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How can a heat cool? [1]
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P f Ah d F El ft
Prof. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Head of Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology
College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
E‐mail: elsafty@hotmail.com
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Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty ‐ ASHRAE 2011
Course contents
Course contents
• Terminology
• Basic Cycles
Basic Cycles
• Water‐Lithium Bromide Absorption Technology
• Special Applications
• Evolving Concepts
Evolving Concepts
• Alternative Absorption Working Fluids
Air conditioning needs:
Air conditioning needs:
• Maximizing comfort,
• Minimizing energy consumption
Minimizing energy consumption
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty ‐ ASHRAE 2011
Space to be
Conditioned Exhaust air
Supply
air Return
Heating Coil
Cooling Coil air
Filter
Fan
OA
Chilled
Water
Evaporator
Exp.
Comp
Comp. Valve
V l
Condenser
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Elements of HVAC System
Elements of HVAC System
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Central Hydronic Air Conditioning System
Central Hydronic Air Conditioning System
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Air Conditioning Central System
g y
Alternative Heating
Hot water supply Air damper
Prefilter
Air Handling Unit [AHU]
Fuel&air Cooling coil
Steam generator Condensate Heating coil
Alternative hot water system Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air humidifier
Supply air fan
Air cooled condenser Flue gases
Hot water return
Cold water return
Alternative cooling
Cold water supply
Fuel&air Heating System
To other AHU
Hot water supply
Chilling unit
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Chillers
• Throughout this presentation, we refer to
absorption units as chillers because the
absorption units as chillers because the
vast majority of units operate above 5oC.
• We will also consider:
– VAS = Vapour Absorption System
p p y
– VCS = Vapour Compression System.
• Chillers are a key component of air conditioning systems for
large buildings
large buildings .
• There are several types and designs of chillers to serve every
purpose and application with the most efficiency point and
purpose and application with the most efficiency point and
suitable cost depend on the use .
Introduction
Chiller definition
• A
A chiller
chiller is a machine that removes heat from
is a machine that removes heat from
a liquid via a vapor‐compression or absorption
refrigeration cycle etc
refrigeration cycle...etc.
Mechanical Compression
Mechanical Compression
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
1 Mechanical Chillers
1. Mechanical Chillers
– Reciprocating Chillers
– Centrifugal Chillers
– Helical Rotary Chillers
– Scroll chillers
Scroll chillers
2. Non Mechanical [Absorption Chillers]
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
V
Vapor-compression
i ( El
Electric
t i ) chiller
hill
Compressor
Chilled Water Out
nser
nger
AHU
at
Conden
Fan
n
Exchan
Hea
Air
Refrigerant Cooling Air
Coil
E
C
Chilled Water In
E.V
CHILLER UNIT
Water Cooled Chiller
denser
hanger
AHU
Heat
Refrigerant Cooling
g Air
Cond
Exch
Coil
Chilled Water In
E.V
Water Cooled Chiller
denser
hanger
AHU
Heat
Refrigerant g
Cooling Air
Cond
Exch
Coil
Chilled Water In
Cooling Tower Pump
E.V
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Liquid Chilling System
Liquid Chilling System
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Simple Chiller Schematic
Simple Chiller Schematic
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Reciprocating Compressor Refrigeration system
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
A dual chiller application with major auxiliary
systems (courtesy of Carrier Corporation)
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Pressure gauge (indicator)
Pressure gauge (indicator)
• Pressure gauges
(indicators) have 25.5 bar = -10 °C
two scales
– Pressure (black‐
(
scale)
– Saturation
temperature
(red‐scale)
A pressure gauge is
refrigerant
e ge a t spec
specific
c
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Refrigerant property plot
Refrigerant property plot
Pressurre
Saturation
curve
Liquid
Mixture of
Vapour
Liquid + Vapour
Specific
100 % Liquid fraction 0 % enthalpy
th l
(energy content)
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Refrigerant property plot
Refrigerant property plot
ssure
Liquid
Pres
CONDENSATION
Mixture of
Liquid + Vapour
(saturated)
EVAPORATION
Vapour
Specific enthalpy
(energy
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty content)
Refrigerant property plot
Log(p),h-diagram
Constant
enthalpy
Constant
