 10S .188 17.624
. 10 . .250 17.500
. 20 . .312 17.376
STD . . .375 17.250
. 30 . .438 17.124
XS . . .500 17.000
18 18.00
. 40 . .562 16.876
. 60 . .750 16.500
. 80 . .938 16.124
. 100 . 1.156 15.688
. 120 . 1.375 15.250
. 140 . 1.562 14.876
. 160 . 1.781 14.438
. . 5S .188 19.624
. . 10S .218 19.564
. 10 . .250 19.500
STD 20 . .375 19.250
XS 30 . .500 19.000
. 40 . .594 18.812
20 20.00
. 60 . .812 18.376
. 80 . 1.031 17.938
. 100 . 1.281 17.438
. 120 . 1.500 17.000
. 140 . 1.750 16.500
. 160 . 1.969 16.062
. . 5S .188 21.624
. . 10S .218 21.564
. 10 . .250 21.500
STD 20 . .375 21.250
XS 30 . .500 21.000
22 22.00 . 60 . .875 20.250
. 80 . 1.125 19.75
. 100 . 1.375 19.25
. 120 . 1.625 18.75
. 140 . 1.875 18.25
. 160 . 2.125 17.75
24 24.00 . . 5S .218 23.564
. 10 10S .250 23.500
STD 20 . .375 23.250
XS . . .500 23.000
. 30 . .562 22.876
. 40 . .688 22.624
. 60 . .969 22.062
. 80 . 1.219 21.562
. 100 . 1.531 20.938
. 120 . 1.812 20.376
. 140 . 2.062 19.876
. 160 . 2.344 19.312
. 10 . .312 25.376
26 26.00 STD . . .375 25.250
XS 20 . .500 25.000
. 10 . .312 27.376
STD . . .375 27.250
28 28.00
XS 20 . .500 27.000
. 30 . .625 26.750
. . 5S .250 29.500
. 10 10S .312 29.376
30 30.00 STD . . .375 29.250
XS 20 . .500 29.000
. 30 . .625 28.750
. 10 . .312 31.376
STD . . .375 31.250
32 32.00 XS 20 . .500 31.000
. 30 . .625 30.750
. 40 . .688 30.624
. 10 . .344 33.312
STD . . .375 33.250
34 34.00 XS 20 . .500 33.000
. 30 . .625 32.750
. 40 . .688 32.624
. 10 . .312 35.376
STD . . .375 35.250
36 36.00 XS 20 . .500 35.000
. 30 . .625 34.750
. 40 . .750 34.500
STD . . .375 41.250
XS 20 . .500 41.000
42 42.00
. 30 . .625 40.720
. 40 . .750 40.500
• 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
Pipe Size Area of Transverse Internal Moment Weight Weight External Elastic
Area Surface
of Inertia
Metal Pipe Water (square Section
(inches) (square - a - -A- (pounds (pounds feet per Modulus
-l-
inches) (square (square per foot) per foot) foot of (in3)
inches) feet) (inches4)
pipe)
.0548 .0740 .00051 .00088 .19 .032 .106 .00437
1/8 .0720 .0568 .00040 .00106 .24 .025 .106 .00523
.0925 .0364 .00025 .00122 .31 .016 .106 .00602
.0970 .1320 .00091 .00279 .33 .057 .141 .01032
1/4 .1250 .1041 .00072 .00331 .42 .045 .141 .01227
.1574 .0716 .00050 .00377 .54 .031 .141 .01395
.1246 .2333 .00162 .00586 .42 .101 .178 .01736
3/8 .1670 .1910 .00133 .00729 .57 .083 .178 .02160
.2173 .1405 .00098 .00862 .74 .061 .178 .02554
.1583 .3959 .00275 .01197 .54 .172 .220 .02849
.1974 .3568 .00248 .01431 .67 .155 .220 .03407
.2503 .3040 .00211 .01709 .85 .132 220 .04069
1/2
.3200 .2340 .00163 .02008 1.09 .102 .220 .04780
.3836 .1706 .00118 .02212 1.31 .074 220 .05267
.5043 .050 .00035 .02424 1.71 .022 .220 .05772
.2011 .6648 .00462 .02450 .69 .288 .275 .04667
.2521 .6138 .00426 .02969 .86 .266 .275 .05655
.3326 .5330 .00371 .03704 1.13 .231 .275 .07055
3/4
.4335 .4330 .00300 .04479 1.47 .188 .275 .08531
.5698 .2961 .00206 .05269 1.94 .128 .275 .10036
.7180 .148 .00103 .05792 2.44 .064 .275 .11032
.2553 1.1029 .00766 .04999 .87 .478 .344 .07603
.4130 .9452 .00656 .07569 1.40 .409 .344 .11512
.4939 .8640 .00600 .08734 1.68 .375 .344 .1328
1
.6388 .7190 .00499 .1056 2.17 .312 .344 .1606
.8365 .5217 .00362 .1251 2.84 .230 .344 .1903
1.0760 .282 .00196 .1405 3.66 .122 .344 .2136
.3257 1.839 .01277 .1038 1.11 .797 .435 .1250
.4717 1.633 .01134 .1605 1.81 .708 .435 .1934
.6685 1.495 .01040 .1947 2.27 .649 .435 .2346
1 1/4
.8815 1.283 .00891 .2418 3.00 .555 .435 .2913
1.1070 1.057 .00734 .2839 3.76 .458 .435 .3421
1.534 .630 .00438 .3411 5.21 .273 .435 .4110
.3747 2.461 .01709 .1579 1.28 1.066 .497 .1662
.6133 2.222 .01543 .2468 2.09 .963 .497 .2598
.7995 2.036 .01414 .3099 2.72 .882 .497 .3262
1 1/2
1.068 1.767 .01225 .3912 3.63 .765 .497 .4118
1.429 1.406 .00976 .4824 4.86 .608 .497 .5078
1.885 .950 .00660 .5678 6.41 .42 .497 .5977
.4717 3.958 .02749 .3149 1.61 1.72 .622 .2652
.7760 3.654 .02538 .4992 2.64 1.58 .622 .4204
1.075 3.355 .02330 .6657 3.65 1.45 .622 .5606
2
1.477 2.953 .02050 .8679 5.02 1.28 .622 .7309
2.190 2.241 .01556 1.162 7.46 .97 .622 .979
2.656 1.774 .01232 1.311 9.03 .77 .622 1.104
.7280 5.764 .04002 .7100 2.48 2.50 .753 .4939
1.039 5.453 .03787 .9873 3.53 2.36 .753 .6868
1.704 4.788 .03322 1.530 5.79 2.07 .753 1.064
2 1/2
2.254 4.238 .02942 1.924 7.66 1.87 .753 1.339
2.945 3.546 .02463 2.353 10.01 1.54 .753 1.638
4.028 2.464 .01710 2.871 13.69 1.07 .753 1.997
.8910 8.730 .06063 1.301 3.03 3.78 .916 .7435
1.274 8.347 .05796 1.822 4.33 3.62 .916 1.041
2.228 7.393 .05130 3.017 7.58 3.20 .916 1.724
3
3.016 6.605 .04587 3.894 10.25 2.6 .916 2.225
4.205 5.408 .03755 5.032 14.32 2.35 .916 2.876
5.466 4.155 .02885 5.993 18.58 1.80 .916 3.424
1.021 11.545 .08017 1.960 3.48 5.00 1.047 .9799
1.463 11.104 .07711 2.755 4.97 4.81 1.047 1.378
3 1/2
2.680 9.886 .06870 4.788 9.11 4.29 1.047 2.394
3.678 8.888 .06170 6.280 12.50 3.84 1.047 3.140
1.152 14.75 .10245 2.810 3.92 6.39 1.178 1.249
1.651 14.25 .09898 3.963 5.61 6.18 1.178 1.761
3.174 12.73 .08840 7.233 10.79 5.50 1.178 3.214
4 4.407 11.50 .07986 9.610 14.98 4.98 1.178 4.271
5.595 10.31 .0716 11.65 19.0 4.47 1.178 5.178
6.621 9.28 .0645 13.27 22.51 4.02 1.178 5.898
8.101 7.80 .0542 15.28 27.54 3.38 1.178 6.791
1.868 22.44 .1558 6.947 6.36 9.72 1.456 2.498
2.285 22.02 .1529 8.425 7.77 9.54 1.456 3.029
4.300 20.01 .1390 15.16 14.62 8.67 1.456 5.451
5 6.112 18.19 .1263 20.67 20.78 7.88 1.456 7.431
7.953 16.35 .1136 25.73 27.04 7.09 1.456 9.250
9.696 14.61 .1015 30.03 32.96 6.33 1.456 10.796
11.340 12.97 .0901 33.63 38.55 5.61 1.456 12.090
2.231 32.24 .2239 11.85 7.60 13.97 1.734 3.576
2.733 31.74 .2204 14.40 9.29 13.75 1.734 4.346
5.581 28.89 .2006 28.14 18.97 12.51 1.734 8.496
6 8.405 26.07 .1810 40.49 28.57 11.29 1.734 12.22
10.70 23.77 .1650 49.61 36.39 10.30 1.734 14.98
13.32 21.15 .1469 58.97 45.35 9.16 1.734 17.81
15.64 18.84 .1308 66.33 53.16 8.16 1.734 20.02
8 2.916 55.51 .3855 26.44 9.93 24.06 2.258 6.131
3.941 54.48 .3784 35.41 13.40 23.61 2.258 8.212
6.57 51.85 .3601 57.72 22.36 22.47 2.258 13.39
7.26 51.16 .3553 63.35 24.70 22.17 2.258 14.69
8.40 50.03 .3474 72.49 28.55 21.70 2.258 16.81
10.48 47.94 .3329 88.73 35.64 20.77 2.258 20.58
12.76 45.66 .3171 105.7 43.39 19.78 2.258 24.51
14.96 43.46 .3018 121.3 50.95 18.83 2.258 28.14
17.84 40.59 .2819 140.5 60.71 17.59 2.258 32.58
19.93 38.50 .2673 153.7 67.76 16.68 2.258 35.65
21.30 37.12 .2578 162.0 72.42 16.10 2.258 37.56
21.97 36.46 .2532 165.9 74.69 15.80 2.258 38.48
4.36 86.29 .5992 63.0 15.19 37.39 2.814 11.71
5.49 85.28 .5922 76.9 18.65 36.95 2.814 14.30
8.24 82.52 .5731 113.7 28.04 35.76 2.814 21.15
10.07 80.69 .5603 137.4 34.24 34.96 2.814 25.57
11.90 78.86 .5475 160.7 40.48 34.20 2.814 29.90
10 16.10 74.66 .5185 212.0 54.74 32.35 2.814 39.43
18.92 71.84 .4989 244.8 64.43 31.13 2.814 45.54
22.63 68.13 .4732 286.1 77.03 29.53 2.814 53.22
26.24 64.53 .4481 324.2 89.29 27.96 2.814 60.32
30.63 60.13 .4176 367.8 104.13 26.06 2.814 68.43
34.02 56.75 .3941 399.3 115.64 24.59 2.814 74.29
