Group 2030580 24 John Jairo Valencia R.

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI

Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1
Step 1- Recognition
John Jairo Valencia Rojas Cod: 94326428
Group: 2030580_24
Tutor: Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez
OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - UNAD
Palmira (Valle)
February de 2018
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INTRODUCTION
Science advances day by day and tends to interrelate the different areas of knowledge with
technology, among these interrelationships one of the most developed is the application of
electromagnetic waves in the development of medical applications.

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OBJECTIVES
 Analyze the general characteristics of electromagnetic waves in medical applications wireless
data transmission.
 Know the means of propagation of electromagnetic waves.
 Analyze the electromagnetic waves in the depth of the skin in medical treatments.
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1.) Explain the importance to consider the Skin Deep in medical treatments.
R/. “The depth at which the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depends on the frequency,
the lower frequency signals pass through the skin as if it were transparent so that there is no
energy to dissipate and the effects of radiation are low. At higher frequency the radiation begins
to be absorbed by the tissues.
The dissipation of energy obviously contributes to the elevation of the temperature that will be
locally or general depending on whether the irradiation is local.
An example of the use of electromagnetic waves in medical treatment is laser therapy. Lasers can
be used to reduce or destroy tumors or precancerous growths. Lasers are usually used to treat
superficial cancers (those that are on the surface of the body or in the lining of internal organs”
(Zufiría, 2007, pág. 19).

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2.) Make a graphic explaining at least three modes of electromagnetic wave propagation,
including a brief explanation about this.
R/.
Surface propagation
Figure N ° 1 image taken from eveliux.com
In surface propagation, radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging
the earth. At the lowest frequencies, the signals emanate in all directions from the transmit
antenna and follow the curvature of the earth. The distance depends on the amount of power in
the signal: the greater the power, the greater the distance. Surface propagation can also take place
in seawatery (Lucio, 2000, pág. 5).
.
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Space waves
In the graph you can clearly see the space waves. This type of waves corresponds to that which is
projected from the antenna towards the sky without reaching the vicinity of the surface. In turn,
space waves can be classified into two other types, tropospheric waves and ionospheric waves.
The first ones spread by areas near the surface, up to 10 km approximately, while the second ones
do it above this height until reaching 500 km, in the area known as the ionosphere (Lucio, 2000,
pág. 6).
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Celestial or Ionospheric Waves
In the graph, the path followed by an electromagnetic wave has been represented symbolically.
When leaving the emitting antenna towards the space it crosses the troposphere following a
rectilinear trajectory and when arriving at the zone of low ionization of the ionosphere, undergoes
a refraction, that will be more or less accused according to is the frequency and the angle with
which it affects , to then follow a curved path that favors the reflection of the wave when it
reaches the area of maximum density of the layer, forcing it to follow a downward trajectory that
can return to earth.
3.) Can the human tissue change its conductivity because a disease? Explain.
R/. it can change the conductivity because the tissues of the human body present, in general, a
low thermal conductivity; they behave like thermal insulators. The thermal properties of tissues
depend,
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to a large extent, on their relative content in lipids, proteins and water. It can be shown that the
thermal conductivity varies according to the water content of the fabric.
Tissues with a high content of water (muscles, blood ...) have a higher conductivity than those
with a lower proportion of water in their composition (grass, tendons, ligaments ...) (Elizondo1,
2014, pág. 55).
4.) Using the electromagnetic spectrum, select a frequency used in medical treatment and
explain how it is used and select a frequency used in wireless transmission and explain its
application.
frequency used in medical treatment
X-rays
X-Ray radiation ranges from 3,0 x 1016 (30 PHz), to 3,0 x 1019 Hz (30 EHz of frequency within
the electromagnetic spectrum. The radiations of these rays are invisible to the human eye, but
they can pass through different types of objects, including the human body.
However, lead plates are not traversed by X-rays, so that metal is normally used to protect man
when working with devices that emit this type of radiation.