temperature
Constant
C t t
pressure
Constant
C t t Constant
density specific
entropy
Curve types:
Isobars Isotherms Isochors Isenthalps
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty Isentropes
Refrigeration Cycle on the mollier Diagram
or p‐h chart
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Refrigerant property plot
Refrigerant property plot
ssure
Pres
3 2
4 1
Specific enthalpy
(energy
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty content)
Vapour compression cycle
p p y
QC = QE + W CONDENSER
sure
Press
3 2
EXPANSION W
DEVICE
4 1 COMPRESSOR
Specific enthalpy
EVAPORATOR QE
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Vapour compression cycle
p p y
CONDENSER
SUBCOOLING
TSC = TC – T3
2
3 TC
COMPRESSOR
TE 1
EXPANSION 4 SUPERHEAT
DEVICE
TSH = T1 – TE
EVAPORATOR
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Main components
Main components
ssure
Condenser
Expansion
valve
Pres
3 2
4 1
Co p esso
Compressor
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Compressor types
Compressor types
• Reciprocating (piston)
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Reciprocating Compressor
Reciprocating Compressor
• The reciprocating compressor was the
workhorse of the small chiller market for
many years.
• It was typically available in capacities up to
It was typically available in capacities up to
100 tons [350 kW].
• Multiple compressors were often installed in a
single chiller to provide chiller capacities of up
single chiller to provide chiller capacities of up
to 200 tons [700 kW].
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Wobble Plate [Swash Plate]
Wobble Plate [Swash Plate]
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Compressor types
Compressor types
• Rotary
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Scroll compressor
Scroll compressor
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Ref.: Jens Gravesen, Christian Henriksen
The Geometry of the Scroll Compressor
Scroll Compressors
Scroll Compressors
• Scroll compressors have emerged as a popular alternative to
ll h d l l
reciprocating compressors, and are generally available in hermetic
configurations incapacities up to 15 tons [53 kW] for use in water chillers.
As with reciprocating compressors, multiple scroll compressors are often
used in a single chiller to meet larger capacities.
• In general scroll compressors are 10 to 15 percent more efficient than
In general, scroll compressors are 10 to 15 percent more efficient than
reciprocating compressors and have proven to be very reliable, primarily
because they have approximately 60 percent fewer moving parts than
reciprocating compressors
reciprocating compressors.
• Reciprocating and scroll compressors are typically used in smaller water
chillers, those less than 200 tons [700 kW].
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Scroll compressor
Scroll compressor
Reference: www.danfoss-maneurop.com
p
http://cc.danfoss.com/SW/Product_presentation/en/AirConditioning/Performer/Performer_Working.htm
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Ref.: Jens Gravesen, Christian Henriksen
The Geometry of the Scroll Compressor
Compressor types screw
Compressor types ‐
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Screw Compressor
Screw Compressor
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Helical rotary (or screw) compressors
Helical‐rotary (or screw) compressors
• Helical‐rotary (or screw) compressors have been
used for many years in air compression and low‐
temperature‐ refrigeration applications.
• They are now widely used in medium‐sized water
chillers, 50 to 500 tons [175 to 1,750 kW].
e e sc o co p esso , e ca o a y co p esso s
• Like the scroll compressor, helical‐rotary compressors
have a reliability advantage due to fewer moving
p
parts, as well as better efficiency than reciprocating
, y p g
compressors.
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Screw Chiller
Screw Chiller
YORK Rotatune
screw compressor Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Compressor types centrifugal
Compressor types ‐
Also called
turbo compressor
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Centrifugal Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Centrifugal Chiller
Centrifugal Chiller
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors
• Centrifugal compressors have long been used in
larger water chillers.
• High efficiency, superior reliability, reduced sound
levels, and relatively low cost have contributed to the
popularity of the centrifugal chiller.
e uga co p esso s a e ge e a y a a ab e
• Centrifugal compressors are generally available in
prefabricated chillers from 100 to 3,000 tons [350 to
10,500 kW], and up to 8,500 tons [30,000 kW] as
, ], p , [ , ]
built‐up machines.