6.17 121.50 .8438 122.4 20.98 52.65 3.338 19.2
7.11 120.57 .8373 140.4 24.17 52.25 3.338 22.0
9.82 117.86 .8185 191.8 33.38 51.07 3.338 30.2
12.87 114.80 .7972 248.4 43.77 49.74 3.338 39.0
14.58 113.10 .7854 279.3 49.56 49.00 3.338 43.8
15.77 111.93 .7773 300.3 53.52 48.50 3.338 47.1
12 19.24 108.43 .7528 361.5 65.42 46.92 3.338 56.7
21.52 106.16 .7372 400.4 73.15 46.00 3.338 62.8
26.03 101.64 .7058 475.1 88.63 44.04 3.338 74.6
31.53 96.14 .6677 561.6 107.32 41.66 3.338 88.1
36.91 90.76 .6303 641.6 125.49 39.33 3.338 100.7
41.08 86.59 .6013 700.5 139.67 37.52 3.338 109.9
47.14 80.53 .5592 781.1 160.27 34.89 3.338 122.6
14 6.78 147.15 1.0219 162.6 23.07 63.77 3.665 23.2
8.16 145.78 1.0124 194.6 27.73 63.17 3.665 27.8
10.80 143.14 .9940 255.3 36.71 62.03 3.665 36.6
13.42 140.52 .9758 314.4 45.61 60.89 3.665 45.0
16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.2
18.66 135.28 .9394 429.1 63.44 58.64 3.665 61.3
21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.1
24.98 128.96 .8956 562.3 85.05 55.86 3.665 80.3
31.22 122.72 .8522 678.3 106.13 53.18 3.665 98.2
38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.85 50.04 3.665 117.8
44.32 109.62 .7612 929.6 150.79 47.45 3.665 132.8
50.07 103.87 .7213 1027.0 170.28 45.01 3.665 146.8
55.63 98.31 .6827 1117.0 189.11 42.60 3.665 159.6
8.21 192.85 1.3393 257.3 27.90 83.57 4.189 32.2
9.34 191.72 1.3314 291.9 31.75 83.08 4.189 36.5
12.37 188.69 1.3103 383.7 42.05 81.74 4.189 48.0
15.38 185.69 1.2895 473.2 52.27 80.50 4.189 59.2
18.41 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.3
24.35 176.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.5
16
31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.6
40.14 160.92 1.175 1155.8 136.61 69.73 4.189 144.5
48.48 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.82 66.12 4.189 170.5
56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.8 192.43 62.62 4.189 194.5
65.78 135.28 .9394 1760.3 223.64 58.64 4.189 220.0
72.10 128.96 .8956 1893.5 245.25 55.83 4.189 236.7
9.25 245.22 1.7029 367.6 31.43 106.26 4.712 40.8
10.52 243.95 1.6941 417.3 35.76 105.71 4.712 46.4
13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.1
17.34 237.13 1.6467 678.2 58.94 102.77 4.712 75.5
20.76 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 101.18 4.712 89.6
24.17 230.30 1.5990 930.3 82.15 99.84 4.712 103.4
27.49 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 93.45 98.27 4.712 117.0
18
30.79 223.68 1.5533 1171.5 104.67 96.93 4.712 130.1
40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 4.712 168.3
50.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.92 88.50 4.712 203.8
61.17 193.30 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.76 4.712 242.3
71.81 182.66 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 4.712 277.6
80.66 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.22 75.32 4.712 305.5
90.75 163.72 1.1369 3020.0 308.50 70.88 4.712 335.6
11.70 302.46 2.1004 574.2 39.78 131.06 5.236 57.4
13.55 300.61 2.0876 662.8 46.06 130.27 5.236 66.3
15.51 298.65 2.0740 765.4 52.73 129.42 5.236 75.6
23.12 290.04 2.0142 1113.0 78.60 125.67 5.236 111.3
30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.7
36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 123.11 120.46 5.236 170.4
20
48.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225.7
61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.1
75.33 238.83 1.6585 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.5
87.18 226.98 1.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.5
100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.09 92.66 5.236 421.7
111.49 202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.17 87.74 5.236 458.5
22 12.88 367.25 2.5503 766.2 43.80 159.14 5.760 69.7
14.92 365.21 2.5362 884.8 50.71 158.26 5.760 80.4
17.08 363.05 2.5212 1010.3 58.07 157.32 5.760 91.8
25.48 354.66 2.4629 1489.7 86.61 153.68 5.760 135.4
33.77 346.36 2.4053 1952.5 114.81 150.09 5.760 117.5
58.07 322.06 2.2365 3244.9 197.41 139.56 5.760 295.0
73.78 306.35 2.1275 4030.4 250.81 132.76 5.760 366.4
89.09 291.04 2.0211 4758.5 302.88 126.12 5.760 432.6
104.02 276.12 1.9175 5432.0 353.61 119.65 5.760 493.8
118.55 261.59 1.8166 6053.7 403.00 113.36 5.760 550.3
132.68 247.45 1.71840 6626.4 451.06 107.23 5.760 602.4
16.29 436.10 3.0285 1151.6 55.37 188.98 6.283 96.0
18.65 433.74 3.0121 1315.4 63.41 187.95 6.283 109.6
27.83 424.56 2.9483 1942.0 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.9
36.91 415.48 2.8853 2549.5 125.49 179.87 6.283 212.5
41.39 411.00 2.8542 2843.0 140.68 178.09 6.283 237.0
50.31 402.07 2.7921 3421.3 171.29 174.23 6.283 285.1
24
70.04 382.35 2.6552 4652.8 238.35 165.52 6.283 387.7
87.17 365.22 2.5362 5672.0 296.58 158.26 6.283 472.8
108.07 344.32 2.3911 6849.9 367.39 149.06 6.283 570.8
126.31 326.08 2.2645 7825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.1
142.11 310.28 2.1547 8625.0 483.12 134.45 6.283 718.9
159.41 292.98 2.0346 9455.9 542.13 126.84 6.283 787.9
25.18 505.75 3.5122 2077.2 85.60 219.16 6.806 159.8
26 30.19 500.74 3.4774 2478.4 102.63 216.99 6.806 190.6
40.06 490.87 3.4088 3257.0 136.17 212.71 6.806 250.5
27.14 588.61 4.0876 2601.0 92.26 255.07 7.330 185.8
32.54 583.21 4.0501 3105.1 110.64 252.73 7.330 221.8
28
43.20 572.56 3.9761 4084.8 146.85 248.11 7.330 291.8
53.75 562.00 3.9028 5037.7 182.73 243.53 7.330 359.8
23.37 683.49 4.7465 2585.2 79.43 296.18 7.854 172.3
29.10 677.76 4.7067 3206.3 98.93 293.70 7.854 213.8
30 34.90 671.96 4.6664 3829.4 118.65 291.18 7.854 255.3
46.34 660.52 4.5869 5042.2 157.53 286.22 7.854 336.1
57.68 649.18 4.5082 6224.0 196.08 281.31 7.854 414.9
31.06 773.19 5.3694 3898.9 105.59 335.05 8.378 243.7
37.26 766.99 5.3263 4658.5 126.66 332.36 8.378 291.2
32 49.48 754.77 5.2414 6138.6 168.21 327.06 8.378 383.7
61.60 742.64 5.1572 7583.4 209.43 321.81 8.378 474.0
67.68 736.57 5.1151 8298.3 230.08 319.18 8.378 518.6
36.37 871.55 6.0524 5150.5 123.65 377.67 8.901 303.0
39.61 868.31 6.0299 5599.3 134.67 376.27 8.901 329.4
34 52.62 855.30 5.9396 7383.5 178.89 370.63 8.901 434.3
65.53 842.39 5.8499 9127.6 222.78 365.03 8.901 536.9
72.00 835.92 5.8050 9991.6 244.77 362.23 8.901 587.7
36 34.98 982.90 6.8257 5569.5 118.92 425.92 9.425 309.4
41.97 975.91 6.7771 6658.9 142.68 422.89 9.425 369.9
55.76 962.11 6.6813 8786.2 189.57 416.91 9.425 488.1
69.46 948.42 6.5862 10868.4 236.13 417.22 9.425 603.8
83.06 934.82 6.4918 12906.1 282.35 405.09 9.425 717.0
49.08 1336.3 . 10627 167 579.3 10.99 506.1
65.18 1320.2 . 14037 222 572.3 10.99 668.4
42
81.28 1304.1 . 17373 276 565.4 10.99 827.3
97.23 1288.2 . 20689 330 558.4 10.99 985.2
To distinguish different weights of pipe, three long standing traditional designations are
used:
The last two designations are sometimes referred to as extra heavy wall (XH), and double
extra heavy wall (XXH).
Range of Stainless Steel pipes according to ANSI/ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless
Wrought Steel Pipe - and ANSI/ASME 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe.
