tendency statistics such as average percentage was used.

The responses of the respondents were

used to strengthen policy discussion regarding the environmental policies as well as its impact to

peace and development. It also provided a basis for policy recommendation hoping to improve

the current policy if found insufficient and ineffective. The results of the survey were used to

assess the extent on the policy implementation and adequacy of community involvement in the

environmental protection as relates to peace and development in the province of Tawi-Tawi

based from the viewpoints of the respondents.

The questionnaire requires the respondentso asses the extent of the policy implementation

and community involvement based on the different categories or people's participation as well as

respondents' judgements on the effectiveness of this policy.

Treatment Of The Data

Results of the study were examined and analyzed using Ainstein's model (1969) on the

level of citizen participation as cited by Lukman in 2004; Lukman and Laughlin in 2008 to

determine the level of adequacy of community involvement as perscribed under the current

policy (Provincial Ordinance No. 04s 2010, otherwise known as the Tawi-Tawi environmental

code). The model (figure 2) was selected for this analysis because of their simplicity and

relevance to environmental protection efforts. It is capable of demonstrating wether the current

provincial policy for protecting the environment sufficient involves genuine community

involvement.
 8) Citizen Control

7) Delegate Power
Degrees of Citizen Power
6) Partnership

5) Placation

4) Consultation Degrees of Tokenism

3) Informing

2) Therapy
Degrees of Non-Participation
1)Manipulation

Figure 2. Levels of Citizenship Participation (Arnstein, 1969)

The "ladder" model of citizen participation uses the following terminologies based on Ainstein's

(1969). More detailed descriptions are provided in Appendix. The bottom rungs of the ladder are:

1) Manipulation and 2) Therapy these are the levels of non-participation that are not designed to

enable citizens to participate in planning or conducting programs but to enable those who are in

power(i.e. Policy-makers) to "educate" or "cure" the citizen participants. The next rungs on the

ladder are 3) Informing and 4) Consultation. These are the levels bridging to "Tokenism".

Citizens are given the chance to hear and be heard but the assurance that their voice and advice

to be heeded is uncertain. Rung 5) Placation is perceived to be higher level of tokenism. Citizens

are allowed to give advice but the final decision still rest not with them but the policy-makers.

The remaining three rungs are the levels of citizens’ power that encourage the citizens to

participate in decision making process.

Rung 6) Partnership is designed to enable citizens to negotiate and exchange ideas woth the

policy-makers. The topmost rung 7) Delegate Power and 8) Citizen Control both place citizens

in full control of managerial power and provide them with majority of decision-making seats.

However, in order to get the average of the responses, simple central tendency using average

percentage was used fo computation particularly in determining the extent of policy

implementation on various aspects of environmental protection. However, this statistical results

was not strictly interpreted using terms "significant or not" because this central percentage was

used only to show the majority of fractional views of the respondents regarding the current

policy on environmental protection insofar as its extent on implementation is concerned.

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered.

This includes tabular presentation and discussion of the result.

Table 1- Profile of the Respondents, N=112

Charecteristic Frequency Percentage Formatted: Centered

Formatted Table
Gender
Formatted: Font: Bold
Male 85
Female 27 Formatted: No Spacing, Line spacing: single
Total 112 Formatted: No Spacing, Line spacing: single
Formatted: No Spacing, Centered, Line spacing: single
Formatted: Font: Bold