ME33001

LECTURE Mechanics of Materials

Introduction –
1 Concept of Stress

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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Contact Information
• Instructor: Dr. YAO Haimin(姚海民) (PhD, CEng of IMechE)

• Office: FG 604

• Phone: 2766 7817

• E-Mail: mmhyao@polyu.edu.hk

• Office Hour:
• 16:30-18:00 (Thursday)

• Other time by appointment

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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Text book & References
• Pre-requisite subjects:
• ME23001 Engineering Mechanics; and
• ENG2001 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
• Mathematics (e.g., Calculus)

• Text book:
Ferdinand Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., John ,
DeWolf, David Mazurek, Mechanics of Materials
(Global Edition), McGraw-Hill, latest edition.

• References:
1. P.P. Benham, R.J. Crawford and C.G. Armstrong, Mechanics of
Engineering Materials, Longman, latest edition.
2. A.C. Ugural, A.C. and S.K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and
Applied Elasticity, Prentice Hall, latest edition.

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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Grading Policy
Overall Grade = 0.4*(CA Grade) + 0.6*(EXAM Grade)

➢ Continuous Assessment: 40%

Assignments: 20%
quizzes/attendance: 5%
Lab report: 5%
Midterm test (15 Mar): 10%

➢ Final examination: 60%

• Note: There is a minimum mark for each component, which

is usually lower than the low limit of grade “D”. Student will
be assigned an overall failing grade “F” without achieving this
minimum mark in either “Continuous Assessment” or
“Examination”.

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Course Arrangement
• Lectures
• Thursday 8:30-11:20 @HJ305 (week 1-13)
• 50/10/50/5/50/5

• Lab Session
• Torsion test in lab DE006, week 6-8, time slots and
grouping will be announced shortly.

• Lab work will be performed in group (5-6 students). The lab

work includes:
➢ Read the lab sheet (guideline) prior to the experiment
➢ hands-on lab work
➢ Individual lab report (hard copy) after one week of your
lab work

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Why we need to learn Mechanics of Materials?
We have learned ME23001(Engineering Mechanics (Statics)), why
do we need to learn ME33001 (Mechanics of Materials)?

A statically determinate problem A statically indeterminate problem

In Statics we assumed that materials are rigid (in-deformable). In

Mechanics of Materials, deformation of material is taken into
account.

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of the mechanics of materials
is to provide the future engineers with the means of analyzing
and designing various machines and load-bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the

determination of stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress.
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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Review of Statics

• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load

• The structure consists of a

rod boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
boom(吊杆) determine:
(a) the reaction forces at the
supports; and
(b) the internal force in
each structural member.

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends.

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions.

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 FB  0
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section (why?).

• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
bending moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Shearing Stress (shear stress)
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Shear Stress Examples (Bolts in pin joint)
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Stress Analysis & Design Example

• Determine the stresses in

the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• Must consider maximum

normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the

circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.

• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300  10 6 m 2

P 50  103 N
 BC ,end    167 MPa
A 300  10 6 m 2

• The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.

• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are

unstressed since the boom is in compression.

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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
 25 mm  6 2
A r 
2
  49110 m
 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C , ave    6 2
 102 MPa
A 49110 m

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    40.7 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Pin Shear Stresses
• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average shear

stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Pin Bearing Stresses
Bearing stress is an average nominal (名義)
value of the stress defined as the load P per
unit area of the projection of the bolt on the
plate section.
P
b 
td

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
bracket b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Stress in Two Force Members
normal plane
• Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one perpendicular
to the member axis.

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Stress on an oblique plane
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cosq V  P sin q

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
   cos 2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sin q P
   sin q cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos 2 q  sin q cosq
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
 max    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
 max  sin 45 cos 45  
A0 2 A0

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Stress Under General Loadings
• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q

• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim ,
A0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim ,  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  My  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy

• It follows that only 6 components of stress

are required to define the complete state of
stress
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Edition
Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Typical stress state: uniaxial tension
(1)
10 MPa 10 MPa
q
For a uniaxial tension case, determine the stresses on the shaded plane,
including the normal and shear components, if q  0, q  30o, q  90o.

(2) Determine the stress in a circular ring internally pressed by internal

pressure p1 as shown below. Given that the thickness of ring is t and
internal radius is r, and r>>t.

p1

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Typical stress states: Bi-axial tension
(3) For a inflated basketball, the average stress at any point on the ball surface
can be deemed as a bi-axial stress state. Determine the relationship between the
normal stress  and pressure p inside the ball.




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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Typical stress states: hydrostatic and pure shearing
(4) Hydrostatic state
p
p
p p

p
p

(5) Pure shearing

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Sixth
Mechanics of Materials
Summary
• Concept of Stress: intensity of force applied on unit area of
a plane
• Stress on a plane normally have two components: normal
stress and shear stress
• Stresses on any oblique plane of a beam under uniaxial
tension.
• Description of state of stress in solids
• General case needs 6 components
• Some special cases: uniaxial, bi-axial, tri-axial
（ hydrostatic ）, pure shearing

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