Outside Schedule
Nominal Diameter 5S 10S 40S 80S 160S
Pipe
Size Wall Thickness and Weight
(inches) (mm) (inches) mm mm mm mm mm
kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m
(in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
1.25 1.73 2.42
1/8 10.3 0.405 - - 0.28 0.37 0.47 - -
(0.049) (0.068) (0.095)
1/4 13.7 0.540 - - 1.66 0.49 2.24 0.63 3.03 0.80 - -
(0.065) (0.088) (0.119)
1.66 2.32 3.20
3/8 17.2 0.675 - - 0.63 0.85 1.10 - -
(0.065) (0.091) (0.126)
1.66 2.11 2.77 3.74
1/2 21.3 0.840 0.81 1.00 1.27 1.62 4.78 1.90
(0.065) (0.083) (0.109) (0.147)
1.66 2.11 2.87 3.92
3/4 26.7 1.050 1.02 1.28 1.68 2.20 5.57 2.90
(0.065) (0.083) (0.113) (0.154)
1.66 2.77 3.38 4.55
1 33.4 1.315 1.30 2.09 2.50 3.24 6.35 4.20
(0.065) (0.109) (0.133) (0.179)
1.66 2.77 3.56 4.86
1 1/4 42.2 1.660 1.66 2.69 3.39 4.47 6.35 5.60
(0.065) (0.109) (0.140) (0.191)
1.66 2.77 3.69 5.08
1 1/2 48.3 1.900 1.91 3.11 4.06 5.41 7.14 7.20
(0.065) (0.109) (0.145) (0.200)
2.11 2.77 3.92 5.54
2 60.3 2.375 2.40 3.93 5.45 7.49 8.74 11.1
(0.065) (0.109) (0.154) (0.218)
2.11 3.05 5.16 7.01
2 1/2 73.0 2.875 3.69 5.26 8.64 11.4 9.53 14.9
(0.083) (0.120) (0.203) (0.276)
2.11 3.05 5.49 7.62
3 88.9 3.500 4.52 6.46 11.3 15.3 11.13 21.3
(0.083) (0.120) (0.216) (0.300)
2.11 3.05 5.74 8.08
3 1/2 101.6 4.000 5.18 7.41 13.6 18.6 - -
(0.083) (0.120) (0.226) (0.318)
2.11 3.05 6.02 8.56
4 114.3 4.500 5.84 8.37 16.1 22.3 13.49 33.5
(0.083) (0.120) (0.237) (0.337)
2.77 3.41 6.56 9.53
5 141.3 5.563 9.46 11.6 21.8 31.0 15.88 49.1
(0.109) (0.134) (0.258) (0.375)
2.77 3.41 7.12 10.98
6 168.3 6.625 11.3 13.9 28.3 42.6 18.27 67.6
(0.109) (0.134) (0.280) (0.432)
2.77 3.76 8.18 12.70
8 219.1 8.625 14.8 20.0 42.5 64.6 23.02 111
(0.109) (0.148) (0.322) (0.500)
3.41 4.20 9.28 12.70
10 273.1 10.750 22.7 27.8 60.4 81.5 28.58 172
(0.134) (0.165) (0.365) (0.500)
3.97 4.58 9.53 12.70
12 323.9 12.750 31.3 36.1 73.9 97.4 33.33 239
(0.156) (0.180) (0.375) (0.500)
• The ANSI/ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe - standard
covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel
pipe for high or low temperatures and pressures. The word pipe is used as
distinguished from tube to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly
used for pipeline and piping systems. Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have
outside diameters numerically larger than corresponding sizes. In contrast, the
outside diameters of tubes are numerically identical to the size number for all
sizes
• The ANSI/ASME 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe - covers the standardization of
dimensions of welded and seamless wrought stainless steel pipe
• Stainless Steel Fittings
Sponsored Links
Related Topics
• Piping Systems Dimensions of pipes and tubes - dimensions, materials, capacities
- pressure drop calculations and charts - insulation and heat loss diagrams
• Dimensions Sizes and dimensions of pipes and tubes, and their fittings - inside
and outside diameter, weight and more
Related Documents
• Stainless Steel Pipes - Comparing American and European Standards Comparing
American - US - and European - German, British (UK) and Swedish - stainless
steel pipe standards
• Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 Pipe sizes,
inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia,
transverse area, weight of pipe filled with water - U.S. Customary Units
• Heating Systems - Steel Pipe Pressure Loss Diagram Steel pipes and tubes -
pressure loss diagram hot water heating systems
• Stainless Steel Pipes - Pressure Ratings Pressure ratings for standard seamless
A312-TP316/316L stainless steel pipes - temperatures 100oF to 750oF
• Identification Tests for Stainless Steels Magnetic, spark, hardness and acid
identification tests of austenitic, martensitic and ferritic stainless steels
• Stainless Steel Weld Fittings - Dimensions ANSI/ASME B36.19 Dimensions of
stainless steel weld fittings according ANSI/ASME B36.19
• Pipe Equations Calculate cross-sectional area, weight of empty pipes, weight of
pipes filled with water, inside and outside surface area
• Expansion of Copper, Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of
stainless steel, carbon steel pipes and copper tubes
• Pipe Formulas Pipe and Tube Equations - moment of inertia, section modulus,
traverse metal area, external pipe surface and traverse internal area - imperial
units
Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials can be found in the table
below:
To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines - its important to handle the
expansion properly.
The temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes expressed in inches per 100 feet per
degree Fahrenheit:
Carbon Steel Pipes - Temperature Expansion - Celcius
The temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes expressed in mm per m per degree
Celsius:
Sponsored Links
Related Topics
• Piping Systems Dimensions of pipes and tubes - dimensions, materials, capacities
- pressure drop calculations and charts - insulation and heat loss diagrams
• Temperature Expansion Thermal expansion of pipes and tubes - stainless steel,
carbon steel, copper, plastics and more
Related Documents
• Coefficients of Linear Expansion Linear temperature expansion coefficients for
some common materials as aluminum, copper, glass, iron and many more
• Pipes and Tubes - Temperature Expansion Pipes expands when heated and
contracts when cooled. The expansion of the pipes can be expressed with the
expansion formula
• Expansion of Copper, Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of
stainless steel, carbon steel pipes and copper tubes
• Steel Pipe - Expansion Loop Capacity Steel pipes - thermal expansion and
expansion loop capacities
Pipes and Tubes - Temperature Expansion
dl = α Lo dt (1)
where
Formula (1) can also be used with SI units. The expansion coefficient must be adjusted to
o
C.
100 feet of alloy steel pipe is heated from 32 to 212oF. The expansion coefficient is 8 10-6
(inch/inchoF).
= 1.728 inch
• psi = lb/in2
• kPa = kN/m2
Regardless of schedule number, pipes of a particular size all have the same outside
diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). As the schedule number increases,
the wall thickness increases, and the actual bore is reduced. For example:
• A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches
(114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.237 inches (6.02 mm), giving a bore of 4.026
inches (102.26 mm)
• A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches
( 114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.337 inches (8.56 mm), giving a bore of 3.826
inches (97.18 mm)
• Area of Metal, Transverse Internal Area, Moment of Inertia, Weight Pipe, Weight
Water, External Surface, Elastic Section Modulus
Identification
Wall Inside
Outside Steel Stainless
Pipe Size Thickness Diameter
Diameter Steel
(inches) Iron Pipe Schedule -t- -d-
(inches) Schedule
Size No. (inches) (inches)
No.