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Compressors enclosure
Compressors ‐
Open
p
– Motor outside shell
– Shell can be opened
Shell can be opened
Semi hermetic
Semi-hermetic
• Motor inside shell
• Shell can be opened
Hermetic
• Motor inside shell
• Shell can’t
can t be opened
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Hermetic compressors
Hermetic compressors
Reciprocating + scroll
Reciprocating
Condensing units
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Semi hermetic compressors
Semi‐hermetic compressors
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Open compressors
Open compressors
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Compressor types
Compressor types
Turbo Comprressors
Screw Compressors
Scroll Compressors
Piston Compressors
Piston Open
p
Piston Semi-hermetic
Piston Hermetic
Increasing TR or KW
Available chiller capacities
Available chiller capacities
• Up to 25 Tons: Reciprocating and Scroll
• 25 to 200 tons: Screw and Reciprocating
25 to 200 tons: Screw and Reciprocating
• 200 to 800 tons: Screw or Centrifugal
• Above 800 tons: Centrifugal
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Pressure ‐ Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Liquid - Vapor
Mix
Enthalpy
Pressure Enthalpy Chart
Pressure ‐ Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Condenser
Metering
Device Compressor
Evaporator
Enthalpy
Pressure Enthalpy Chart
Pressure ‐ Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Refrigerant rejects heat to
atmosphere
Condenser
Metering
Device Compressor
Evaporator Refrigerant absorbs heat from
load
Enthalpy
Pressure Enthalpy Chart
Pressure ‐ Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Cooling
Tower
27
35°
13°
6°C
Enthalpy
Principle of Operation
• +89 °C
°
• at 675 mbar
– 3000 m above sea level
b l l
• Water vapour pressure
– normal boiling point
• +100 °C 100°C
• at 1013 mbar
– pressure at sea level Sea level
(a) Absorption process occurs in right vessel causing cooling effect in the other;
(b) R f i
(b) Refrigerant separation process occurs in the right vessel as a result of
i i h i h l l f
additional heat from outside heat source.
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty ‐ ASHRAE 2009
Vapor Compression
Vapor Compression
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Liquid
Cold
Refrigerant
Vapor
Hot Refrigerant
g
Vapor
Motor Compressor
p
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Cold Liquid
Refrigerant
Vapor
Chilled Water Loop
Vapor Compression
Vapor Compression
Cooling Tower
Tower
Water
Loop
Hot Refrigerant Condenser
Vapor
Motor Compressor
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Cold
Liquid
Refrigerant
Vapor
Chilled Water Loop
Vapor Compression
Vapor Compression
Cooling Tower
Tower
Water
Loop Hot
Hot Refrigerant R fi
Refrigerant
t
Condenser Liquid
Vapor
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Cold
Liquid
Refrigerant
Vapor
Chilled Water Loop
Ab
Absorption Cycle
ti C l
Cooling
g Tower
Condenser
Absorption Cycle
Chemical Compressor Expansion Valve
Evaporator
p
Absorption Cycle
Absorption Cycle Cooling Tower
Generator Condenser
Absorber Evaporator
p
Cold Refrigerant
Hot Refrigerant
Lithium Bromide
Absorption Cycle
p y Cooling Tower
Chemical Compressor
p
Generator Condenser
Absorber Evaporator
p
Cold Refrigerant
Hot Refrigerant
Lithium Bromide
Pressure Enthalpy Chart
Pressure ‐ Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Metering Device
‐ Thermal expansion valve
In refrigeration gas
units
it
- Orifice Device
In Absorption Units
Enthalpy
History
Hi
History of Absorption Cooling System
f Ab i C li S
• 1859 Ferdinand Carre receives U.S. patent on
Absorption Cycle
• 1927 Albert Einstein licensed his absorption
cycle to Servel
cycle to Servel
• 1970s Absorption cycle exported to Japan
where it flourished
where it flourished
• 1990s Desiccant Dehumidification enters the
market.
k
• 2000 Trend shifts to focus on Co‐Generation &
CHP
Questions?
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Mechanical Engineering Department
Arab Academy for Science, Technology &
Maritime Transport
POBox: 1029 Alexandria
Elsafty@hotmail.com