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frequency used in wireless transmission
Microwave transmission
Above 100 MHz the waves travel in a straight line and can therefore be focused in a narrow
beam. Concentrating all the energy in a small beam with a satellite dish (such as the familiar
satellite television dish) produces a much higher signal in relation to the noise, but the
transmitting and receiving antennas must be very well aligned with each other. In addition, this
directionality allows multiple transmitters aligned in a row to communicate with multiple
receivers in a row, without interference (Grande, 2010).
5.) Define the following concepts and give an example of a practical application where they
are used:
Power loss:
It is the diminution of a force or signal whether it is acoustic, electrical or optical. In
telecommunication, it is called attenuation of a signal, loss of power suffered by it when traveling
by any means of transmission.1 For example, the attenuation of sound is the distribution of
energy of the wave between an increasing volume of air.
Coupled transmission lines
it is a medium or device through which information (electromagnetic waves) is propagated or
transmitted at high frequencies. "

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Examples of this type of transmission lines are single-conductor hollow waveguides or three-
phase lines.
Load impedance
Component that demands current or power from an electrical circuit. Normally it is in parallel
with the output terminal of the circuit, so the load impedance is in parallel with the output
impedance of the circuit, changing the voltage and current values supplied.
Reflection
it is the change of direction of a wave, which, when coming into contact with the separation surface
between two changing media, returns to the point where it originated. Common examples are the
reflection of light, sound and waves in the water
Refraction
is the change of direction and speed that a wave experiences when passing from one medium to
another with different refractive index? It only occurs if the wave strikes obliquely on the
separation surface of the two media and if they have different refractive indices. The refraction
originates in the change of velocity of propagation of the indicated wave.
Loss tangent
is the ratio at any frequency between the real and imaginary parts of the impedance of a
capacitor.
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REFERENCES
Elizondo1, Á. E. (2014). Modelos eléctricos aproximados de tejido humano. Buenos Aires: cienia
y tenologia.
Grande, A. H. (2010). Radio Frecuencia y Salud. buenos aire: CSIC.
Lucio, p. M. (2000). REDES DE AREA LOCAL INALAMBRICAS. San Nicolas de los Garza.
Zufiría, L. O. (2007). Aprendiendo los fundamentos de la resonancia magnética. Buenos Aires:
Editorial Médica Panamericana S.A.

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CONCLUSIONS
Summing up all of the above, we can consider that the propagation of electromagnetic waves have
a lot of variation depending on the frequency and the way in which it is transmitted, as well as the
season of the year in which we find ourselves, the atmospheric, the ionospheric, and the stellar
conditions. In the very high frequencies, the waves travel in visual mode, in short wave in space
mode and in medium and long wave in terrestrial mode.

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Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI

John Jairo Valencia Rojas Cod: 94326428

Tutor: Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez

OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - UNAD

electromagnetic waves in the development of medical applications.

 Analyze the general characteristics of electromagnetic waves in medical applications wireless

 Know the means of propagation of electromagnetic waves.

to be absorbed by the tissues.

locally or general depending on whether the irradiation is local.

(Zufiría, 2007, pág. 19).

including a brief explanation about this.

Figure N ° 1 image taken from eveliux.com

in seawatery (Lucio, 2000, pág. 5).

Figure N ° 2 image taken from eveliux.com

Celestial or Ionospheric Waves

Figure N ° 3 image taken from eveliux.com

can return to earth.

thermal conductivity varies according to the water content of the fabric.

2014, pág. 55).

frequency used in medical treatment

when working with devices that emit this type of radiation.

frequency used in wireless transmission

directionality allows multiple transmitters aligned in a row to communicate with multiple

receivers in a row, without interference (Grande, 2010).

It is the diminution of a force or signal whether it is acoustic, electrical or optical. In

telecommunication, it is called attenuation of a signal, loss of power suffered by it when traveling

energy of the wave between an increasing volume of air.

Coupled transmission lines

it is a medium or device through which information (electromagnetic waves) is propagated or

transmitted at high frequencies. "

reflection of light, sound and waves in the water

originates in the change of velocity of propagation of the indicated wave.

Grande, A. H. (2010). Radio Frecuencia y Salud. buenos aire: CSIC.

Zufiría, L. O. (2007). Aprendiendo los fundamentos de la resonancia magnética. Buenos Aires:

Editorial Médica Panamericana S.A.

mode and in medium and long wave in terrestrial mode.

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