. . 10S .049 .307
1/8 0.405 STD 40 40S .068 .269
XS 80 80S .095 .215
. . 10S .065 .410
1/4 0.540 STD 40 40S .088 .364
XS 80 80S .119 .302
. . 10S .065 .545
3/8 0.675 STD 40 40S .091 .493
XS 80 80S .126 .423
. . 5S .065 .710
. . 10S .083 .674
STD 40 40S .109 .622
1/2 0.840
XS 80 80S .147 .546
. 160 . .187 .466
XXS . . .294 .252
. . 5S .065 .920
. . 10S .083 .884
STD 40 40S .113 .824
3/4
1.050 XS 80 80S .154 .742
. 160 . .219 .612
XXS . . .308 .434
. . 5S .065 1.185
. . 10S .109 1.097
STD 40 40S .133 1.049
1 1.315
XS 80 80S .179 .957
. 160 . .250 .815
XXS . . .358 .599
. . 5S .065 1.530
. . 10S .109 1.442
STD 40 40S .140 1.380
1 1/4 1.660
XS 80 80S .191 1.278
. 160 . .250 1.160
XXS . . .382 .896
. . 5S .065 1.770
. . 10S .109 1.682
STD 40 40S .145 1.610
1 1/2 1.900
XS 80 80S .200 1.500
. 160 . .281 1.338
XXS . . .400 1.100
. . 5S .065 2.245
. . 10S .109 2.157
STD 40 40S .154 2.067
2 2.375
XS 80 80S .218 1.939
. 160 . .344 1.687
XXS . . .436 1.503
2 1/2 2.875 . . 5S .083 2.709
. . 10S .120 2.635
STD 40 40S .203 2.469
XS 80 80S .276 2.323
. 160 . .375 2.125
XXS . . .552 1.771
. . 5S .083 3.334
. . 10S .120 3.260
STD 40 40S .216 3.068
3 3.500
XS 80 80S .300 2.900
. 160 . .438 2.624
XXS . . .600 2.300
. . 5S .083 3.834
. . 10S .120 3.760
3 1/2 4.000
STD 40 40S .226 3.548
XS 80 80S .318 3.364
. . 5S .083 4.334
. . 10S .120 4.260
STD 40 40S .237 4.026
4 4.500 XS 80 80S .337 3.826
. 120 . .438 3.624
. 160 . .531 3.438
XXS . . .674 3.152
. . 5S .109 5.345
. . 10S .134 5.295
STD 40 40S .258 5.047
5 5.563 XS 80 80S .375 4.813
. 120 . .500 4.563
. 160 . .625 4.313
XXS . . .750 4.063
. . 5S .109 6.407
. . 10S .134 6.357
STD 40 40S .280 6.065
6 6.625 XS 80 80S .432 5.761
. 120 . .562 5.501
. 160 . .718 5.187
XXS . . .864 4.897
8 8.625 . . 5S .109 8.407
. . 10S .148 8.329
. 20 . .250 8.125
. 30 . .277 8.071
STD 40 40S .322 7.981
. 60 . .406 7.813
XS 80 80S .500 7.625
. 100 . .594 7.437
. 120 . .719 7.187
. 140 . .812 7.001
XXS . . .875 6.875
. 160 . .906 6.813
. . 5S .134 10.482
. . 10S .165 10.420
. 20 . .250 10.250
. 30 . .307 10.136
STD 40 40S .365 10.020
10 10.750 XS 60 80S .500 9.750
. 80 . .594 9.562
. 100 . .719 9.312
. 120 . .844 9.062
. 140 . 1.000 8.750
. 160 . 1.125 8.500
. . 5S .156 12.438
. . 10S .180 12.390
. 20 . .250 12.250
. 30 . .330 12.090
STD . 40S .375 12.000
. 40 . .406 11.938
12 12.75 XS . 80S .500 11.750
. 60 . .562 11.626
. 80 . .688 11.374
. 100 . .844 11.062
. 120 . 1.000 10.750
. 140 . 1.125 10.500
. 160 . 1.312 10.126
. . 5S 156 13.688
. . 10S .188 13.624
. 10 . .250 13.500
. 20 . .312 13.376
STD 30 . .375 13.250
. 40 . .438 13.124
14 14.00 XS . . .500 13.000
. 60 . .594 12.812
. 80 . .750 12.500
. 100 . .938 12.124
. 120 . 1.094 11.812
. 140 . 1.250 11.500
.. 160 . 1.406 11.188
16 16.00 . . 5S .165 15.670
. . 10S .188 15.624
. 10 . .250 15.500
. 20 . .312 15.376
STD 30 . .375 15.250
XS 40 . .500 15.000
. 60 . .656 14.688
. 80 . .844 14.312
. 100 . 1.031 13.938
. 120 . 1.219 13.562
. 140 . 1.438 13.124
. 160 . 1.594 12.812
. . 5S .165 17.670
. . 10S .188 17.624
. 10 . .250 17.500
. 20 . .312 17.376
STD . . .375 17.250
. 30 . .438 17.124
XS . . .500 17.000
18 18.00
. 40 . .562 16.876
. 60 . .750 16.500
. 80 . .938 16.124
. 100 . 1.156 15.688
. 120 . 1.375 15.250
. 140 . 1.562 14.876
. 160 . 1.781 14.438
. . 5S .188 19.624
. . 10S .218 19.564
. 10 . .250 19.500
STD 20 . .375 19.250
XS 30 . .500 19.000
. 40 . .594 18.812
20 20.00
. 60 . .812 18.376
. 80 . 1.031 17.938
. 100 . 1.281 17.438
. 120 . 1.500 17.000
. 140 . 1.750 16.500
. 160 . 1.969 16.062
. . 5S .188 21.624
. . 10S .218 21.564
. 10 . .250 21.500
STD 20 . .375 21.250
XS 30 . .500 21.000
22 22.00 . 60 . .875 20.250
. 80 . 1.125 19.75
. 100 . 1.375 19.25
. 120 . 1.625 18.75
. 140 . 1.875 18.25
. 160 . 2.125 17.75
24 24.00 . . 5S .218 23.564
. 10 10S .250 23.500
STD 20 . .375 23.250
XS . . .500 23.000
. 30 . .562 22.876
. 40 . .688 22.624
. 60 . .969 22.062
. 80 . 1.219 21.562
. 100 . 1.531 20.938
. 120 . 1.812 20.376
. 140 . 2.062 19.876
. 160 . 2.344 19.312
. 10 . .312 25.376
26 26.00 STD . . .375 25.250
XS 20 . .500 25.000
. 10 . .312 27.376
STD . . .375 27.250
28 28.00
XS 20 . .500 27.000
. 30 . .625 26.750
. . 5S .250 29.500
. 10 10S .312 29.376
30 30.00 STD . . .375 29.250
XS 20 . .500 29.000
. 30 . .625 28.750
. 10 . .312 31.376
STD . . .375 31.250
32 32.00 XS 20 . .500 31.000
. 30 . .625 30.750
. 40 . .688 30.624
. 10 . .344 33.312
STD . . .375 33.250
34 34.00 XS 20 . .500 33.000
. 30 . .625 32.750
. 40 . .688 32.624
. 10 . .312 35.376
STD . . .375 35.250
36 36.00 XS 20 . .500 35.000
. 30 . .625 34.750
. 40 . .750 34.500
STD . . .375 41.250
XS 20 . .500 41.000
42 42.00
. 30 . .625 40.720
. 40 . .750 40.500
• 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
Area of Metal, Transverse Internal Area, Moment of Inertia, Weight Pipe,
Weight Water, External Surface, Elastic Section Modulus
To distinguish different weights of pipe, three long standing traditional designations are
used:
The last two designations are sometimes referred to as extra heavy wall (XH), and double
extra heavy wall (XXH).
1)
Freezing point of water
2)
Boiling point of water
For a ASME/ANSI B 36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe the inside
diameter - ID - of a NPS 2 inches pipe with
• schedule 40 is 2.067"
• schedule 80 is 1.939"
The inside diameters are close to 2" and the nominal diameter related to the inside
diameter. Outside diameter are 2.375" for both schedules.
Since the outside diameter of a single nominal pipe size is kept constant the inside
diameter of a pipe will depend on the "schedule" or the thickness of the pipe. The
schedule and the actual thickness of a pipe varies with the size of the pipe.
It is common to identify pipes in inches by using NPS or "Nominal Pipe Size". The
metric equivalent is called DN or "diametre nominel". The metric designations conform
to International Standards Organization (ISO) usage and apply to all plumbing, natural
gas, heating oil, and miscellaneous piping used in buildings. The use of NPS does not
conform to American Standard pipe designations where the term NPS means "National
Pipe Thread Straight".
Nominal Bore (NB) may be specified under British standards classifications along with
schedule (wall thickness).
The tolerances are looser to pipes compared with tubes and they are often less expensive
to produce.
Tubes
The nominal dimensions of tubes are based on the outside diameter. If we look at Copper
Tubes - ASTM B88 the outside diameter of a 2" pipe is 2.125", relatively close to 2".
The inside diameter of a tube will depend on the thickness of the tube. The thickness is
often specified as a gauge. If we look at Copper Tubes - ASTM B88 the wall thickness of
0.083"of a 2" pipe is gauge 14.
The tolerances are higher with tubes compared to pipes and tubes are often more
expensive to produce than pipes.
Linear thermal expansion for some common metals can be found in the table below:
where
To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines - its important to handle the
expansion properly.
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - mm
To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines - its important to handle the
expansion properly
The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.
• Fluid : Water
• Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40
• Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF)
• Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3)
• Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s)
• Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5
A table presentation of the diagrams above can be found in "Steel Pipe Schedule 40 -
Friction loss and Velocities".
The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.
• Fluid : Water
• Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 80
• Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF)
• Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3)
• Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s)
• Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56087760/ASME_B16.5_-1996__Tables__-
___PIPE_FLANGES_AND_FLANGED_FITTINGS.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56089265/ASME_B16.10-2000_-_Face-to-face_and_end-
to-end_dimensions_of_valves.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56091002/ASME_B31.1-
2004__Power_Piping_ASME_Code_for_Pressure_Piping__B31__Revision_of_ASME_
B31.1-2001_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56091335/API_Standard_650_Addendum_2__2001_Wel
ded_Steel_Tanks_For_Oil_Storage.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56092116/ASME_B16.5a__1998__-
_ADDENDA_to_ASME_816.5-
1996_PIPE_FLANGES_AND_FLANGED_FITTINGS_NPS_1_2_Through_NP[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56093438/ASME_B16.47-
1996__BRIDAS_GRANDES___LARGE_DIAMETER_STEEL_FLANGES_NPS_28_T
hrough_NPS_80.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56093737/ASME_B31.2__1968___Fuel_Gas_Piping_US
AS_B31.2_-_1968.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56095890/Asme_b16.34_1996_Valve-
Flanged_Threaded_Welded_End_-THREADED__AND_WELDING_END__-
__Revision_of_ASMEAN[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56096174/ASME_b31.4-
2002_Pipeline_Trasportation_Systems_for_Liquid_Hydrocarbon_and_Other_Liquids.pdf
[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56099344/ASME_B31.4-2002_-
_Pipeline_Transportation_Systems_for_Liquid_Hydrocarbons_and_Other_Liquids.pdf[/u
rl]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56100281/Asme_b31-03_Int_No18.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/55917503/Heat_Transfer__Arpaci____solution_manual.r
ar[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56064029/vargaftik_1_.djvu[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56070432/2_AIChE_Journal__Vol._50__No._9___Septe
mber_2004_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56072349/AIChE_Journal__Vol._50__No._6___June_20
04_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56075711/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._7___July_20
05_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56077806/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._8___August_
2005_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56077933/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._5___May_20
05_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56079497/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._10___Octobe
r_2005_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56081028/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._11___Novem
ber_2005_.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56081151/API_MPMS_8.2_Manual_of_Petro_Measure_
Standards_Chapter_8-Sampling_SECOND_EDITION________Copyright___[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56081971/Api_Standard_674_Positive_Displacement_Pu
mp-Reciprocating.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56083636/API_Standard_675__1994__Positive_displace
ment_pumps_-_Controlled_volume_2ed.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56084107/Api_Standard_610__1995__-
_Centrifugal_Pumps_For_Petroleum__Heavy_Duty_Chemical_And_Gas_Industry_Serv[
/url]
ASME Standards
ASTM Standards
AWWA Standards
BSi Standards
• BS 5480 - Specification for glass reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes, joints and
fittings for use for water supply or sewerage
• BS 6464 - Specification for reinforced plastics pipes, fittings and joints for
process plants
• BS 7159 - Code of practice for design and construction of glass-reinforced
plastics (GRP) piping systems for individual plants or sites
• BS 8010-2.5 - Code of practice for pipelines - Pipelines on land: design,
construction and installation - Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics
DIN Standards
ISO Standards
The discharge rate is based on clean water and half filled pipes.
Sponsored Links
Related Topics
• Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop Pipe lines - fluid flow and pressure loss - water,
sewer, steel pipes, pvc pipes, copper tubes and more
• Water Systems Hot and cold water systems - design properties, capacities, sizing
and more
Related Documents
• Waste Water and Flow Capacity In sewage piping and pumping systems the fluid
flow rate must be kept within certain limits to avoid operating problems
• Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards Commonly used standards for fiberglass
pipes and their applications
• Drainage Fixture Unit Values (DFU) DFU are used to determine the drainage
from fixtures and the necessary capacity of the sewer service systems
• Drainage Fixture Unit Loads for Sanitary Piping Maximum Drainage Fixture
Unit - DFU - Loads for sanitary piping
• Expected Loads in Sanitary Drainage Systems Calculate expected loads in
sanitary drainage systems
• Fixture-Unit Requirements on Trap Sizes Trap size and no. fixture units
• Drainage Piping and Hanger Spacing Support of drainage pipes
• Septic Systems A septic system handles the waste from the drain system
• Ditch-Filling Materials - Densities Weight or density of ditch-filling materials
1)
For cast iron stacks, the base of each stack must be supported
• For horizontal wastewater pipe systems with solids the speed should exceed 3
ft/sec.
• For wastewater water system with organic solids the speed should exceed 2
ft./sec.
The flow velocity waste water systems must not exceed certain limits to reduce the
potential for wear and tear due to the effects of erosion and abrasion:
• The speed in high-grit sewage handling systems should not exceed 12 ft/sec.
• The flow and velocity in sewage systems with low grit concentrations should not
exceed 18 ft/sec.
The flow rate capacity in US gal for a sewage piping and pumping systems with this
limitations are expressed below for different pipe sizes:
Be aware that maximum operating pressures varies with the fittings design. Consult the
manufacturing data.
The friction head loss are calculated for PVC pipes Schedule 40 with the Hazen-Williams
equation and a Hazen-Williams roughness constant c = 145. Minor loss in fittings must
be added.
1)
GPM = gallons per minute
2)
GPH = gallons per hour
A flow of 10 GPM in a 2" pipe gives a head loss of 0.2 feet water column per 100 feet of
pipe
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
• T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride - CPVC - is a thermoplastic pipe and fitting material
made with CPVC compounds meeting the requirements of ASTM Class 23447 as defined
in ASTM Specification D1784.
CPVC applications are for potable water distribution, corrosive fluid handling in
industry, and fire suppression systems.
PVC Pipes
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
• T(oF) = [T(oC)](9/5) + 32
CPVC Pipes
PVDF Pipes
PP Pipes
Sponsored Links
PVC
Nominal Pipe Required Minimum Burst Pressure Maximum Operating Pressure
Size (psi) (psi)
(inches) Schedule 401) Schedule 802) Schedule 40 Schedule 80
1/2 1910 2720 358 509
3/4 1540 2200 289 413
1 1440 2020 270 378
1 1/4 1180 1660 221 312
1 1/2 1060 1510 198 282
2 890 1290 166 243
2 1/2 870 1360 182 255
3 840 1200 158 225
4 710 1110 133 194
5 620 1040 117 173
6 560 930 106 167
8 500 890 93 148
10 450 790 84 140
12 420 600 79 137
Note! The maximum operating pressures derates with temperature. At the maximum
operating temperature for PVC - 140oF (60oC) - the strength is derated to approximately
20% of the strength at 73oF (23oC).
Be aware that maximum operating pressures varies with the fittings design. Consult the
manufacturing data.
Valve Size
1 2
inches 1/2 3/4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1/2 1/2
mm 12 19 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Flow 26 50 94 260 480 750 1300 2300 5400 1000 1600 2400 3140 4300 57000
Coefficien
t 0 0 0 0 0
Cv
Valve Size
inches 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
mm 75 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Flow Coefficient
420 770 1800 2500 4500 8000 12000 14000 18000 22000
Cv
Derating Factor
Temperature
PVDF CPVC PVC PB PEX PE
(oC) (oF)
21 70 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
27 80 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
32 90 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9
38 100 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8
43 110 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8
49 120 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7
54 130 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.5
60 140 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.4
1)
66 150 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.2
1) 1)
71 160 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7
1) 1)
82 180 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6
1) 1)
93 200 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5
1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
104 220 0.4
1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
121 250 0.4
1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
138 280 0.3
1)
The thermoplastic is not resistant for long term service at this temperature. Operating
conditions should be avoided.
If operating pressure for a 6" Schedule 80 CPVC pipe is 167 psi, the maximum operating
pressure at 150 oF (66 oC) is reduced to
= 83.5 psi
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
• 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
• 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s =
2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min
• 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH2O/100 ft = 2288 mmH2O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m
The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length
Method.
1/2 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
1 60 1.1 2.1 0.9
2 120 2.3 4.2 1.8
5 300 5.6 23.4 10.5
7 420 7.9 43.1 18.6
10 600 11.3 82.0 35.5
3/4 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
1 60 0.6 0.5 0.2
2 120 0.3 1.0 0.4
5 300 3.2 5.7 2.5
7 420 4.4 10.5 4.6
10 600 6.3 20.0 8.7
15 900 9.5 42.5 18.4
20 1200 12.7 72.3 31.3
1 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.8 0.6 0.2
5 300 1.9 1.7 0.8
7 420 2.7 3.2 1.4
10 600 3.9 6.0 2.6
15 900 5.8 12.8 5.5
20 1200 7.7 21.8 9.4
25 1500 9.7 32.9 14.2
30 1800 11.6 46.1 20.0
1 1/4 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.4 0.1 0.1
5 300 1.1 0.4 0.2
7 420 1.6 0.8 0.4
10 600 2.2 1.6 0.7
15 900 3.3 3.3 1.4
20 1200 4.4 5.6 2.4
25 1500 5.5 8.5 3.7
30 1800 6.6 11.9 5.1
35 2100 7.7 15.8 6.8
40 2400 8.8 20.2 8.7
45 2700 9.9 25.1 10.9
50 3000 11.1 30.5 13.2
1 1/2 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.3 0.1 0.03
5 300 0.8 0.2 0.1
7 420 1.1 0.4 0.2
10 600 1.6 0.7 0.3
15 900 2.4 1.5 0.7
20 1200 3.2 2.6 1.1
25 1500 4.0 4.0 1.7
30 1800 4.9 5.5 2.4
35 2100 5.7 7.4 3.2
40 2400 6.5 9.4 4.1
45 2700 7.3 11.7 5.1
50 3000 8.1 14.3 6.2
60 3600 9.7 20.0 8.7
2 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.5 0.07 0.03
7 420 0.7 0.1 0.05
10 600 1.0 0.2 0.09
15 900 1.5 0.5 0.2
20 1200 2.0 0.8 0.3
25 1500 2.4 1.2 0.5
30 1800 2.9 1.6 0.7
35 2100 3.4 2.2 0.9
40 2400 3.9 2.8 1.2
45 2700 4.4 3.4 1.5
50 3000 4.9 4.2 1.8
60 3600 5.9 5.8 2.5
70 4200 6.8 7.8 3.4
75 4500 7.3 8.8 3.8
80 4800 7.8 9.9 4.3
90 5400 8.8 12.4 5.4
100 6000 9.8 15.0 6.5
2 1/2 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.3 0.04 0.02
7 420 0.5 0.05 0.02
10 600 0.7 0.1 0.04
15 900 1.0 0.2 0.08
20 1200 1.4 0.3 0.1
25 1500 1.7 0.5 0.2
30 1800 2.1 0.7 0.3
35 2100 2.4 0.9 0.4
40 2400 2.7 1.2 0.5
45 2700 3.1 1.4 0.6
50 3000 3.4 1.8 0.8
60 3600 4.1 2.5 1.1
70 4200 4.8 3.3 1.4
75 4500 5.1 3.7 1.6
80 4800 5.5 4.2 1.8
90 5400 6.2 5.2 2.3
100 6000 6.8 6.3 2.7
125 7500 8.6 9.6 4.2
150 9000 10.3 13.4 5.8
3 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.2 0.02 0.01
7 420 0.3 0.02 0.01
10 600 0.4 0.03 0.01
15 900 0.7 0.07 0.03
20 1200 0.9 0.1 0.05
25 1500 1.1 0.2 0.07
30 1800 1.3 0.2 0.1
35 2100 1.6 0.3 0.1
40 2400 1.8 0.4 0.2
45 2700 2.0 0.5 0.2
50 3000 2.2 0.6 0.3
60 3600 2.7 0.9 0.4
70 4200 3.1 1.1 0.5
75 4500 3.3 1.3 0.6
80 4800 3.5 1.4 0.6
90 5400 4.0 1.8 0.8
100 6000 4.4 2.2 0.9
125 7500 5.5 3.3 1.4
150 9000 6.6 4.6 2.0
175 10500 7.7 6.2 2.7
200 12000 8.8 7.9 3.4
250 15000 11.0 11.9 5.2
4 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
20 1200 0.5 0.03 0.01
25 1500 0.6 0.04 0.02
30 1800 0.8 0.06 0.03
35 2100 0.9 0.08 0.04
40 2400 1.0 0.1 0.05
45 2700 1.2 0.1 0.06
50 3000 1.3 0.2 0.07
60 3600 1.5 0.2 0.1
70 4200 1.8 0.3 0.1
75 4500 1.9 0.3 0.2
80 4800 2.1 0.4 0.2
90 5400 2.3 0.5 0.2
100 6000 2.6 0.6 0.3
125 7500 3.2 0.9 0.4
150 9000 3.8 1.2 0.5
175 10500 4.5 1.6 0.7
200 12000 5.1 2.1 0.9
250 15000 6.4 3.2 1.4
300 18000 7.7 4.4 1.9
350 21000 9.0 5.9 2.6
400 24000 10.2 7.5 3.3
5 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
30 1800 0.5 0.02 0.01
35 2100 0.6 0.03 0.01
40 2400 0.7 0.03 0.01
45 2700 0.7 0.04 0.02
50 3000 0.8 0.05 0.02
60 3600 1.0 0.07 0.03
70 4200 1.1 0.1 0.04
75 4500 1.2 0.1 0.05
80 4800 1.3 0.1 0.06
90 5400 1.5 0.2 0.07
100 6000 1.6 0.2 0.08
125 7500 2.0 0.3 0.1
150 9000 2.4 0.4 0.2
175 10500 2.8 0.5 0.2
200 12000 3.3 0.7 0.3
250 15000 4.1 1.1 0.5
300 18000 4.9 1.5 0.6
350 21000 5.7 2.0 0.9
400 24000 6.5 2.5 1.1
450 27000 7.3 3.1 1.3
500 30000 8.1 3.7 1.6
6 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
50 3000 0.6 0.02 0.01
60 3600 0.7 0.03 0.01
70 4200 0.8 0.04 0.02
75 4500 0.8 0.05 0.02
80 4800 0.9 0.05 0.02
90 5400 1.0 0.06 0.03
100 6000 1.1 0.08 0.04
125 7500 1.4 0.1 0.05
150 9000 1.7 0.2 0.07
175 10500 2.0 0.2 0.1
200 12000 2.3 0.3 0.1
250 15000 2.8 0.4 0.2
300 18000 3.4 0.6 0.3
350 21000 3.9 0.8 0.3
400 24000 4.5 1.0 0.4
450 27000 5.1 1.3 0.6
500 30000 5.6 1.5 0.7
750 45000 8.4 3.3 1.4
1000 60000 11.2 5.5 2.4
8 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
125 7500 0.7 0.03 0.01
150 9000 0.8 0.04 0.02
175 10500 1.0 0.04 0.02
200 12000 1.1 0.06 0.02
250 15000 1.3 0.07 0.03
300 18000 1.6 0.1 0.05
350 21000 1.9 0.2 0.07
400 24000 2.3 0.2 0.09
450 27000 2.6 0.3 0.1
500 30000 2.9 0.3 0.1
750 45000 3.2 0.4 0.2
1000 60000 4.9 0.9 0.4
1250 75000 6.5 1.5 0.6
1500 90000 8.1 2.2 1.0
2000 120000 9.7 3.1 1.3
10 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
200 12000 0.8 0.03 0.01
250 15000 1.0 0.04 0.02
300 18000 1.2 0.05 0.02
350 21000 1.4 0.07 0.03
400 24000 1.6 0.09 0.04
450 27000 1.9 0.1 0.05
500 30000 2.1 0.1 0.06
750 45000 3.1 0.3 0.1
1000 60000 4.1 0.5 0.2
1250 75000 5.1 0.7 0.3
1500 90000 6.2 1.0 0.4
2000 120000 8.2 1.7 0.7
2500 150000 10.3 2.6 1.1
12 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
350 21000 1 0.03 0.01
400 24000 1.2 0.04 0.02
450 27000 1.3 0.05 0.02
500 30000 1.5 0.06 0.03
750 45000 2.2 0.1 0.05
1000 60000 2.9 0.2 0.09
1250 75000 3.6 0.3 0.1
1500 90000 4.3 0.4 0.2
2000 120000 5.8 0.7 0.3
2500 150000 7.2 1.1 0.5
3000 180000 8.7 1.6 0.7
3500 210000 10.1 2.1 0.9
4000 240000 11.1 2.7 1.2
14 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
500 30000 1.2 0.03 0.01
750 45000 1.8 0.07 0.03
1000 60000 2.4 0.1 0.05
1250 75000 3.0 0.2 0.08
1500 90000 3.6 0.3 0.1
2000 120000 4.7 0.5 0.2
2500 150000 5.9 0.7 0.3
3000 180000 7.1 1.0 0.4
3500 210000 8.3 1.3 0.6
4000 240000 9.5 1.7 0.7
4500 270000 10.7 2.1 0.9
5000 300000 11.9 2.5 1.1
5500 330000 13.1 3.0 1.3
6000 360000 14.2 3.6 1.5
6500 390000 15.4 4.1 1.8
7000 420000 16.6 4.7 2.0
7500 450000 17.8 5.4 2.3
16 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft) (psi/100 ft)
500 30000 0.9 0.02 0.01
750 45000 1.4 0.04 0.02
1000 60000 1.8 0.07 0.03
1250 75000 2.3 0.1 0.04
1500 90000 2.7 0.1 0.06
2000 120000 3.6 0.2 0.1
2500 150000 4.5 0.4 0.2
3000 180000 5.5 0.5 0.2
3500 210000 6.4 0.7 0.3
4000 240000 7.3 0.9 0.4
4500 270000 8.2 1.1 0.5
5000 300000 9.1 1.3 0.6
5500 330000 10.0 1.6 0.7
6000 360000 10.9 1.9 0.8
6500 390000 11.8 2.2 0.9
7000 420000 12.7 2.5 1.1
7500 450000 13.6 2.8 1.2
8000 480000 14.5 3.2 1.4
8500 510000 14.4 3.5 1.5
9000 540000 16.5 3.9 1.7
9500 570000 17.3 4.3 1.9
10000 600000 18.2 4.8 2.1
Pressure loss values can be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the Darcy-
Weisbach Formula.
Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Horizontal Pipes
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
PVC Pipes - Friction Loss and Flow Velocity - Schedule
80
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
• 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
• 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s =
2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min
• 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH2O/100 ft = 2288 mmH2O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m
Note! Velocity should in general not exceed 5 feet per second to avoid damaging noise
and wear and tear of pipes and fittings.
The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length
Method.
1/2 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
1 60 1.5 4.0 1.7
2 120 3.0 8.0 3.5
5 300 7.4 45.2 19.6
7 420 10.3 83.1 36.0
3/4 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
1 60 0.7 0.9 0.4
2 120 1.6 1.7 0.7
5 300 3.9 9.7 4.2
7 420 5.5 11.8 7.7
10 600 7.8 33.8 14.7
15 900 11.8 71.7 31.1
1 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.9 0.9 0.4
5 300 2.3 2.6 1.2
7 420 3.3 5.0 2.2
10 600 4.7 9.6 4.2
15 900 7.0 20.4 8.8
20 1200 9.4 34.7 15.0
25 1500 11.7 52.4 22.7
30 1800 14.0 73.5 31.8
1 1/4 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.5 0.2 0.1
5 300 1.3 0.7 0.3
7 420 1.8 1.2 0.5
10 600 2.6 2.3 1.0
15 900 3.9 4.9 2.1
20 1200 5.2 8.3 3.6
25 1500 6.5 12.6 5.4
30 1800 7.8 17.6 7.6
35 2100 9.1 23.4 10.1
40 2400 10.4 30.0 13.0
45 2700 11.7 37.3 16.1
50 3000 13.0 45.3 19.6
1 1/2 inches
Volume Volume Velocity Friction Friction
Flow Flow (ft/sec) Head Loss
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.4 0.1 0.04
5 300 0.9 0.3 0.1
7 420 1.3 0.6 0.2
10 600 1.9 1.0 0.5
15 900 2.8 2.2 1.0
20 1200 3.8 3.8 1.6
25 1500 4.7 5.7 2.5
30 1800 5.6 8.0 3.4
35 2100 6.6 10.6 4.6
40 2400 7.5 13.6 5.9
45 2700 8.4 16.9 7.3
50 3000 9.4 20.5 8.9
60 3600 11.3 28.7 12.4
2 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.6 0.1 0.04
7 420 0.8 0.2 0.07
10 600 1.1 0.3 0.1
15 900 1.7 0.6 0.3
20 1200 2.2 1.1 0.5
25 1500 2.8 1.6 0.7
30 1800 3.4 2.3 1.0
35 2100 3.9 3.0 1.3
40 2400 4.5 3.8 1.7
45 2700 5.0 4.8 2.1
50 3000 5.6 5.8 2.5
60 3600 6.7 8.1 3.5
70 4200 7.8 10.8 4.7
75 4500 8.4 12.3 5.3
80 4800 8.9 13.8 6.0
90 5400 10.1 17.2 7.5
100 6000 11.2 20.9 9.1
2 1/2 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.4 0.05 0.02
7 420 0.5 0.07 0.03
10 600 0.8 0.1 0.05
15 900 1.2 0.3 0.1
20 1200 1.6 0.4 0.2
25 1500 2.0 0.7 0.3
30 1800 2.3 0.9 0.4
35 2100 2.7 1.3 0.5
40 2400 3.1 1.6 0.7
45 2700 3.5 2.0 0.9
50 3000 3.9 2.4 1.1
60 3600 4.7 3.4 1.5
70 4200 5.5 4.5 2.0
75 4500 5.9 5.1 2.2
80 4800 6.2 5.8 2.5
90 5400 7.0 7.2 3.1
100 6000 7.8 8.7 3.8
125 7500 9.8 13.2 5.7
150 9000 11.7 18.5 8.0
3 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.3 0.02 0.01
7 420 0.4 0.03 0.01
10 600 0.5 0.04 0.02
15 900 0.8 0.09 0.04
20 1200 1.0 0.2 0.07
25 1500 1.3 0.2 0.1
30 1800 1.5 0.3 0.1
35 2100 1.7 0.4 0.2
40 2400 2.0 0.5 0.2
45 2700 2.2 0.7 0.3
50 3000 2.5 0.8 0.4
60 3600 3.0 1.1 0.5
70 4200 3.5 1.5 0.7
75 4500 3.7 1.7 0.7
80 4800 4.0 1.9 0.8
90 5400 4.5 2.4 1.0
100 6000 5.0 2.9 1.3
125 7500 6.2 4.4 1.9
150 9000 7.5 6.2 2.7
175 10500 8.7 8.3 3.6
200 12000 10.0 10.6 4.6
250 15000 12.5 16.0 6.9
4 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
20 1200 0.6 0.04 0.02
25 1500 0.7 0.06 0.03
30 1800 0.9 0.08 0.04
35 2100 1.0 0.1 0.05
40 2400 1.2 0.1 0.06
45 2700 1.3 0.2 0.07
50 3000 1.4 0.2 0.09
60 3600 1.7 0.3 0.1
70 4200 2.0 0.4 0.2
75 4500 2.2 0.5 0.2
80 4800 2.3 0.5 0.2
90 5400 2.6 0.6 0.3
100 6000 2.9 0.8 0.3
125 7500 3.6 1.2 0.5
150 9000 4.3 1.6 0.7
175 10500 5.0 2.2 0.9
200 12000 5.7 2.8 1.2
250 15000 7.2 4.2 1.8
300 18000 8.6 5.8 2.5
350 21000 10.0 7.8 3.4
400 24000 11.5 9.9 4.3
5 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
30 1800 0.5 0.03 0.01
35 2100 0.6 0.04 0.02
40 2400 0.7 0.04 0.02
45 2700 0.8 0.06 0.03
50 3000 0.9 0.07 0.03
60 3600 1.1 0.1 0.04
70 4200 1.3 0.1 0.06
75 4500 1.3 0.1 0.06
80 4800 1.4 0.2 0.07
90 5400 1.6 0.2 0.09
100 6000 1.8 0.2 0.1
125 7500 2.3 0.4 0.2
150 9000 2.7 0.5 0.2
175 10500 3.2 0.7 0.3
200 12000 3.6 0.9 0.4
250 15000 4.5 1.3 0.6
300 18000 5.4 1.9 0.8
350 21000 6.3 2.5 1.1
400 24000 7.2 3.2 1.4
450 27000 8.1 4.0 1.7
500 30000 9.0 4.8 2.1
6 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
50 3000 0.6 0.03 0.01
60 3600 0.8 0.04 0.02
70 4200 0.9 0.05 0.02
75 4500 0.9 0.06 0.03
80 4800 1.0 0.07 0.03
90 5400 1.1 0.08 0.04
100 6000 1.3 0.1 0.04
125 7500 1.6 0.2 0.07
150 9000 1.9 0.2 0.1
175 10500 2.2 0.3 0.1
200 12000 2.5 0.4 0.2
250 15000 3.1 0.6 0.2
300 18000 3.8 0.8 0.3
350 21000 4.4 1.0 0.5
400 24000 5.0 1.3 0.6
450 27000 5.6 1.7 0.7
500 30000 6.3 2.0 0.9
750 45000 9.4 4.3 1.8
1000 60000 12.5 7.2 3.1
8 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
125 7500 0.9 0.05 0.02
150 9000 1.1 0.05 0.02
175 10500 1.3 0.08 0.03
200 12000 1.4 0.09 0.04
250 15000 1.8 0.1 0.06
300 18000 2.1 0.2 0.09
350 21000 2.5 0.3 0.1
400 24000 2.9 0.3 0.2
450 27000 3.2 0.4 0.2
500 30000 3.6 0.5 0.2
750 45000 5.4 1.1 0.5
1000 60000 7.1 1.8 0.8
1250 75000 8.9 2.8 1.2
1500 90000 10.7 4.0 1.7
10 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
200 12000 0.9 0.04 0.02
250 15000 1.1 0.05 0.02
300 18000 1.4 0.07 0.03
350 21000 1.6 0.09 0.04
400 24000 1.8 0.1 0.05
450 27000 2.0 0.1 0.06
500 30000 2.3 0.2 0.07
750 45000 3.4 0.4 0.2
1000 60000 4.5 0.6 0.3
1250 75000 5.7 0.9 0.4
1500 90000 6.8 1.3 0.6
2000 120000 9.1 2.2 1.0
2500 150000 11.3 3.3 1.4
12 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
350 21000 1.1 0.04 0.02
400 24000 1.3 0.05 0.02
450 27000 1.4 0.06 0.03
500 30000 1.6 0.07 0.03
750 45000 2.4 0.2 0.07
1000 60000 3.2 0.3 0.1
1250 75000 4.0 0.4 0.2
1500 90000 4.8 0.6 0.2
2000 120000 6.4 0.9 0.4
2500 150000 8.0 1.4 0.6
3000 180000 9.6 2.0 0.9
3500 210000 11.2 2.7 1.2
4000 240000 12.8 3.4 1.5
14 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
500 30000 1.3 0.04 0.02
750 45000 2.0 0.09 0.04
1000 60000 2.6 0.2 0.07
1250 75000 3.3 0.3 0.1
1500 90000 3.9 0.3 0.2
2000 120000 5.2 0.6 0.3
2500 150000 6.5 0.9 0.4
3000 180000 7.9 1.2 0.5
3500 210000 9.2 1.7 0.7
4000 240000 10.5 2.1 0.9
4500 270000 11.8 2.6 1.1
5000 300000 13.1 3.2 1.4
5500 330000 14.4 3.8 1.7
6000 360000 15.7 4.5 2.0
6500 490000 17.0 5.2 2.3
7000 420000 18.3 6.0 2.6
16 inches
Volume Volume Friction Friction
Velocity
Flow Flow Head Loss
(ft/sec)
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100ft) (psi/100 ft)
500 30000 1.0 0.02 0.01
750 45000 1.5 0.05 0.02
1000 60000 2.0 0.08 0.04
1250 75000 2.5 0.1 0.05
1500 90000 3.0 0.2 0.08
2000 120000 4.0 0.3 0.1
2500 150000 5.0 0.5 0.2
3000 180000 6.0 0.6 0.3
3500 210000 7.0 0.9 0.4
4000 240000 8.0 1.1 0.5
4500 270000 9.0 1.4 0.6
5000 300000 10.0 1.7 0.7
5500 330000 11.0 2.0 0.9
6000 360000 12.0 2.3 1.0
6500 490000 13.0 2.7 1.2
7000 420000 14.0 3.1 1.3
7500 450000 15.0 3.5 1.5
8000 480000 16.0 4.0 1.7
8500 510000 17.0 4.4 1.9
9000 540000 18.0 4.9 2.1
Pressure loss values can be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the Darcy-
Weisbach Formula.
The table can also used for other thermoplastic pipes materials with similar design.
The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length
Method.
Equivalent Pipe Length Method - Calculating Pressure
Loss in Piping Systems
Make a diagram where the system is structured with nodes as shown below.
In the very simply circulating system used in this example the first node (0) is the pump.
The next node is the tees (2) where the piping system splits up. The other nodes are the
heating radiators.
In many systems the structure can be simplified as above since the piping in both
directions are of same size. If a more fine grained approach is required, additional nodes
can be added in both directions as shown below.
2. Make a calculation table
With the most simplified nodes structure above a calculation table can be made as shown
below. Each section from node to node is calculated by supplying length, volume flow,
pipe size, pressure loss from diagrams or tables for the actual pipes and components in
the sections and their individual equivalent length substituting the the minor loss.
Note! The flow and pressure units must be adjusted to the data available for your piping
system.
3. Add Volume flow, Pipe Size and Pressure Loss for each Section
Add actual pipe size and in each section. Use tabulated data or a diagrams.
The pressure loss may alternatively be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or
the Darcy-Weisbach Formula.
Finally, add up the pressure loss in all sections that form unique paths. In the example
above there are two unique paths - one is section 0 - 2 - 3, the other is section 0 - 2 - 4.
Add extra columns for additional paths in more complicated systems.
Add valves where it is necessary to balance the system. In the example above a balancing
valve is added in section 2-4.
Note! The Equivalent Pipe Length Method can be adapted to most piping systems - like
water supply systems, gravity heating systems and similar.
Expansion Loops
Expansion loops are made of standard pipes and elbows and can be produced on the site
adapted to the actual situation.
The length of leg A can be calculated by formula
where
where
A length of 300 ft straight pipe of 2" diameter PVC Schedule 40 is installed at 75oF and
operating at 120oF. The expansion coefficient of PVC is set to 29 10-6 in./inoF.
δl = α Lo δt
= (29 10-6 in/in oF) (300 ft) (12 in/ft) ((120 oF) - (75 oF))
= 4.7 inches
where
δl = expansion (inch)
A = 0.72 (D δl)1/2
= 2.4 ft
B = 1.44 (D δl)1/2
= 4.8 ft
The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through plastic schedule 40 PVC
pipe.
The calculation is based on the Hazen-Williams Equation with a Hazen-Williams
coefficient c = 140. Note that velocities above 5 feet per second should be avoided.
• The difference will increase with decreased dimensions and increased flow rates
The friction loss in feet of head per 100 feet of Steel pipes Schedule 40, Copper pipes
Type L and thermoplastic PVC pipes Schedule 40 are compared below.
3 in.
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Flow Rate
(gal/min) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe PVC Pipe
Schedule 40 Type L Schedule 40
50 0.7 0.8 0.6
60 1.0 1.1 0.9
70 1.3 1.5 1.2
80 1.7 1.8 1.5
90 2.1 2.3 1.8
100 2.5 2.7 2.2
150 5.3 5.7 4.8
200 9.1 9.5 8.1
250 13.6 14.2 12.8
300 19.8 19.8 17.1
400 34.2 33.4 29.0
4 in.
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Flow Rate
(gal/min) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe PVC Pipe
Schedule 40 Type L Schedule 40
100 0.7 0.7 0.6
150 1.4 1.5 1.3
200 2.4 2.5 2.2
250 3.6 3.7 3.3
300 5.0 5.1 4.6
400 8.7 8.6 7.8
5 in.
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Flow Rate
(gal/min) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe PVC Pipe
Schedule 40 Type L Schedule 40
150 0.5 0.8 0.4
200 0.8 0.8 0.7
250 1.2 1.3 1.1
300 1.6 1.8 1.5
400 2.8 2.9 2.6
500 4.3 4.4 3.9
6 in.
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Flow Rate
(gal/min) Steel Pipe Copper Pipe PVC Pipe
Schedule 40 Type L Schedule 40
150 0.2 0.2 0.2
200 0.3 0.4 0.3
250 0.5 0.5 0.4
300 0.7 0.7 0.6
400 1.1 1.2 1.1
500 1.7 1.8 1.6
750 3.7 3.8 3.4
1000 6.3 6.5 5.8
8 in.
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Flow Rate
(gal/min) Steel Pipe PVC Pipe
Schedule 40 Schedule 40
150 0.05 0.05
200 0.08 0.08
250 0.12 0.12
300 0.17 0.16
400 0.3 0.28
500 0.4 0.4
750 0.9 0.9
1000 1.6 1.5
1250 2.4 2.3
1500 3.5 3.2
2000 6.0 5.5
10 in.
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Flow Rate
(gal/min) Steel Pipe PVC Pipe
Schedule 40 Schedule 40
200 0.03 0.03
250 0.04 0.04
300 0.06 0.05
400 0.1 0.09
500 0.15 0.14
750 0.3 0.3
1000 0.5 0.5
1250 0.8 0.8
1500 1.1 1.1
2000 1.9 1.8
12 in.
Flow Rate Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
(gal/min) Steel Pipe PVC Pipe
Schedule 40 Schedule 40
400 0.04 0.04
500 0.06 0.06
750 0.13 0.13
1000 0.2 0.21
1250 0.3 0.32
1500 0.5 0.45
2000 0.8 0.8
3000 1.7 1.6
• The steel and copper calculations are made with the Online Fluid Flow
Calculator.
• The PVC pipe calculation are made with the Online Hazens-Williams Calculator
with a roughness coefficient c = 145.
where
f = friction head loss in feet of water per 100 feet of pipe (fth20/100 ft pipe)
The Hazen-Williams equation is not the only empirical formula available. Manning's
formula is common for gravity driven flows in open channels.
where
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
• 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
• 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s =
2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min
Note! The Hazen-Williams formula gives accurate head loss due to friction for fluids
with kinematic viscosity of approximately 1.1 cSt. More about fluids and kinematic
viscosity.
The results for the formula is acceptable for cold water at 60 oF (15.6 oC) with kinematic
viscosity 1.13 cSt. For hot water with a lower kinematic viscosity (0.55 cSt at 130 oF
(54.4 oC)) the error will be significant.
Since the Hazen Williams method is only valid for water flowing at ordinary
temperatures between 40 to 75 oF, the Darcy Weisbach method should be used for other
liquids or gases.
where
c = design coefficient determined for the type of pipe or tube - the higher the factor, the
smoother the pipe or tube
Note! The Hazen-Williams formula gives accurate head loss due to friction for fluids
with kinematic viscosity of approximately 1.1 cSt. More about fluids and kinematic
viscosity.
The results for the formula is acceptable for cold water at 60 oF (15.6 oC) with kinematic
viscosity 1.13 cSt. For hot water with a lower kinematic viscosity (0.55 cSt at 130 oF
(54.4 oC)) the error will be significant.
Since the Hazen Williams method is only valid for water flowing at ordinary
temperatures between 40 to 75 oF, the Darcy Weisbach method should be used for other
liquids or gases.
The design factor is determined for the type of pipe or tube used:
• The c-value for cast iron and wrought iron pipes or tubes ranges from 80 to
150, with average value 130 and design value 100.
• The c-value for copper, glass or brass pipes or tubes ranges from 120 to 150,
with average value 140 and design value 140.
• The c-value for cement lined steel or iron pipes has average value of 150 and
design value 140.
• The c-value for epoxy and vinyl ester pipes can be set to 150.
Hazen-Williams Coefficients
Hazen-Williams Coefficient
Material
-c-
ABS - Acrylonite Butadiene Styrene 130
Aluminum 130 - 150
Asbestos Cement 140
Asphalt Lining 130 - 140
Brass 130 - 140
Brick sewer 90 - 100
Cast-Iron - new unlined (CIP) 130
Cast-Iron 10 years old 107 - 113
Cast-Iron 20 years old 89 - 100
Cast-Iron 30 years old 75 - 90
Cast-Iron 40 years old 64-83
Cast-Iron, asphalt coated 100
Cast-Iron, cement lined 140
Cast-Iron, bituminous lined 140
Cast-Iron, sea-coated 120
Cast-Iron, wrought plain 100
Cement lining 130 - 140
Concrete 100 - 140
Concrete lined, steel forms 140
Concrete lined, wooden forms 120
Concrete, old 100 - 110
Copper 130 - 140
Corrugated Metal 60
Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) 140
Ductile Iron, cement lined 120
Fiber 140
Fiber Glass Pipe - FRP 150
Galvanized iron 120
Glass 130
Lead 130 - 140
Metal Pipes - Very to extremely smooth 130 - 140
Plastic 130 - 150
Polyethylene, PE, PEH 140
Polyvinyl chloride, PVC, CPVC 130
Smooth Pipes 140
Steel new unlined 140 - 150
Steel, corrugated 60
Steel, welded and seamless 100
Steel, interior riveted, no projecting rivets 110
Steel, projecting girth and horizontal rivets 100
Steel, vitrified, spiral-riveted 90 - 110
Steel, welded and seamless 100
Tin 130
Vitrified Clay 110
Wrought iron, plain 100
Wooden or Masonry Pipe - Smooth 120
Wood Stave 110 - 120
Pressure Loss of Water Due to Friction in Copper Tubes
The diagram as pdf-file pressure loss copper pipes ASTM B88 - Type K.
The pressure loss is based on the Hazen-Williams formula with roughness coefficient c =
145.
The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.
• Fluid : Water
• Pipe : PTFE-lined Steel Pipes - Schedule 40
• Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF)
• Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3)
• Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s)
• Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 3.0 10-6 m
The diagram above is based on the inside thickness of schedule 40 steel pipes with PTFE
as the lining material. Common thickness of other lining materials are indicated in the
table below.
• PTFE - PolyTetraFluoroEthylene
• PP - PolyPropylene
• PFA - Perfluoroalkoxy Fluorocarbon
• PVDF - Polyvinylidene Fluoride
*)
used in the diagrams above
Acids
Rating 1)
Product
20 oC 60 oC
Benzoic acid 1 2
Boric acid 1 1
Hydrobromic acid 25 % 2 3
Citric acid 1 1
Hydrocyanic acid 2 2
Hydrofluoric acid 2 2
Phosphoric acid 25 % 1 1
Phosphoric acid 85 % 1 1
Phthalic acid 1 1
Tannic acid 1 1
Chromic acid 1 2
Maleic acid 1 1
Oleic acid 2 3
Oxalic acid 1 1
Nitric acid 5 % 2 3
Nitric acid 65 % 4 4
Chlorhydric acid 10 % 1 1
Chlorhydric acid 37 % 2 3
Butyric acid 1 1
Sulphuric acid 10 % 1 1
Sulphuric acid 78 % 2 4
Sulphuric acid 93 % 3 4
Tartaric acid 1 1
Acetic acid 10 % 1 1
Acetic acid 50 % 1 1
Acetic acid 75 % 1 1
Acetic acid 100 % 2 3
Perchloric acid 1 2
Bases
Rating 1)
Product
20 oC 60 oC
Aqua ammonia 1 1
Calciumhydroxide 1 1
Potassiumhydroxide 1 1
Caustic soda 1 1
Acid salt 2) 1 1
Basic salt 3) 1 1
Neutral salt 4) 1 1
Various salt
Potassium bicarbonate 1 2
Potassium permanganate 1 2
Sodium cyanide 1 1
Natriumferricyanid 1 2
Sodium hypochlorite 2 3
Rating 1)
Product
20 oC 60 oC
Acetone 3 4
Aniline 1 1
Benzol 3 4
Petrol 4 4
Butyl alcohol 1 1
Ethyl acetate 2 4
Ethyl alcohol 1 1
Ethyl dichloride 3 4
Ethyl ether 4 4
Phenol 2 2
Formalin 37% 1 2
Heptanes 3 4
Chlorobenzene 3 4
Chloroform 4 4
Carbon disulphide 4 4
Carbon tetrachloride 4 4
Methyl alcohol 1 1
Methylene (di)chloride 4 4
Methyl ethyle ketone 3 4
Nitrobenzene 3 4
Toluene 3 4
Trichlorethylene 4 4
Gases
Chlorine (damp) 2 4
Chlorine (dry) 2 4
Carbon dioxide 1 1
Carbon monoxide 1 1
Sulphur dioxide (damp) 2 3
Sulphur dioxide (dry) 2 3
Hydrogen sulphide 1 1
1)
Rating:
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
• T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
• 1 bar = 105 Pa (N/m2) = 0.1 N/mm2 = 10,197 kp/m2 = 10.20 m H2O = 0.9869 atm
= 14.50 psi (lbf/in2) = 106 dyn/cm2 = 750 mmHg
• 1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200
Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
Example - pressure drop in a PEH pipe
The pressure drop in a PEH pipe with inside diameter 250 mm and water flow 50 l/s can
be estimated to be approximately 3.5 bar/100 m as indicated in the diagram below. The
flow velocity is approximately 1 m/s.
The calculation is based on the Hazen-Williams Equation with a Hazen-Williams
coefficient c = 140. Note that velocities above 5 feet per second should be avoided.
With air in the steam the surface temperatures in heat exchangers will be lower - less heat
than excepted will be transferred
Boiler Capacity
Boiler Horsepower
A table with the enthalpy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point
with corresponding temperatures
A table with the entropy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point
with corresponding temperatures
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for some common Fluids and Heat
Exchanger Surfaces
Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface
combinations as Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more
Power plants and heat rate, thermal efficiency, capacity factor, load factor, economic
efficiency, operational efficiency, energy efficiency
A steam table with sensible, latent and total heat, and specific volume at different gauge
pressures and temperatures
The Saturated Steam Table with properties as boiling point, specific volume, density,
specific enthalpy, specific heat and latent heat of vaporization
A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as specific volume, density, specific
enthalpy and specific entropy
Sponsored Links
Steam consumption and condensate generation formulas heating liquids or gas flows
Introduction and definition of vapor and steam enthalpy - specific enthalpy of saturated
liquid, saturated vapor and superheated vapor
Steam Entropy
Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating
processes
Steam Viscosity
In a boiler generating steam, impurities in the feedwater concentrates in the boiling water